安徽庐江塘串河地区地质地球物理特征及找矿方向分析

安徽省庐江县塘串河地区位于扬子准地台的西北缘,岩浆活动频繁,分异作用明显,地磁异常及激电异常有明显规律可循,存在寻找铜、镍、钴等硫化物矿床的潜力,同时应注意在F2断裂带内寻找金矿。文章通过系统分析地质地球物理特征,以期为该区今后找矿提供方向。     

贵州省中部某铝土矿地质特征及成因浅析

贵州省中部某铝土矿处于扬子准地台黔北台隆遵义断拱贵阳复杂构造变形区,位于北东向河口背斜东段南东翼,构造相对较简单,主体为一倾向南东的单斜构造。矿床为"准地台型滨海相产于碳酸盐类岩石侵蚀面上古风化壳异地堆积铝土矿床",铝土矿呈似层状、透镜状产于寒武系中上统娄山关群白云岩的古侵蚀面上。矿体中发现的Ga、Ge含量均未达矿产工业指标;区内出露的煤质较差,且极不稳定,无综合利用价值。区内产出的铝土矿规模较大,厚度变化中等,品味变化小,有较好的开发利用价值。     

桐上饰面石材矿地质特征浅析——以贵州省镇宁自治县为例

饰面材料需求量随着城市基础建设变化而变化,主要体现在对饰面材料材质要求更高等方面,对饰面材料的环保性能提出了更高的要求。桐上饰面石材矿位于扬子准地台-黔南台陷-望谟北西向构造变形区北部,区内灰岩、白云岩和粘土岩和泥灰岩广布,加之热液变质作用影响,导致热液变质型大理岩饰面材料品质高,可作为饰面石材进行开采,具有较好的经济效益。     

南水北调西线一期工程区地壳活动有关问题

南水北调西线一期工程位于川青地块及其南缘鲜水河断裂带,地质条件复杂。GPS监测表明,川青地块及其邻区的地壳运动水平速度,具有自西向东递变下降的顺时针涡旋转动的总趋势;鲜水河断裂带有较高的移动速率;工程区东、西两侧的测站之间有一定的水平速度矢量差。工程区为高地应力区,并可产生局部高应变能带。鲜水河断裂带为我国西部的强震带;川青地块内部已发生5级以上地震25次。与中强震有关的断裂带通过工程区,并表现出工程区地壳活动性。地壳活动性将对南水北调西线一期工程建设产生重大影响。     

激电中梯和激电测深在安徽某地区铁矿勘查中的综合应用

研究区位于扬子准地台—下扬子台坳—沿江拱断褶带—安庆凹断褶束的扬子陆块北缘的长江中下游断陷带内,玢岩型铁、硫矿是该区成矿特色。本区各类岩石及主要构造层之间、各类围岩与矿石之间存在着明显的电性物性差异,本文介绍了激电的两种物探工作方法在某地区铁矿勘查中的综合应用。通过激电中梯测量发现该研究区多处激电异常,选择异常区进行激电测深测量,12剖面132号点及164号点综合异常较好,为布孔验证最佳部位。     

元古苍龙首

在地质历史中,长白山区处于华北地台、中朝准地台构造单元内。早在二亿年前的侏罗纪时代,地球上发生了翻天覆地的变化。     

盘州市竹海镇滑石板村一带地质灾害特征及成因分析

调查区地处云贵高原向黔中高原向南倾斜的斜坡地带,大地构造扬子准地台黔北台隆六盘水断陷普安旋扭构造变形区。矿床属裂隙充水矿床水文,调查区岩土体工程地质条件总体较差。区内发育4条地裂缝和1处潜在滑坡,位于煤矿矿区范围内的三叠系下统飞仙关组地层和二叠系上统龙潭组地层,为岩、土层裂缝。安全采深、爆破震动、矿井疏排水和采空区覆岩移动变形等都影响房屋开裂。这些地质灾害与云贵煤矿采煤活动有关,研究结果为地质灾害治理提供可靠的数据。     

安宁河—则木河断裂带的地震活动分段性分析

通过对安宁河—则木河断裂带特征及活动性,历史地震活动,震源错动类型的分析,为地震构造环境评价、划分潜在震源区和确定地震活动性参数提供科学依据.了解断裂带的地震活动规律,对研究断裂带的地震活动性进行分段.     

湖北保康百峰——店垭萤石——重晶石矿床地质特征及成因

百峰—店垭萤石—重晶石矿床位于扬子准地台鄂中褶断区"黄陵断穹"北缘,萤石—重晶石矿脉产于下奥陶统南津关组—大湾组地层中,其产出受区内断裂、裂隙构造控制,矿脉产状与断裂、裂隙构造产状一致,萤石—重晶石矿脉充填于断层破碎带中,萤石—重晶石富集于破碎带中部,两侧为硅化、萤石—重晶石化角砾灰岩。矿床成因类型属中低温热液型脉状矿床。     

贵州省平塘县石笋高岭土矿矿床地质特征与资源量估算

矿区大地构造位于扬子准地台黔南台陷贵定南北向构造变形区的南东部平里河向斜的东翼,整体呈一单斜构造,矿区出露地层简单,有二叠系中统茅口组、二叠系上统吴家坪组,高岭土(花石)矿床类型属含煤地层中的高岭石粘土岩亚型高岭土(花石)矿床,产于二叠系上统吴家坪组和二叠系中统茅口组顶部之古风化壳结合部位,层位和厚度较稳定,其紫红色、灰白色斑纹状的特点以及两侧的黄褐色粘土层是直接的找矿标志。     

Mechanism of formation of fold belts and associated seismic anisotropy

Summary. Fold belts form due to shortening of deep basins on oceaic and continental crust. Basins on the oceanic crust should be characterized by a pronounced seismic anisotropy in the mantle lithosphere. Deep basins on the continental crust may develop from the stretching or the destruction of the lower crust under asthenospheric upwelling. These processes can produce seismic anisotropy in both the crust and mantle lithosphere. The character of the anisotropy is different for different basin forming processes. Considerable anisotropy should also arise from compression of the crust and mantle in fold belts. The formation of fold belts produces the original seismic anisotropy in continental lithosphere.     

Ivrea seismic array: a study of continental crust and upper mantle

A seismic-array study of the continental crust and upper mantle in the Ivrea-Yerbano and Strona-Ceneri zones (northwestern Italy) is presented. A short-period network is used to define crustal P - and S -wave velocity models from earthquakes. The analysis of the seismic-refraction profile LOND of the CROP-ECORS project provided independent information and control on the array-data interpretation.
Apparent-velocity measurements from both local and regional earthquakes, and time-term analysis are used to estimate the velocity in the lower crust and in the upper mantle. The geometry of the upper-lower crust and Moho boundaries is determined from the station delay times.
We have obtained a three-layer crustal seismic model. The P -wave velocity in the upper crust, lower crust and upper mantle is 6.1±0.2 km s⁻¹, 6.5±0.3 km s⁻¹ and 7.8±0.3 km s⁻¹ respectively. Pronounced low-velocity zones in the upper and lower crust are not observed. A clear change in the velocity structure between the upper and lower crust is documented, constraining the petrological interpretation of the Ivrea-type reflective lower continental crust derived from small-scale petrophysical data. Moreover, we found a V _P/ V _S ratio of 1.69±0.04 for the upper crust and 1.82±0.08 for the lower crust and upper mantle. This is consistent with the structural and petrophysical differences between a compositionally uniform and seismically transparent upper crust and a layered and reflective lower crust. The thickness of the lower crust ranges from about 8 km in front of the Ivrea body (ARVO, Arvonio station) in the northern part of the array to a maximum of about 15 km in the southern part of the array. The lower crust reaches a minimum depth of 5 km below the PROV (Provola) station.     

Crustal thickness variations in the margins of the Gulf of California from receiver functions

Receiver functions (RFs) from teleseismic events recorded by the NARS-Baja array were used to map crustal thickness in the continental margins of the Gulf of California, a newly forming ocean basin. Although the upper crust is known to have split apart simultaneously along the entire length of the Gulf, little is known about the behaviour of the lower crust in this region. The RFs show clear P -to- S wave conversions from the Moho beneath the stations. The delay times between the direct P and P -to- S waves indicate thinner crust closer to the Gulf along the entire Baja California peninsula. The thinner crust is associated with the eastern Peninsular Ranges batholith (PRB). Crustal thickness is uncorrelated with topography in the PRB and the Moho is not flat, suggesting mantle compensation by a weaker than normal mantle based on seismological evidence. The approximately W–E shallowing in Moho depths is significant with extremes in crustal thickness of ∼21 and 37 km. Similar results have been obtained at the northern end of the Gulf by Lewis et al., who proposed a mechanism of lower crustal flow associated with rifting in the Gulf Extensional Province for thinning of the crust. Based on the amount of pre-Pliocene extension possible in the continental margins, if the lower crust did thin in concert with the upper crust, it is possible that the crust was thinned during the early stages of rifting before the opening of the ocean basin. In this case, we suggest that when breakup occurred, the lower crust in the margins of the Gulf was still behaving ductilely. Alternatively, the lower crust may have thinned after the Gulf opened. The implications of these mechanisms are discussed.     

生物土壤结皮对库布齐沙漠北缘土壤粒度特征的影响

对库布齐沙漠北缘不同发育阶段的生物土壤结皮及其下层土壤粒度特征进行分析。结果表明：流动沙地和藻类结皮表层均以细砂和中砂成分为主,藓类结皮表层以细砂和极细砂为主。生物土壤结皮表层的中粉砂至黏土、粗粉砂和极细砂含量均高于其下层土壤。两种结皮样地均属于分选性较差等级,但结皮下层土壤分选性中等,3类曲线均不对称,属于正偏-极正偏等级,藓类结皮和藻类结皮表层的峰形均属于中等尖锐水平,而流动沙地的曲线尖窄。生物土壤结皮的成土作用随着结皮的发育阶段和土层深度的增加而表现出差异性和复杂性。     

古尔班通古特沙漠表层土壤凝结水水汽来源特征分析

水分条件是决定干旱沙漠区生态环境的关键因素,凝结水是干旱区植物和低等生物的重要水分来源。利用自制蒸渗计在春、夏、秋3个季节对古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓、地衣、藻类及流沙4种地表类型表层原状土壤凝结水形成进行了观测研究。结果表明,在2 cm、5 cm、10 cm、20 cm 4种高度原状土中,用纱网封底土壤表层2 cm和5 cm土壤的凝结水测定结果能够真实的代表古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型地表土壤凝结水形成特征;凝结水主要集中产生在土壤表层2 cm范围内;凝结水的水汽来源于空气和土壤且以空气来源为主,春季由于表层土壤含水率较高,来自于土壤的水汽所占的比重较高,地衣0~2 cm表层凝结水来源于土壤水汽补充的比例春季为35.5%,夏季和秋季分别降到15.5%和11.3%;秋季55 d的观测结果表明,凝结水形成总量随流沙、藻类、地衣和苔藓依次增加,分别为3.46 mm、4.07 mm、4.89 mm和5.15 mm,说明在干旱的沙漠地带,凝结水是除降水以外补充表层土壤水分最重要的水分来源。     

我国水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮敏感性

表土结皮是降雨与土壤共同作用下的产物,某一土壤是否结皮、结皮的敏感程度如何,取决于该土壤的性质及所处地区的降雨情况。我国广泛分布着多种理化性质迥异的土壤,尤其是黄土、紫色土、红壤和黑土分布在我国水土流失严重的区域。但是,土壤发育表土结皮的敏感性很少见报道。本文通过分析模拟降雨试验结果及前人研究结论,提出了影响表土结皮发育敏感性的3个关键因素,并基于此对我国四大水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮的敏感性进行了分析。研究表明:细颗粒,尤其是粉粒是表土结皮发育的物质基础;团聚体稳定性是表土结皮发育快慢及程度的决定因素;高强度降雨是表土结皮发育的必要条件。黄土高原地区土壤极易发育表土结皮,四川紫色土区土壤发育表土结皮的概率大,南方红壤区除花岗岩、页岩外其他母岩上发育的土壤很难发育表土结皮,东北典型黑土不发育表土结皮,而非典型黑土易发育表土结皮。     

The transition from subduction to continental collision: crustal structure in the North Canterbury region, New Zealand

The North Canterbury region marks the transition from Pacific plate subduction to continental collision in the South Island of New Zealand. Details of the seismicity, structure and tectonics of this region have been revealed by an 11-week microearthquake survey using 24 portable digital seismographs. Arrival time data from a well-recorded subset of microearthquakes have been combined with those from three explosions at the corners of the microearthquake network in a simultaneous inversion for both hypocentres and velocity structure. The velocity structure is consistent with the crust in North Canterbury being an extension of the converging Chatham Rise. The crust is about 27 km thick, and consists of an 11 km thick seismic upper crust and 7 km thick seismic lower crust, with the middle part of the crust being relatively aseismic. Seismic velocities are consistent with the upper and middle crust being composed of greywacke and schist respectively, while several lines of evidence suggest that the lower crust is the lower part of the old oceanic crust on which the overlying rocks were originally deposited.
The distribution of relocated earthquakes deeper than 15 km indicates that the seismic lower crust changes dip markedly near 43S. To the south-west it is subhorizontal, while to the north-east it dips north-west at about 10. Fault-plane solutions for these earthquakes also change near 43S. For events to the south, P -axes trend approximately normal to the plate boundary (reflecting continental collision), while for events to the north, T -axes are aligned down the dip of the subducted plate (reflecting slab pull). While lithospheric subduction is continuous across the transition, it is not clear whether the lower crust near 43S is flexed or torn.     

表土结皮发育过程及其侵蚀响应研究进展

表土结皮是降雨后某些土壤表面普遍存在的现象，它是在降雨与土壤的相互作用下发育的；本文在综览大量文献的基础上，得出表土结皮研究还存在着很多有待深入的领域。一方面，由于影响降雨、土壤的因子复杂多变，因此表土结皮本身的形成过程很复杂，研究者的结论也有所不同。另一方面，表土结皮作为一种特殊的下垫面，影响坡面侵蚀的各子过程，但是影响机理还不清楚。表土结皮对坡面侵蚀过程的影响研究已经取得了一些定性方面的进展，但为了完善坡面侵蚀物理模型和达到准确的预报预测，定量研究还有待进一步深入和细化。     

艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表类型风蚀强度及粉尘输移通量的风洞试验研究

以新疆准格尔盆地西部艾比湖干涸湖底及相关邻近地区7种不同形态的原状土为研究对象,通过风洞模拟试验,揭示干涸湖底不同地表类型的风蚀强度和沙/盐尘低空输送通量。结果表明：粉状盐漠和含盐量较低的淤泥-粘土混合物临界启动风速最低,硬质盐壳的临界启动风速最大;大于16 m·s-1的大风是造成艾比湖干涸湖底风蚀的主要动力,7种地表类型中湖相沉积物、风积物、粉状盐漠的风蚀率最大,是风蚀尘暴的主要尘源;风蚀过程中颗粒的初始运动主要集中在0~10 cm高度范围内,以近地面跃移为主,风积物、湖相沉积物和粉状盐漠的输移通量最大。     

科尔沁沙地人工林下结皮发育对表土特性影响的研究

通过野外取样和室内分析相结合,对科尔沁沙地不同生长年限人工林下土壤结皮的理化性质及结皮发育对表层土壤特性的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,3 a、15 a生杨树林下分别发育了物理结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,15 a、25 a生樟子松林下均发育了苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、紧实度、水分、粘粉粒含量及全效、速效养分等随物理结皮向苔藓结皮的发育依次增加。同时,结皮的存在增加了其下层土壤颗粒组成中的极细沙和粘粉粒含量,富集了结皮下土壤的有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分,而且结皮对下层土壤的这些影响作用从物理结皮、地衣结皮到苔藓结皮呈逐渐增长的趋势。同一结皮下土壤粘粉粒含量、养分含量在0—5 cm范围内由表及里呈递减趋势,但均高于对照无结皮层相对应的值。25 a生樟子松林下发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的理化状况明显优于其他人工林下结皮的情况。