山西中部的地震活动及其意义

山西中部由于构造部位特殊,中强地震及弱震活动不但频度高,而且有着特殊的意义。华北历次活跃期中,强震的活动,空间上虽有着迁移规律,但山西中部总是中强地震活动的主要场所。有台网记载以来,山西中部的弱震括动,在其频度的上升时段,同样反映了华北区内强震的活动。山西地震带上一系列7级以上地震,存在着由北而南和由南而北对迁的现象,山西中部是对迁的中心地区。因此山西中部地区是华北地震活动的一个“敏感区”,研究它的地震动态,将有可能提供华北强震活动的信息。     

邢台震群的应力场“窗口”效应

邢台强震群以其作为华北近十几年来成串强震的“先驱”,以及小震群活动十余载经久不息而著称。早在1972年,我们就注意到邢台余震区小震群活动与华北较大地震有关,特别是1969年7月18日渤海7.4级地震前,邢台余震频度出现明显峰值,更难用“巧合”来解释。我们曾提出设想,邢台余震区是华北区域应力场中的一个“敏感点”,邢台余震活动是华北地震     

蒙古发震块体地震活动性

中国大陆特别是华北及邻近区域内,曾多次发生7级以上强震,地震活动频繁.自 1966年以来,又连续发生了系列成串性强震.对于大面积的华北块体,对弱震能量、频度、小震群,以及b值等地震活动性,在统一应力场中成串性强震成因上的联系,巳有论述,运用板块构造学说,对我国境内地震发生的地质背景,亦有专门讨论.本文基于地震活动性,综合考虑地质构造条件,划出“蒙古发震块体”,用以解释华北北部地震发生的条件和活动方式,分析了蒙古发震块体内地震活动的特征及其地震趋势.二、蒙古发震块体的边界划分由地壳和上地幔组成的刚性岩石圈,因内力作用而断裂,形成若干块体,也有人提出地球的自转运动和重力、热力作用的原因,岩石因遭到破坏,形成许多断块.     

大同-阳高地震的余震与华北北部较大地震的关系

对大同-阳高6. 1级中强震群余震频度的起伏变化进行了分析,认为该序列的频度变化与华北北部的较大地震对应较好,频度和强度的特征对未来震中的判断也有一定帮助,可作为监视华北北部地区地震活动的“窗口”。     

熊岳—盖县地区地震活动的意义

熊岳—盖县地区位于海城地震区的南面,其地震活动具有频度高但震级不大的特点,地震空间分布受局部构造的控制和影响,是一个地震活动块体。本文分析了1940年以来本区地震活动与海城地震、华北地震活动的关系,发现熊岳—盖县地区的地震活动灵敏地反映了海城地区及华北地区应力场的变化,因而它是华北区域应力场变化的“窗口”,它所显示的信息对于研究华北区域应力场变化和预报华北地区强震活动都有一定的意义。     

汶川MS 8.0、芦山MS 7.0地震晚期显著余震的“窗口”效应

<正>1研究背景地震窗是一些频度较高、地震丛集的小区域,如一些大震的余震区、经常发生小震群的区域等。这些区域对构造应力场的变化比较敏感,其地震频度或应变能等的异常变化有可能反映周边区域的应力场变化,从而可用以提取周围区域发生中强地震的前兆信息（中国地震局监测预报司,2020）。早期研究发现华北邢台、海城、唐山3次强震的余震序列可作为监视华北地区中强以上地震孕育的“窗口”（王泽皋,1979;姜秀娥等,1982）。     

华北第四地震期最大地震震级的估计

本文以G-R式(B.Gutenberg等,1949)及G-R修正式(宇津德治,1978)几种不同方法给出华北三个不同时期(1370—1739,1740—1979,1370—1979)震级频度分布参数。华北第三地震期强震(M 7)累计地震应变能较第四期约大一个数量级。华北两期地震活动强度、能量的差异与大区域的地震活动背景及强震主体地带的构造与介质环境不同有关。初步认为华北第四活动期发生最大地震震级约7.8级。     

锦州及葫芦岛地区的地震灾害及未来地震趋势分析

锦州和葫芦岛地区位于东北地震区,毗邻华北地震区的郯庐地震带和华北平原北部地震带。上述地区的地震活动频度和强度并不高,陆地部分的最大地震只有5级,但是附近强震带的地震活动对该区多次造成破坏,成为强震受害区。本文在总结地震活动特点和地震构造条件的基础上对该区未来的地震趋势作了分析。     

由显著地震的动态图象寻找华北强震活动场所

本文根据华北强震前,特别是1966年以来华北一些给定的强震前,沿时间先后顺序,由大到小、由近及远地回溯所得不同时段诸显著地震的空间分布图象的重心,与应用“黄金分割”所得的最优破裂点,两者结合以求得“动态应力椭圆”的办法来探讨了华北强震的活动场所。通过一些实例看来,有可能把这种办法应用到趋势预报中去,为未来强震的活动场所作出长期、中期或短期的半经验、半定量的估计提出有用的依据。本文认为形成这种图象的成因主要是地震条带在地震的整体活动时期能量释放具有一定规律的“动态平衡”的结果。     

大渡河流域地震活动特征

本文通过对大渡河流域强震和弱震活动特征的研究发现,大渡河流域的强震活动频度高、强度大,对梯级水电站的影响显著。大渡河流域内的强震大部分以丛集的方式发生,其地震丛集的强度、频度和时间间隔都比较高,而且强震丛集密集发生的地方与大渡河梯级水电站的距离较近,因此,在大渡河流域梯级水电站地震安全综合防御工作中,应充分考虑强震丛集的发生特征。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.