新疆吐拉苏盆地京希-伊尔曼德金矿地质和地球化学特征研究

京希-伊尔曼德金矿位于新疆北天山吐拉苏盆地的西北缘,赋存于泥盆纪-早石炭世火山-沉积地层底部的凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩中,围岩经历了绢云母化、黄铁矿化、多期硅化和角砾化、碳酸盐化和重晶石化,金矿化与硅化围岩紧密伴生。矿体呈透镜状、层状和似层状,产状与围岩基本一致,主要由热液角砾岩型矿石组成,其热液演化期由四个阶段组成:I:硅化及绢云母化——在围岩凝灰岩和凝灰质砂岩中形成大量浸染状石英、绢云母和少量黄铁矿;II:角砾化及硅化——形成含金热液角砾岩a,角砾为早期蚀变围岩,胶结物为烟灰色玉髓状石英、黄铁矿、毒砂和少量金矿物;III:角砾化及硅化——形成含金热液角砾岩b,角砾为热液角砾岩a和蚀变围岩,胶结物为细粒石英、黄铁矿、毒砂和少量金矿物;IV:方解石-重晶石阶段——形成大量粗大的方解石-重晶石脉。京希-伊尔曼德金矿成矿流体本身富集V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Sb,且其中的Mn、Co、Zn、Bi以及大离子亲石元素LILE主要来自火山岩围岩。从成矿早期到晚期,成矿流体轻稀土元素逐渐富集、氧化性增强。水-岩体系氢、氧同位素组成模拟计算表明,京希-伊尔曼德金矿成矿流体主要为与区内火山岩再平衡的岩浆水,其中金浓度为1×10-6～2×10-6,形成该矿需要约1×108～0.5×108t岩浆热液,蚀变围岩和矿石中黄铁矿富集轻稀土元素。角砾化作用及其伴随的氧逸度升高是导致金沉淀的主要机制。     

胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。     

滇西勐满金矿床成矿物质来源分析及矿床成因探讨——来自年代学、矿物学及地球化学的证据

勐满金矿床位于云南省勐海县境内,地处临沧-景洪褶皱束之临沧-澜沧复背斜南部,截至2005年探明金矿资源量17t,主矿体属于地表红土型氧化矿,平均品位为0.60×10-6。文章基于对勐满金矿床矿区内新元古界曼来组片岩和中侏罗统花开左组碎屑岩及矿区外围东部的临沧花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测定,探讨了曼来组片岩和花开左组碎屑岩地层的物质来源,追溯母岩的物质源区,并结合矿区普遍发育的硅化岩和硅质脉体的地球化学特征,分析了金成矿的物质来源。勐满金矿床曼来组中主要碎屑锆石年龄为(957.0±9.8)Ma,属新元古代早青白口纪;中侏罗系花开左组主要碎屑锆石年龄为(224.2±2.8)Ma,与临沧花岗岩基中2件黑云母二长花岗岩的年龄(分别为(228.7±2.8)Ma和(229.4±2.0)Ma)一致,表明花开左组地层的物质来源可能与临沧花岗岩有关。微量元素测试结果显示,矿区硅化岩与硅质脉体具有相似的稀土元素配分模式与微量元素组成,均表现为富集U、Th、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta等高场强元素,轻稀土元素明显富集,重稀土元素亏损,中-弱的Eu负异常,Ce异常不明显,与矿区围岩及临沧花岗岩体南部的黑云母花岗岩具有相似的变化趋势。硅化岩稀土元素总量为42.3×10-6~311.0×10-6,平均为131.8×10-6;硅质脉体稀土元素总量为5.0×10-6~280×10-6,平均为56.8×10-6,显示硅化岩相对于硅质脉体具有更高的稀土元素总量。硅质脉体((La/Yb)N为4.3~133.4,平均36.7)相对于硅化岩((La/Yb)N为2.1~26,平均为8.5)具有更高的轻、重稀土元素分馏特征。硅化岩的地球化学特征变化介于围岩与硅质脉之间,表明硅化岩既继承了围岩特征,又有经热泉活动改造的痕迹。综合锆石年代学结果与沉积物源分析,认为矿区花开左组砂岩主要为临沧岩体经受风化搬运沉积的产物,曼来组向花开左组提供金的量不足以形成花开左组中的碎屑岩型矿体,热泉活动产生的流体是金成矿的另一重要物质来源,同时是导致金后期富集的重要因素。据此推断,花开左组是赋矿层位,而并非矿源层。结合低硫型矿床标志性矿物冰长石的出现,提出勐满金矿属于典型的与热泉活动有关的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿。     

Physical and chemical characteristics of the host rocks in controlling the mineralization of the Chinkuashih high-sulfidation gold–copper deposits,northeastern Taiwan

Epithermal high-sulfidation gold–copper deposits at the Chinkuashih area in northeastern Taiwan occur both within Pleistocene andesite and Miocene sedimentary rocks. Spatially associated Penshan and Shumei deposits of a major gold–copper vein, the “Main Vein”, were both mineralized along an extended normal fault zone. These deposits appear to have formed from the same original hydrothermal fluids, but in different host rock types. However, the results of trace element analyses indicate that the andesite-hosted Penshan deposit has distinctly higher ore-metal and lower LREE contents than the sediment-hosted Shumei deposit. The development of higher grade ore at Penshan deposit resulted from the presence of ferrous Fe-rich minerals in andesite that caused the deposition of a larger amount of pyrite and gold during the sulfidation–reduction reactions of acidic fluid with host rocks. Moreover, the porous–permeable silicic alteration facies of the Penshan deposit provided conduits for the circulation of ore-metal bearing fluids and the trapping of metal-bearing magmatic volatile to precipitate ore minerals. On the other hand, the higher LREE contents of the Shumei open pit reflect the low pH and abundance of mainly SO₄^2? ion in the hydrothermal fluid perhaps because sedimentary host rocks were not able to neutralize and to reduce the acidic fluid effectively through the reactions of fluid and host rocks. Moreover, the Fe-poor host rocks have lower capacity to consume H₂S and precipitate pyrite and gold. In addition, the circulation of ore-metal bearing fluids and trapping of metal-bearing magmatic volatile to precipitate ore minerals could be handicapped by the low permeability and porosity of the silicified sedimentary rocks. It is apparent from these observations that physical and chemical characteristics of host rocks are important factors in controlling the ore grade of the Chinkuashih high-sulfidation gold–copper deposits.     

Lithogeochemistry of Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Gold Bar district, Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, Nevada

The Gold Bar district contains five Carlin-type gold deposits and four resources for a combined gold endowment of 1.6 M oz [50 t]. The gold deposits are hosted in Devonian carbonate rocks below parautochthonous and allochthonous Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks emplaced during the Early Mississippian Antler orogeny. The district is in the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, a long-lived structural feature that localized intrusions and ore deposits of different types and ages.The whole-rock geochemistry of four different mineralized and unmineralized Devonian carbonate rock units (two favorable and two unfavorable) were determined and interpreted in the context of the regional geology. A combination of basic statistics, R-mode factor analysis, isocon plots, and alteration diagrams were utilized to (1) identify favorable geochemical attributes of the host rocks, (2) characterize alteration and associated element enrichments and depletions, and (3) identify the mechanism of gold precipitation. This approach also led to the recognition of other types of alteration and mineralization in host rocks previously thought to be solely affected by Carlin-type mineralization.Unit 2 of the Upper Member of the Denay Formation, with the highest Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ contents and the lowest CaO content, is the most favorable host rock. Based on the high regression coefficients of data arrays on X–Y plots that project toward the origin, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ were immobile and K₂O and Fe₂O₃ were relatively immobile during alteration and mineralization. Specific element associations identified by factor analysis are also prominent on isocon diagrams that compare the composition of fresh and altered equivalents of the same rock units. The most prominent associations are: Au, As, Sb, SiO₂, Tl, –CaO and –LOI, the main gold mineralizing event and related silicification and decalcification; Cd, Zn, Ag, P, Ni and Tl, an early base metal event; and MgO, early dolomitization. Alteration diagrams, consisting of X–Y plots of SiO₂/Al₂O₃, K₂O/Al₂O₃, CO₂/Al₂O₃, [S/Al₂O₃]/[Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃], provide evidence for progressive silicification, decarbonation (decalcification and dedolomitization), argillization (illite), and sulfidation as a function of gold mineralization. The latter process is identified as the principal mechanism of gold precipitation.The lithogeochemistry of the ores in the Gold Bar district is typical of that documented in classic Carlin-type gold deposits in the region, but the size of the deposits and the intensity of alteration and mineralization are less. The presence of other types of mineralization in the Gold Bar district is also common to most of the other Carlin-type districts located in major mineral belts. The approach used in this study is well suited to the interpretation of multi-element geochemical data from other study areas with superimposed alteration and mineralization.     

Mineralogy,geochemistry, and structural controls of a disseminated gold-bearing alteration halo around the schist-hosted Bullendale orogenic gold deposit,New Zealand

Orogenic gold-bearing quartz veins in the middle Tertiary Bullendale Fault Zone, New Zealand were mined historically for coarse gold in a narrow zone (ca. 5 m thick). However, recent drilling has revealed a broad hydrothermal alteration zone extending into the host schist, in which disseminated sulphide and gold mineralisation has occurred. The evidence of alteration is first seen over 150 m across strike from the fault zone, and the best-developed alteration halo is about 50 m wide. The extent and intensity of alteration is strongly controlled by local structures that developed during regional Tertiary kink folding of the pervasively foliated and fissile metasedimentary schist host. The earliest structures are foliation-parallel microshears (micron to millimeter scale) formed during flexural-slip folding. Later, but related, structures are predominantly normal faults and associated shear zones that have formed extensional sites during the regional folding event. All these structures facilitated hydrothermal fluid penetration and rock alteration, with localised vein formation and brecciation. Where fluid has followed structures, metamorphic chlorite, phengite, and titanite have been altered to hydrothermal ankerite, rutile, and muscovite or kaolinite. Ankerite with Fe/(Fe + Mg) < 0.4 formed in host rocks with Fe/(Fe + Mg) of 0.6, and iron released by ankerite alteration possibly formed pyrite and arsenopyrite that host disseminated gold. Fault zones were extensively silicified and veined with quartz, albite, sulphides, and gold. Host rocks have wide compositional variations because of centimeter-scale metamorphic segregation. However, the alteration halo is characterised by elevated CO₂ and S, as measured by loss-on-ignition (doubled to ca. 6 wt.%), elevated As (100–10,000 ppm), and weakly elevated Sb (up to 14 ppm). Strontium is elevated and Ba depleted in many altered rocks, so Sr/Ba ratio increases from < 1 (host rocks) to > 3 in the most altered and silicified rocks. Many altered and mineralised rocks have low Sr/Ba (< 0.5) as well. The subtle geochemical signature is not useful as a vector to ore because of the strong microstructural control on alteration. Likewise, there is no evidence for spatial mineralogical zonation across the alteration halo, although the most intense alteration is centred on the main fault zone, and intensity of alteration is controlled by microstructures at all scales. As documented in previous studies, hydrothermal alteration haloes enlarge the exploration target for some orogenic gold deposits, and may include disseminated gold, as in this Bullendale example.     

Archean turbidite hosted orogenic gold mineralization in the Gadag greenstone belt,Western Dharwar Craton,Peninsular India

Turbidite hosted orogenic gold mineralization in the Archean Gadag greenstone belt of the Western Dharwar Craton, forms a major auriferous zone (Central Auriferous Zone) extending over a strike length of about 12 km in the Gadag duplex. The turbidite sequence comprises thick inter-bedded, medium to coarse grained lithic graywacke and thin laminated layers of fine grained carbonaceous phyllite. Gold bearing quartz veins impregnate preferentially along the en-echelon shear planes, fractures and schistosity planes. Auriferous quartz veins are enveloped by the altered wall rocks.Mineralogy of the auriferous zone is dominated by gangue minerals like quartz, ankerite, chlorite, sericite and carbonaceous matter, with subordinate plagioclase. Monazite and xenotime are the important accessory minerals. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are the major sulfide minerals, but pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and scheelite are also present. Gold in native state occurs within quartz, silicates and arsenopyrite.Notable distinctions in mineral assemblage, texture and in chemical compositions of altered wall rocks compared to the precursor host rock in the study area implies that the metasomatism and wall rock alterations are the results of pervasive infiltration and intense interaction between hydrothermal fluids and the surrounding host rocks over a prolonged period.Sulfides, carbonates, carbonaceous matter, K₂O, MgO, CaO, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and higher values of gold (0.98–4.72 ppm) are added into the altered wall rocks, immediately enveloping the auriferous quartz vein bodies. The chondrite normalized REE pattern of altered wall rocks exhibits enriched LREE (La_N/Yb_N = av. 9.54), with prominent negative Eu anomaly. The observed variation in geochemical characteristics and mineral assemblages in the alteration zones indicates differential response of the host rock and intensity of alteration depending on the composition of host rocks and hydrothermal fluids.The auriferous hydrothermal fluids were of low salinity (2.0 to 6.6 wt.% NaCl), dominated by CO₂–H₂O (about 30 mol% CO₂) with moderate densities (0.7 to 1.04 g/cm³), and gold deposition occurred over a wide temperature range between 175 °C and 325 °C. Gold deposition was influenced by fluid mixing, phase separation and redox reactions. Mixing between CO₂–H₂O fluids and more reduced fluids, which evolved during fluid reaction with adjacent carbonaceous wall rocks, was the key factor causing gold deposition.The formation of the Gadag duplex, deformation, folds and reverse strike slip faults (discontinuities) was caused by the compression associated with subduction related tectonic processes. During the initial period of intrusive magmatism (2,555 ± 6 Ma), regional metamorphism occurred in the entire greenstone belt, while during later period, hydrothermal fluids responsible for gold mineralization probably were derived from metamorphic processes as well as from intrusive granites. Such fluids channeled through the thrust in host turbidite sequence carrying dissolved gold, associated metals and sulfur, ultimately were precipitated in a reducing environment in the splays to the thrust in the Gadag duplex at about 2,522 ± 6 Ma, resulting in retrograde alteration assemblages.     

湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿硅化角砾岩岩石地球化学特征

湖南常宁县康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带由未硅化角砾岩—极弱硅化角砾岩—硅化角砾岩—强硅化角砾岩(似硅质岩)组成,产于侏罗系与下伏二叠系间的不整合面附近,角砾成份复杂,充填物和胶结物类型多样。随着硅化程度的加强,硅化角砾岩带SiO₂含量变化大,最高可达95.34%,而Al₂O₃、MgO、FeO、K₂O、Na₂O、CaO、CO₂和P₂O₅含量特别是MgO、CaO、CO₂和P₂O₅含量明显降低,且K₂O>Na₂O,TiO₂的含量显著偏低。硅化角砾岩带LREE/HREE比值为1.95～4.93,Ce(δCe=0.44～0.81)和Eu(δEu=0.58～0.89)均为弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型,但随硅化程度增高稀土元素含量显著减少:未硅化和弱硅化角砾岩稀土元素总量较高,为(176.82～318.93)×10^-10,与当冲组泥质岩配分曲线相似;硅化强烈的角砾岩稀土元素总量低,为(7.71～65.95)×10^-10,与下伏栖霞组灰岩稀土元素配分曲线极为相似。结合微量元素F、Ba、Cl、Cr、Ni、Sr、V研究结果及硅化角砾岩带自底部至顶部特有的下粗上细的韵律性层理构造,认为康家湾铅锌金矿床硅化角砾岩带是在地台体制向地洼体制转变期的大地构造环境下,由于地壳快速隆升,二叠纪灰岩、泥质岩、石英砂岩等岩石剥蚀,在古河流环境下搬运、沉积形成的。此     

Compositional Variation of Hydrothermally Altered Volcanic Rocks in Hishikari Gold Epithermal System: A Useful Geochemical Indicator of Gold–Silver Epithermal Mineralization

The hydrothermally altered andesite hosting the Hishikari gold-silver vein deposits in southern Kyushu, Japan, is analyzed with respect to the spatial variation in chemical composition. The (CaO + Na₂O) content is found to be inversely correlated with the K₂O content as it progresses away from the site of mineralization. It was found that analytical data plotted on a (CaO + Na₂O) − K₂O diagram cannot be explained only by addition of K⁺ from the hydrothermal solution to the original rock and release of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ from the original rock (K- alteration). Addition of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ from the hydrothermal solution to the rock and release of K⁺ from the rock but release of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ to the hydrothermal solution (advanced argillic alteration) is important for causing the wide variations in K₂O, CaO, and Na₂O contents on the (CaO + Na₂O) − K₂O diagram. These variations can be explained by superimposed potassic, advanced argillic and calcium alterations. The altered rocks in the Honko-Sanjin area, Yamada area, and Masaki area analyzed by this study are characterized by their intermediate K₂O content and variable CaO content, high K₂O content and low CaO content, and low K₂O content and low CaO content, respectively. The K₂O, Na₂O and CaO contents and oxygen isotopic composition of altered andesite, in conjunction with the solubility of gold as a thio complex, suggest that both gold deposition and the observed compositional variation of altered andesite are the result of mixing between acidic groundwater and neutral gold-bearing hydrothermal solution. The present results indicate that the compositional variation of hydrothermally altered rocks may represent a useful geochemical indicator of epithermal gold–silver mineralization.     

豫西熊耳山地区槐树坪金矿岩石-土壤找矿指示元素的确定及其应用

槐树坪金矿床位于河南省洛阳市嵩县境内,是豫西熊耳山地区近年来新发现的大型金矿床。本次研究对槐树坪金矿区地表及井下不同类型的较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩和矿石以及地表1∶20000面积性土壤采样,分析29项微量元素,从岩石和土壤两种采样介质来确定槐树坪金矿床的地球化学找矿指示元素。一方面基于较新鲜围岩的元素含量特征确定每个微量元素在该区岩石中的异常下限,进而分别计算了蚀变岩和矿石中微量元素平均含量与异常下限的比值,即异常衬度。按照异常衬度大于1.4的标尺确定了蚀变岩与矿石中明显富集的微量元素组合。另一方面,基于Au与28项微量元素在较新鲜围岩、蚀变岩、矿石三种介质中含量关系散点图直观确定了指示金成矿的微量元素组合。综合二者确定出槐树坪金矿区岩石地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Sn、Mo、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Nb计13项。针对地表1∶20000面积性土壤调查,采用上述岩石中异常衬度为1.4作为土壤异常下限绘制了槐树坪金矿区微量元素的地球化学异常剖析图,以槐树坪金矿区已探明鸡公山一带的主成矿段为模型确定了土壤地球化学找矿的指示元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、B计11项。综合上述结果认为在找矿指示元素组合方面土壤对岩石具有明显的继承性。基于岩石与土壤介质中共同的10项找矿指示元素,构建了归一化的综合异常指标,以鸡公山矿段为标准对整个槐树坪矿区进行了综合评价,发现槐树坪矿区内马蹄沟、秦佛爷沟、姜疙瘩和天坪西4处具有类似鸡公山矿段的找矿潜力。     

胶西北寺庄金矿床红化蚀变过程及其对金成矿贡献

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区,其内金矿床均赋存于沿NE-NNE向断裂带展布的大规模红化蚀变带中;然而对红化蚀变是钾长石化还是赤铁矿-金红石化,及其对金成矿的贡献尚存争议。寺庄超大型金矿床的红化蚀变沿NE-NNE向焦家断裂带及其次级断裂-裂隙系统发育,占已探明资源储量70%的Ⅲ号矿体群即赋存于红化蚀变带内,是研究红化蚀变与金成矿关系的理想对象。本文以该金矿床红化蚀变花岗岩为研究对象,通过对比新鲜花岗岩与强、弱红化蚀变岩内矿物组合和地球化学组成,探讨红化蚀变对于金成矿的贡献。矿物学研究表明,弱红化蚀变岩内的蚀变发生在斜长石核部,以钠长石化为主,同时形成绢云母和少量热液钾长石,且赤铁矿在此阶段沉淀;而弱红化蚀变岩进一步水岩反应成为强红化蚀变岩的过程中出现大量热液钾长石。质量平衡计算表明,红化蚀变过程中SiO_2、K_2O迁入,而Na_2O、CaO、Al_2O_3、FeO~T、MgO迁出;红化流体由早期富Na向后期富K转变。岩石地球化学与氢氧同位素综合示踪显示,红化流体为高温、高氧逸度、富K的玲珑岩浆期后热液,与胶东金矿床中-低温、还原性、富CO_2成矿流体性质相反,表明红化流体未直接参与成矿过程。综合研究揭示,流体交代斜长石后形成贯通性孔隙提高红化蚀变岩的渗透性;热液钾长石交代斜长石导致岩石体积膨胀而破裂,降低岩石抗压强度;这些为成矿期断裂活动以及成矿流体的运移和成矿物质的沉淀提供了极为有利的围岩条件,可能是巨量金聚集成矿的关键因素之一。     

贵州水银洞金矿构造蚀变体稀土元素地球化学特征

水银洞金矿构造蚀变体(SBT)为产出于茅口租(P2m)和龙潭组(P3l)之间不整合面上的一套强硅化灰岩、灰岩角砾岩、硅化粘土岩组合.呆用ICP-MS测定钻孔岩芯中构造蚀变体样品稀土元素组成,对比研究SBT围岩、区域岩浆岩及现代海底热水系统流体稀土元素组成.结果显示,SBT的轻重稀土分馏明显[LREE/HREE=4.92～17.51,(La/Yb)N=5.94～38.37],曲线右倾型;轻稀土分异明显,曲线右倾程度大;重稀土分异不明显,曲线平坦;负Eu(0.61～0.94)、Ce(0.52～1.07)异常明显;SBT及围岩均具有明显W型稀土元素四分组效应,而不同于区域岩浆岩和现代海底热水系统流体,表明热液流体来源以壳源为主.     

安徽庐枞盆地酸性蚀变岩帽地质地球化学特征研究

酸性蚀变岩帽是浅成低温热液系统演化的产物,形成于酸性高氧化性流体的化学条件下;在高硫化型浅成低温热液金矿床中广泛发育,是该类矿床的显著识别特征。通过对酸性蚀变岩帽的野外地质特征、矿物共生组合和地球化学特征研究,能较好阐明浅成低温成矿热液系统的特征、性质、发生和发展演化及成矿作用过程。庐枞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带重要的矿集区之一,盆地内广泛发育以明矾石为特征蚀变矿物的酸性蚀变岩帽,面积超过30km~2,指示盆地内高硫化浅成低温热液系统的存在。目前为止,前期工作主要针对明矾石矿床地质特征和明矾石资源储量进行,该酸性蚀变岩帽的地质地球化学特征研究尚未开展。本次工作通过对酸性蚀变岩帽系统的野外采样、全岩地球化学分析和短波红外光谱测试分析技术(PNIRS测试)分析,确定其主要赋存在砖桥组火山岩中,组成矿物为石英、明矾石、高岭石、地开石,此外有少量绢云母、伊利石、珍珠陶土、叶蜡石、褐铁矿,极少数的叶腊石和黄钾铁矾等,在钻孔深部存在浸染状和半自形粒状黄铁矿。由于受到地表风化剥蚀和不同热热中心的影响,水平方向从矾山明矾石矿床向外围发育石英+明矾石带、石英+高岭石/地开石+明矾石带、石英+高岭石/地开石带、硅化带以及最外围的泥质带即高岭石±绢云母±伊利石带。根据酸性蚀变岩帽的矿物组合和主量元素特征,可将其分为三类:硅质蚀变岩、明矾石蚀变岩和粘土蚀变岩。硅质蚀变岩中SiO_2含量发生明显的富集作用,其余主量元素(K_2O、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、P_2O5)含量显著降低;明矾石蚀变岩和粘土蚀变岩具有相似的地球化学特征,SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、P_2O_5元素含量范围变大,K_2O和Na_2O含量降低,且Na_2O降低更加明显;而钛为不活泼元素,在岩石发生蚀变过程中TiO_2含量变化很小。矾山地区的酸性蚀变岩帽的产状、蚀变类型、地球化学特征受构造和地层的双重控制。     

新城金矿蚀变带构造与地球化学特征

通过新城金矿的构造和蚀变岩剖面实测、构造测量和岩石地球化学分析,获得以下构造和岩石地球化学同步变化特点:(1)以焦家断裂为中心蚀变岩分带为断层泥-硅化带-黄铁绢英岩带-强钾化花岗岩带-弱钾化花岗岩带-未蚀变花岗岩带;(2)金矿化主要集中在硅化带及黄铁绢英岩带;(3)断裂下盘依次发育糜棱岩-碎裂岩-花岗质碎裂岩-碎裂花岗...     

The nature of gold-bearing fluids in Atud gold deposit,Central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Electron microprobe analyses of gold and associated ore minerals as well as stable isotope analyses of sulphide and carbonate minerals were performed in order to determine the metal and fluid sources and temperature of the mineralizing systems to better understand the genesis of the Atud gold deposit hosted in the metagabbro–diorite complex of Gabal Atud (Central Eastern Desert, Egypt). The gold can be classified as electrum (63.6–74.3 wt.% Au and 24.6–26.6 wt.% Ag) and is associated with arsenopyrite and As-bearing pyrite in the main mineralization (gold-sulphides) phase within the main mineralized quartz veins and altered host rocks. Based on the arsenopyrite geothermometer, As-contents (29.3–32.7 atom%) in arsenopyrite point to deposition in the Log ?_S2 and T ranges of ?10.5 to ?5.5 and 305–450°C, respectively, during the main mineralizing phase. Based on the δ³⁴S isotopic compositions of the sulphides, they are originated from magmatic fluids in which the sulphur is either sourced directly from magma or remobilized from the magmatic rocks (gabbroic rocks). On the other hand, calcite formed from fluids having mainly magmatic mixed with variable metamorphic signatures based on its δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. This work concluded that the gold-bearing ores at Atud deposit have magmatic sources leaching from the country intrusive rocks during water/rock interactions then remobilized during a metamorphic event. Therefore, the Atud gold deposit is classified as an intrusion-related gold deposit, in which the gabbro–diorite host intrusion acted as the source of metals which were mobilized and deposited as a result of the effects of NW–SE shearing.     

Nature of the Ore-Forming Fluid at the Quaternary Noya Gold Deposit in Kyushu,Japan

We discuss the nature of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid in the Noya gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins of central Kyushu, Japan on the basis of oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope ratios, and aqueous speciation calculations for the present-day geothermal fluid. The isotopic values of the Noya ore-forming fluid were estimated to be −6.5‰ for δ¹³C and −7.5‰ for δ¹⁸O. The oxygen isotopic equilibrium temperatures for vein calcite are more than 180°C at the bottom of the Noya mineralization zone, and decrease with increasing elevation. As the temperature decreased, the dominant carbon species in the fluid changed from H₂CO₃ to HCO₃^- at about 120°C. The equilibrium temperatures for vein quartz are consistent with the calcite calculations. The carbon and oxygen isotope trends of the Noya vein calcite and the isotope ratios of strontium suggest that the fluids that precipitated the Noya veins were controlled by an andesite-dominated geology. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the white-colored veins from wells 51-WT-1 and 51-WT-2 displayed a light REE-rich pattern with positive Eu anomalies, suggesting the existence of a reducing environment for the fluid. The pyrite-rich gray-colored veins and a silicified rock from well 51-WT-2 showed higher REE concentrations than did the white veins. Altered host andesitic rocks have similar REE patterns to that of the silicified rock, and have higher REE contents than the others in the drill cores. Aqueous speciation calculations showed that the fluid in the hydrothermal reservoir is currently in muscovite stability. The fluid at the ore-mineralization stage may have contained more potassium or have had a higher pH, so that adularia precipitated with calcite and quartz, as well as gold. Fluid boiling at depth in the system produced the gold-bearing calcite-quartz-adularia veins.     

黑龙江东安金矿床赋矿岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学特征

东安金矿床是环太平洋成矿域的一处大型低硫型浅成低温热液金矿床,赋存于燕山期碱长花岗岩和中酸性火山岩中。本文通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年,获得赋矿的碱长花岗岩和光华组流纹岩的加权平均年龄分别为183.2±1.3Ma和109.1±1.2Ma,表明碱长花岗岩的侵位年代为早侏罗世,光华组火山岩的喷出时代为早白垩世。在地球化学组成上,东安碱长花岗岩具高硅、高钾和低磷的特征,富集Rb、Th和K,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P和Ti,属于高分异的I型花岗岩,是太平洋板块俯冲作用的产物。光华组中酸性火山岩富集Rb、Th、U和K,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti,为太平洋板块俯冲方向发生改变后的岩石圈伸展减薄环境下,镁铁质下地壳部分熔融而形成的。东安金矿床成矿年龄(107~108Ma)与光华组火山岩的成岩年龄在误差范围内一致,表明成矿与成岩作用为同一地质事件,均形成于早白垩世太平洋板块俯冲背景下的拉张构造环境中。结合区内其他浅成低温热液型金矿床的赋矿围岩特征,认为早白垩世陆相火山岩是东北地区寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的有利场所。     

Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan,SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution

The Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS₂ in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS₂ due to crystallization of sulfides and fO₂ due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.     

Geochemical Tracing of Ore-forming Material Sources of Carlin-type Gold Deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Triangle Area --A Case Study of the Application of the Combined Silicon Isotopes Geochemistry and Siliceous Cathodoluminescence Analysis

This paper deals with characteristics of silicon isotope compositions and siliceous cathodolumines-cence of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal silicified quartz of the Carlin-type ore deposits in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi triangle area. The study shows that primary silicified quartz is nonluminescent but quartz in host rocks andsecondary silicified quartz are luminescent by the action of cathode rays. Correspondingly, silicon isotope composi-tions of host rocks, ores and hydrothermal quartz veins are clearly distinguished. In strata from the Middle Triassic tothe "Dachang" host bed, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks ranges from 0.0‰-0.3‰, while that of primary ore-forming silici-fied fluids from -0.1‰ to -0.4‰, in the Upper Permian and Lower Carboniferous strata and Indosinian diabasehost beds, δ~(30)Si of the host rocks is from -0.1‰ to -0.2‰ and that of the primary silicified quartz veins from 0.3‰-0.5‰. This pattern demonstrates the following geochemical mineralization process: primary ore-forming sili-ceous fluids migrated upwards quickly along the main passages of deep-seated faults from mantle to crust and en-tered secondary faults where gold deposits were eventually formed as a result of permeation and replacement of thesiliceous ore-forming fluids into different ore-bearing strata. This gives important evidence for the fact that ore-forming fluids of this type of gold deposits were mainly derived from upper mantle differentiation and shows goodprospects for deep gold deposits and geochemical background for large and superlarge gold deposits.     

Multi-stage pyrite and hydrothermal mineral assemblage of the Hatu gold district (west Junggar,Xinjiang, NW China): Implications for metallogenic evolution

The Hatu, Qi-III, and Qi-V gold deposits in the Hatu–Baobei volcanic–sedimentary basin (west Junggar, Xinjiang) represent the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the Hatu gold district, respectively. Orebodies of these deposits mainly consist of Au-bearing quartz veins and altered host rocks with disseminated sulfide minerals. Six types of pyrite in these mines are studied here to illustrate ore-formation processes. Sedimentary pyrite, including framboidal and fine-grained pyrite, occurs in mudstone-bearing sedimentary rocks or altered volcanic–sedimentary rocks. Framboidal pyrite formed during redox changes in sedimentary layers. Hydrothermal pyrite contains five subgroups, from Py1 to Py5. Porous Py1 formed prior to gold mineralization, and is overgrown by Py2 that contains inclusions of sulfide minerals and native gold. Coarser Py3 coexists with arsenopyrite and native gold, and contains the greatest As concentrations. Gold and antimony are also preferentially concentrated in arsenian Py2 and Py3. The Au–As-deficient Py4 and Py5 formed during the post-ore process. There is a negative correlation between the As and S contents in Py1, Py2, and Py3, implying the substitution of sulfur by arsenic. Gold precipitated under relatively reducing condition in framboid- and graphite-bearing tuffaceous rocks. Cesium, Rb, Sr, La, Ce, Au, As, Sb, Cu, and Pb are concentrated in altered host rocks. The Au-bearing quartz veins and disseminated sulfide mineral orebodies were formed via a co-genetic hydrothermal fluid and formed during different stages. The variation of fO₂ during fluid/rock interactions, and crystallization of arsenian pyrite were major factors that controlled gold precipitation.