区域金融空间集聚与金融城市体系研究——基于美国外资银行的分析

周期性金融危机表明．大国的区域金融系统越来越融于全球资本流通和金融服务网络体系中,外资银行对东道国区域金融网络的空间组织发挥了重要作用,在促进区域金融流动的同时放大区域金融风险。本文总结了区域金融空间集聚与扩散的理论基础,以外资银行为例,论述了美国金融城市体系的规模和等级结构,分析了美国中心城市金融集聚特征与网络化趋势。     

基于空间插值的浙江省城市流时空演变特征研究

为了探寻发达省份内城市间相互作用的时空特征,该文以浙江省为样本单元,选取2005、2010年和2015年3个时间截面,采用反距离权重法和空间插值手段,从城市流强度视角展开了实证分析。结果表明：（1） 城市间的联系在不断加强,期间城市流强度值随时间的推移而整体得到提升,空间上由初始的“中心点”通过发展扩散向“中心域”转变,中心城市的辐射带动作用开始发挥成效。（2）结构上呈现出相对稳定的北高南低的分布格局,以杭州市为龙头,宁波为副核心,温州、绍兴、舟山为重要节点的多中心城市网络结构雏形初步形成。（3） 城市流强度的空间分异特征分析明显,但分异程度有了些许的改善,侧面说明空间上由初始的“中心点”通过发展扩散向“中心域”转变的基本观点。最后就浙江省如何加强省内城市间“流”的规模性、区域协调性和可持续性展开了讨论。     

首都圈产业分布变化及其空间溢出效应分析——基于制造业从业人数的实证研究

使用探索性空间分析技术,对首都圈制造业空间分布及其变化的地域与行业特征进行了研究,并建立空间计量模型重点分析了中心城市的空间溢出效应对产业空间格局变化的影响。2001-2009 年,多数制造业空间集聚程度表现出不断地加强的趋势,而且分行业的发展热点区在空间上有变化和迁移的现象,总体上工业发展表现出由中心向外围扩散的趋势,临近中心城市的外围郊县区成为工业集聚与发展的热点地区。中心城市发展对区域内的空间溢出效应是推动首都圈产业空间分布变化的重要因素。北京、天津两个中心城市对外围地区产业发展具有一定的空间溢出效应,但这种影响也因产业特征与中心城市产业结构及发展阶段的差异而有所不同。北京整体的发展环境相对有利于对资本、技术、人才需求较高的科技、资本密集型产业,北京本身这类产业的发展会袭夺外围地区的生产要素,引致负面的回流效应;而天津还处于工业化后期阶段,无论是经济总量增长还是分行业的发展对外围地区的空间作用并不具有明显的一致性。     

大连经济技术开发区建设与城市空间扩展研究

开发区的快速发展,推动城市空间的不断扩展和城市功能的转移扩散。通过对大连经济技术开发区建设带动城市空间扩展影响的实证研究,表明经济技术开发区建设对城市空间的规模扩张和功能扩散发挥着重要的作用,具体体现在:(1)地域空间上,再造城市空间形态、形成金州城市新区和布局十大产业功能园区;(2)经济空间上,加快传统制造业向高新技术产业转型,发展进出口贸易,引领东北地区外向型经济发展;(3)社会空间上,增加就业比重,建设人才强区,建立相对完善的现代教育体系和科研创新体系,加快原有社会空间的分异和新社会空间的形成。     

基于可达性的中国城市群空间范围识别研究

作为指示区域间相互作用的重要度量,空间可达性是刻画城市及其腹地间空间关联格局的表达方式,已经成为城市与区域系统发挥集聚与扩散功能的显著表征。考虑空间异质性,本文综合集成自然地表要素和陆地交通网络,构建更为逼近真实场景的可达性分析方法,精确刻画中国城市空间可达性宏观格局,在此基础上,提取中国城市群空间范围。从空间可达性视角,都市区、都市圈、城市区域和城市群等不同尺度城市与区域系统格局凸显,多尺度城市功能地域系统逐步浮现。从空间连续性、关联性和紧凑性出发,基于城市等时圈,以省会城市或区域中心城市为抓手,最终共提取出15个城市群结构。与国家“十三五”规划纲要提出的19个城市群相比,本文共识别出15个城市群,既存在共性,也存在明显的差别。总体上,本文识别出的城市群空间范围要普遍小于国家或各级政府批复的城市群。科学认识“自然生长的”和“规划引导的”城市群之间的差别,对于更好地发挥城市群功能地域作用、推进城市群可持续发展具有重要价值。     

中心城市对非中心城镇规模影响的定量分析

定量分析城镇体系内中心城市和两地间距离对非中心城镇规模的影响是现代城市空间研究的前沿课题。本研究借助城市自身发展指数模型和中心城市对外影响扩散模型,分别构建了单中心体系的中心城市对非中心城镇规模影响模型和空间距离对非中心城镇规模影响模型,将简化后的模型用于重庆市区(县)城镇规模数值计算与影响分析。结果表明:非中心城镇的规模取决于自身内在的发展和来自中心城市的影响。重庆中心城市对非中心城镇规模的影响约占非中心城镇规模的1/3,两地间距离对非中心城镇规模的影响约占非中心城镇规模的1/4。     

京津冀都市圈人口集聚与扩散及其影响因素——基于区域密度函数的实证研究

人口集聚与扩散是诠释区域形态和空间结构的重要方面,对其研究有助于理解区域空间结构特征及演变趋势。本研究使用区域密度函数考察京津冀都市圈人口集聚与扩散的特征、趋势及模式,并在其基础上建立计量模型,分析人口集聚与扩散的影响因素。多中心区域密度函数的估计结果显示,京津冀都市圈空间发展正逐步由20世纪80年代的少数核心城市主导的向心集聚阶段,向90年代的多中心集聚与核心城市腹地扩散并存的阶段转变。而且,不同层次的中心城市表现出不同的人口集聚与扩散模式,即去中心化扩散、中心增长型扩散和向心集聚。多中心区域密度函数综合考虑多个中心城市对区域人口密度分布的影响,可以更准确地反映京津冀都市圈人口集聚与扩散的特征及变化趋势。同时,本研究建立动态VPM(Varying Parameter Model)模型,考察区域中心城市的社会经济属性对人口集聚与扩散的影响。其结果显示,区域中心城市人口集聚与扩散主要受城市规模、经济发展及结构调整以及对外交通条件等因素的影响。     

基于经济联系强度的乌鲁木齐都市圈 空间结构研究

从经济联系强度的角度出发, 运用分形理论对乌鲁木齐都市圈的空间结构进行研究, 计算 了都市圈内城市间经济联系强度。对比分形的自相似特征, 分析了都市圈经济联系强度的空间分 布情况, 指出都市圈存在中心城市辐射力不足、对其他城市发展带动力弱等问题。结合产业的相 似度, 探讨了提高中心城市经济辐射力的优化方案, 结果表明乌鲁木齐、米泉市、昌吉市作为一个 经济区统一规划, 经济联系强度分维值是以乌鲁木齐市为中心的近2 倍, 都市圈空间结构明显优 化。在对优化方案进行深入分析的基础上, 发现乌鲁木齐都市圈经济联系强度扩散的空间特征: ( 1) 中心城市的经济辐射能力以及周边地区对中心城市经济辐射力的接受能力, 随距离增加呈现 出按指数函数衰减; ( 2) 梯度扩散与城市的等级规模有关, 城市等级规模小, 对经济辐射的接受能 力弱, 可能出现跃迁现象。在经济扩散过程中, 两种特征同时并存, 前者占主导地位。     

1970-2000年美国非农产业的空间演变

本文从空间自相关的角度用Moran’sI统计分析了美国各县1970-2000年制造业和服务业就业的空间变化情况．结果验证了距离美国大都市区中心城市20Km和70km的区域范围内。制造业和服务业的分布呈明显的差异，距离中心城市的远近会影响到产业的集中分布；在全国范围内．产业的扩散表现出区域尺度上的扩散。     

温州市域城镇体系规划构想

本文在温州市域城镇体系规划实践的基础上,侧重分析影响城镇发展的地理背景和经济因素,应用城市地理学的基本理论探讨城镇体系的等级规模结构、职能分工系统及空间分布网络,并强调要发挥各级中心城市的作用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,