重力球面外部校正技术

山区重力勘探中，重力外部校正是重力勘探料处理和解释的前提，其内容包括地形校正、中间层校正等。本文在分析常规外部校正方法的基础上，提出了一套适合于山区重力勘探的球面地形校正及有限球壳中间层校正方法，并严格推出了球面地形校正公式。对中国南方ZJJ地区重力资料处理结果表明，该方法提高了地形校正的精度，使山区重力资料品质达到或接近平原区的水平。     

黄土塬区高精度重力勘探的校正技术

黄土塬区地形起伏大,地表黄土切割剧烈。地形起伏导致黄土厚度巨大变化,由于黄土密度与下伏地层之间存在较大的密度差异,由此产生了具有一定幅值的高频重力异常,并给重力勘探资料的处理、解释带来了困难。在SHJZ构造带高精度重力勘探中,综合运用了地形校正和黄土校正技术,有效地克服了由于地形起伏和黄土厚度变化对重力勘探产生的不利影响,取得了精确的重力资料。并将该重力异常,结合其它物探资料进行综合解释,对圈定局部构造发挥了积极的作用。     

河西地区重力测量中周期误差分析

河西地区重力测量中周期误差分析１引言随着高精度的ＬＣＲ—Ｇ型重力仪在流动重力测量中的广泛应用。用重力仪观测重力场随时间的变化，已成为探索地震预报的手段之一。由于ＬＣＲ—Ｇ型重力仪监测到的是微伽级精度，因此，分析各种误差对它的干扰是非常重要的￣（［１］...     

琼东南盆地区的地壳密度与岩石结构

地壳岩石组成是理解地壳岩石圈演化的重要约束.我们以琼东南盆地区地壳速度结构模型为约束,正演拟合布格重力异常分布,获得了琼东南盆地区地壳密度结构模型.然后,对地壳密度模型进行温压校正,结合地壳速度模型以及全球常见地壳组成岩石的高温高压实验成果,推断了琼东南盆地区5个凹陷上地壳岩石组成.研究结果表明:琼东南盆地区地壳岩石密...     

重力剖面和激电测深联合勘测在涡河断裂研究中的应用

为查明涡河断裂的位置、性质等参数,选择重力剖面和激电测深联合勘测方法,对指定区域进行物探勘测工作。结果表明:由密度差异引起的重力异常位置和岩石电阻率、极化率异常位置基本吻合,说明以重力剖面和激电测深为手段的联合勘测是查找断裂的有效方法。     

汾渭断陷带均衡重力异常研究

本文研究了汾渭断陷带均稀重力异常分布特征与地壳表、浅层结构、新构造运动和现代构造运动，以及均稀重力异常与地震活动性之间的关系。结果表明，局部均稀重力异常分布特征与出露地表的岩石密度和地质构造特征存在明显对应关系，区域均稀重力异常特征反映了本区新构造运动和现代构造运动不是朝着地壳趋于均稀方向发展，而具有反均稀力的特征；不同方向异常带交汇的地方，现今构造运动最强烈，是强震多发区。     

航空重力测量研究进展

近十几年来,航空重力测量技术的研究和应用日趋活跃,业已成为地球重力场研究中最为热门的领域之一．航空重力测量可分为航空标量重力测量、航空矢量重力测量和航空梯度重力测量．本文概述了航空标量重力测量的研究现状及发展动态,传统航空重力测量系统的改进,新型系统方案的研究,从GPS中导出加速度的理论和方法．滤波和估算方法及航空重力数据的应用等五个方面的重要研究成果．文中最后介绍了我国自行研制的航空重力测量系统的概况。     

大陆地壳中地震波速度和密度的关系——一种有用的约束吗?

地震波速度曲线图和岩石取样的密度表明,每一种地震波速度的岩石可能会有各种各样的密度,反之亦然。尽管在计算地壳重力时往往假定速度与密度间为单一的线性关系,当利用这种关系把已知岩石的地震波速度转换成密度时,由于分散(指速度-密度的对应点不都在一条直线上——译注),总便得合成重力计算的分辩能力有所降低,与通常观测到的重力异常尺寸相比,如果这些岩石的厚度在几公里以上,那么,这种不确定性就值得注意了。本文考虑了北海、密西西比和卡罗利那海槽的例子,其结论是,当试图还原观测到的重力变化时,仅用地震波速度测量作为岩石密度的表示不能提供一种有用的约束。为了根据重力资料成功地预测地壳结构,作适当的均衡补偿模型可能是非常重要的。     

航空重力测量的系统误差补偿

基于航空重力测量的基本数学模型,详细分析了航空重力测量的系统误差来源.大致可将系统误差分为三类,即停机坪重力基准值、比力初值的观测误差,格值、交叉耦合系数、摆杆尺度因子的标定误差和水平加速度改正的模型化误差等.然后,对每类系统误差的量级及其补偿方法进行了研究,指出水平加速度改正是引起系统误差的主要因素之一.大同、哈尔滨和渤海湾航空重力测量的实测数据分析均表明,在各项系统误差尤其是水平加速度改正得到有效补偿后,航空重力与地面(或船测)参考值的系统误差将小于1×10^-5m·s^-2.     

基于直立长方体模型的山体隆升与重力变化关系数值模拟

基于形变与密度变化耦合运动理论,利用时变场内重力垂直梯度的计算方法,采用直立长方体模型,根据青藏高原平均降升速率,模拟计算在艾黎地壳均衡模式下,地表形变所引起重力及其垂直梯度的变化。结果显示,在山体抬升过程中,伴随着地表的隆升,重力值亦逐渐减小,导致其减小的原因为介质体密度减小与测点的高度增加。伴随着山体最高点抬升了5 cm,在最高点处重力变化为-14μGal,对应的重力梯度约为-2.6 E。重力垂直梯度与静态场重力梯度存在一定的差异,其原因为在重力梯度场中加入了时间效应。     

A theoretical study on terrestrial gravimetric data refinement by Earth gravity models

The idea of this paper is to present estimators for combining terrestrial gravity data with Earth gravity models and produce a high‐quality source of the Earth's gravity field data through all wavelengths. To do so, integral and point‐wise estimators are mathematically developed, based on the spectral combination theory, in such a way that they combine terrestrial data with one and/or two Earth gravity models. The integral estimators are developed so that they become biased or unbiased to a priori information. For testing the quality of the estimators, their global mean square errors are generated using an Earth gravity model08 model and one of the recent products of the gravity field and steady‐state ocean circulation explorer mission. Numerical results show that the integral estimators have smaller global root mean square errors than the point‐wise ones but they are not efficient practically. The integral estimator of the biased type is the most suited due to its smallest global root mean square error comparing to the rest of the estimators. Due largely to the omission errors of Earth gravity models the point‐wise estimators are not sensitive to the Earth gravity model commission error; therefore, the use of high‐degree Earth gravity models is very influential for reduction of their root mean square errors. Also it is shown that the use of the ocean circulation explorer Earth gravity model does not significantly reduce the root mean square errors of the presented estimators in the presence of Earth gravity model08. All estimators are applied in the region of Fennoscandia and a cap size of 2° for numerical integration and a maximum degree of 2500 for generation of band‐limited kernels are found suitable for the integral estimators.     

陕西重力网优化改造及监测能力评估

陕西重力网监测范围由关中盆地扩大到覆盖了鄂尔多斯块体南缘、关中盆地、秦岭山地及陕南、关中主要活动断裂带,同时与豫西、晋南、宁夏区域重力网实现了联网,测网监测能力由原来只具备对网内5级地震的监测提升到具备对发生在网内6级地震的监测。基于3个绝对重力基准约束下的重力观测平差结果表明,测网单位权中误差为7．7×10^-8 m·s-2,平均点值中误差7．9×10^-8m·s-2,当以2．5倍中误差作为限差时,可以识别发生在监测区域内40×10^-8m·s-2左右的重力相对变化,为研究鄂尔多斯块体南缘重力场变化提供依据。     

Error sources and data limitations for the prediction of surface gravity: a case study using benchmarks

Gravity-based heights require gravity values at levelled benchmarks (BMs), which sometimes have to be predicted from surrounding observations. We use the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008) and the Australian National Gravity Database (ANGD) as examples of model and terrestrial observed data respectively to predict gravity at Australian National Levelling Network (ANLN) BMs. The aim is to quantify errors that may propagate into the predicted BM gravity values and then into gravimetric height corrections (HCs). Our results indicate that an approximate ±1 arc-min horizontal position error of the BMs causes maximum errors in EGM2008 BM gravity of ~22 mGal (~55 mm in the HC at ~2200 m elevation) and ~18 mGal for ANGD BM gravity because the values are not computed at the true location of the BM. We use RTM (residual terrain modelling) techniques to show that ~50% of EGM2008 BM gravity error in a moderately mountainous region can be accounted for by signal omission. Non-representative sampling of ANGD gravity in this region may cause errors of up to 50 mGals (~120 mm for the Helmert orthometric correction at ~2200 m elevation). For modelled gravity at BMs to be viable, levelling networks need horizontal BM positions accurate to a few metres, while RTM techniques can be used to reduce signal omission error. Unrepresentative gravity sampling in mountains can be remedied by denser and more representative re-surveys, and/or gravity can be forward modelled into regions of sparser gravity.     

Reconstructing the gravity gradient anomaly field from surveys with wide line spacing using equivalent source processing: an error analysis

When anomalous gravity gradient signals provide a large signal‐to‐noise ratio, airborne and marine surveys can be considered with wide line spacing. In these cases, spatial resolution and sampling requirements become the limiting factors for specifying the line spacing, rather than anomaly detectability. This situation is analysed by generating known signals from a geological model and then sub‐sampling them using a simulated airborne gravity gradient survey with a line spacing much wider than the characteristic anomaly size. The data are processed using an equivalent source inversion, which is used subsequently to predict and grid the field in‐between the survey lines by means of forward calculations. Spatial and spectral error analysis is used to quantify the accuracy and resolution of the processed data and the advantages of acquiring multiple gravity gradient components are demonstrated. With measurements of the full tensor along survey lines spaced at 4 × 4 km, it is shown that the vertical gravity gradient can be reconstructed accurately over a bandwidth of 2 km with spatial root‐mean square errors less than 30%. A real airborne full‐tensor gravity gradient survey is presented to confirm the synthetic analysis in a practical situation.     

我国重力场新的统计特征参数的计算分析

基于地形信息,构造了完全布格异常和完全空间异常的协方差和代表误差模型参数等新统计量,利用某试验区密集的重力和地形数据进行了统计分析,并将计算方案推广到了全国大范围、多区域内的统计计算,给出了6种不同地形类别区域（平原、丘陵、小山区、中山区、大山区、特大山区）的完全空间异常和完全布格异常的方差、协方差以及代表误差模型参数.试验结果表明：依据本文的统计模型、算法与思路,在实际测量数据的支撑下,可以给出全国范围的统计参数的网格值、等值线图等,提供后续重力场相关研究工作使用.     

Upward continuation of Dome-C airborne gravity and comparison with GOCE gradients at orbit altitude in east Antarctica

An airborne gravity campaign was carried out at the Dome-C survey area in East Antarctica between the 17th and 22nd of January 2013, in order to provide data for an experiment to validate GOCE satellite gravity gradients. After typical filtering for airborne gravity data, the cross-over error statistics for the few crossing points are 11.3 mGal root mean square (rms) error, corresponding to an rms line error of 8.0 mGal. This number is relatively large due to the rough flight conditions, short lines and field handling procedures used. Comparison of the airborne gravity data with GOCE RL4 spherical harmonic models confirmed the quality of the airborne data and that they contain more high-frequency signal than the global models. First, the airborne gravity data were upward continued to GOCE altitude to predict gravity gradients in the local North-East-Up reference frame. In this step, the least squares collocation using the ITGGRACE2010S field to degree and order 90 as reference field, which is subtracted from both the airborne gravity and GOCE gravity gradients, was applied. Then, the predicted gradients were rotated to the gradiometer reference frame using level 1 attitude quaternion data. The validation with the airborne gravity data was limited to the accurate gradient anomalies (T_XX, T_YY, T_ZZ and T_XZ) where the long-wavelength information of the GOCE gradients has been replaced with GOCO03s signal to avoid contamination with GOCE gradient errors at these wavelengths. The comparison shows standard deviations between the predicted and GOCE gradient anomalies T_XX, T_YY, T_ZZ and T_XZ of 9.9, 11.5, 11.6 and 10.4 mE, respectively. A more precise airborne gravity survey of the southern polar gap which is not observed by GOCE would thus provide gradient predictions at a better accuracy, complementing the GOCE coverage in this region.     

The first high-precision gravity survey in the North Pole region

The experience with conducting a marine gravity survey onboard a surface vessel under complicated ice conditions at high latitude is described. In 2014, a high-precision marine gravity survey with two modifications of the Chekan-AM gravimeter was carried out in the North Pole region. The measurements were conducted during two months from aboard the Akademik Fedorov research vessel on a given grid with a total length of 10000 km of the routes. As a result, 70000 gravity points at Arctic latitudes including the region of the geographical North Pole itself are acquired. In this paper, we discuss the methodical aspects of conducting the survey and present the accuracy estimates of the gravity measurements. The comparison of the obtained results with the Earth’s gravity models demonstrates the absence of systematic errors and the higher spatial resolution of the measurements with the Chekan-AM gravimeters.     

Characteristics of gravity anomalies and prediction of volcanosedimentary boron deposit distribution in the Xiongba area,Tibet

Volcanosedimentary boron deposits are present within Tertiary lacustrine sediments and volcanic rocks in Xiongba, Tibet. Boron deposits are characterized by low density relative to country rocks; thus, it is possible to locate them by gravity measurements. We conducted a 1:50000 high-precision gravity survey in the Xiongba area, Tibet, and obtained the Bouguer and residual gravity anomalies. We analyzed fault systems and the distribution of sedimentary and volcanic rocks and their relation to the volcanosedimentary boron deposits. The processing of the gravity data revealed local gravity variations and fault structures. We applied preferential downward continuation and wavelet transform to the gravity data, and in conjunction with geological data, we predicted the distribution of volcanosedimentary boron deposits.     

On Solving the Forward Problem of Gravimetry in Curvilinear and Cartesian Coordinates: Krasovskii’s Ellipsoid and Plane Modeling

Correcting the effects of the sphericity of the Earth in the results of the interpretation of gravimetric data is a topical issue in modern gravimetry. Estimating the error of the gravity field calculations due to the replacement of the spherical Earth model by the plane model is an important part of this problem. In this paper, a method is proposed for transforming the plane density models into spherical ones and vice versa. Algorithms for calculating the vertical component of gravity field for both model types are presented. For two extensive plane models of the Earth’s density, their transformation into spherical models is carried out and the resulting gravity fields are compared. The relative root mean square residuals between the fields calculated with this replacement are at most 5%.     

Data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid in the Netherlands

We assess the surface gravity data requirements for a 5-mm quasi-geoid model for the Netherlands mainland and continental shelf in terms of omission and commission errors. The omission error critically depends on the roughness of the topography and bathymetry. For the Netherlands continental shelf, Central and Northern Netherlands, the omission error is well described by the model 0.32d mm, where d is the data spacing in km. For the more hilly Southern Netherlands, the omission error model is 0.92d mm. The commission error depends on the kernel modification, the data spacing, and the data accuracy. When using the spheroidal Stokes kernel, it is well described by 0.277 d σ_Δg mm, where σ_Δg is the noise standard deviation of surface gravity data in mGal. An upper bound of the commission error of the state-of-the-art satellite-only gravity model GOCO05S over the Netherlands is e^{0.03676L–11.419} mm, where L is the maximum degree up to which this model is used. Only if this model is truncated at a sufficiently low degree, e.g., at degree 100, its contribution to the total commission error can be neglected. We determine the total error as the sum of commission and omission errors. Hence, to realize a 5-mm quasi-geoid model for the Netherlands mainland and continental shelf, a data spacing of 3.5 km is needed when assuming a noise standard deviation of 1.5 mGal for surface gravity data. The currently available land-based gravity data fulfill this requirement. This does not apply to the situation at sea, where the density of the shipboard gravity data and the accuracy of the radar altimeter-derived data do not allow the realization of a 5-mm quasi-geoid model.