A building label placement method for 3D visualizations based on candidate label evaluation and selection

Adding building labels greatly improves the recognizability of buildings and the readability of three-dimensional (3D) city scenes. However, building label placement is much more complex in 3D scenes than in two-dimensional (2D) maps. The annotation effect is influenced by the attributes of the 3D label, building visibility, and the spatial relationship between the building and viewpoint. In this context, automatically generating building labels for 3D scenes during interactions requires highly complex computations. By contrast, evaluating candidate labels and then selecting the suitable label for each building can be effectively implemented. This paper introduces an approach for labeling buildings in 3D scenes based on evaluations of label candidates. The proposed method predefines a candidate label set for each building. These candidates are then evaluated in terms of their attributes and the relationship between the labels and viewpoint at runtime. The best candidate label, or a situational alternative for each building, is then placed in order of comprehensive label priority to avoid annotation conflicts. A series of experiments demonstrate that this method effectively enhances the correlation of labels and buildings, improves interactive efficiency, and realizes a viable global label layout.     

Adaptive multi-resolution labeling in virtual landscapes

Labeling plays an important role in map production, attaching specific texts to related geographic elements to provide clear environmental references. In three-dimensional geographical information systems (3DGISs), however, cluttering happens fairly commonly because of the unexpected overlapping and occlusion among labels and related objects, and results in an ambiguous and obscure environment. It generally also takes large computing power and memory to visualize spatial entities. Aimed at both unambiguous and efficient 3D map display, this article proposes an adaptive multi-resolution labeling method to deal with point, polyline, and polygon features labeling in a 3D landscape. It implements adaptive placement and view-driven label filtering without obscuring other visual features. The experiments indicated that the display of overlapping labels and label popping are reduced significantly with less computation burden while retaining the rendering quality.     

A node semantic similarity schema-matching method for multi-version Web Coverage Service retrieval

Different versions of the Web Coverage Service (WCS) schemas of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) reflect semantic conflict. When applying the extended FRAG-BASE schema-matching approach (a schema-matching method based on COMA++, including an improved schema decomposition algorithm and schema fragments identification algorithm, which enable COMA++-based support to OGC Web Service schema matching), the average recall of WCS schema matching is only 72%, average precision is only 82% and average overall is only 57%. To improve the quality of multi-version WCS retrieval, we propose a schema-matching method that measures node semantic similarity (NSS). The proposed method is based on WordNet, conjunctive normal form and a vector space model. A hybrid algorithm based on label meanings and annotations is designed to calculate the similarity between label concepts. We translate the semantic relationships between nodes into a propositional formula and verify the validity of this formula to confirm the semantic relationships. The algorithm first computes the label and node concepts and then calculates the conceptual relationship between the labels. Finally, the conceptual relationship between nodes is computed. We then use the NSS method in experiments on different versions of WCS. Results show that the average recall of WCS schema matching is greater than 83%; average precision reaches 92%; and average overall is 67%.     

Continuous indexing of hierarchical subdivisions of the globe

We describe how to create a continuous global index of the surface of the Earth. The index is based on a hierarchical subdivision of the surface into triangular regions in which each region is assigned a numerical label according to a spacefilling curve. Sequential labels are assigned to adjacent regions, so labels can be sorted to create a continuous one-dimensional index. Benefits of continuity include the implicit preservation of adjacency information, and the ability to vary resolution at different locations. Previously suggested schemes based on similar models produce indices that are discontinuous. Unfortunately, discontinuities degrade the usefulness of an index, as we show by comparing continuous and discontinuous schemes based on performance criteria such as the ability to preserve spatial adjacency. The best index appears to be the continuous one based on the Sierpinski spacefilling curve.     

The temporal hierarchy of shelters: a hierarchical location model for earthquake-shelter planning

The problem of emergency facility location is a critical component in evacuation planning. The emergence of geographic information systems (GIS) has provided a useful operational platform to assist this issue. A previously overlooked facet is the consideration of a hierarchical structure in the placement of emergency shelters. Due to the fact that survivors' needs change over time during post-disaster evacuations, shelters have now been categorized on a temporal scale based on their functions at different evacuation phases. This article proposes a three-level hierarchical location model for optimizing the placement of earthquake shelters by taking into account this temporal variance. The article not only scrutinizes the modeling procedure but also implements the model in a planning area with many real-world details. Based on the optimization results derived from a GIS context, we have found that the quality of the earthquake response procedure is not only dependent on the placement strategy of shelters, but more importantly on the financial constraints imposed on the planning and construction of these shelters. A discussion has been proposed to balance the trade-off between budget planning and evacuation efficiency. As the first attempt to model the hierarchical configuration of emergency shelters with specific focus on evacuees' escalating sheltering demands, this article will be of great significance in helping policy makers consider both the spatial and financial aspects of the strategic placement of emergency shelters.     

The IASPEI procedure for the evaluation of earthquake precursors

Full scientific evaluation of proposed earthquake precursors for earthquake prediction is a problem because independent testing is difficult or impossible. To approach this difficulty, and to assess the current state of the art of earthquake prediction research, IASPEI has devised a peer-review procedure for precursor evaluation. The procedure does not consider predictions of impending earthquakes, but evaluates case histories of proposed precursors for past events according to stated validation criteria, which are specified in terms of guidelines concerning the hypothesized physical model, data quality, anomaly definition, the rules of association of precursor with earthquake, and statistical significance. So far, five precursors have been placed on a preliminary list of significant earthquake precursors, although none has satisfied the validation criteria well enough to ensure that their placement is permanent. Exclusion of a precursor from the list does not mean it is useless, but further work is required if it is to become convincing. The main objectives in producing the list are to establish a consensus on the criteria which a precursor must satisfy to be recognized as validated, and to find case histories which satisfy these criteria. Further nominations of precursor candidates are requested for evaluation by the IASPEI procedure.     

基于水环境保护的流域景观格局优化理念初探

流域范围内因水体的联系使得不同类型景观斑块之间的相互作用变得更为紧密, 因而景 观格局的变化会显著影响流域内水体质量。着眼于流域尺度上水环境保护的需要, 必须合理考虑 景观斑块的类型、格局和空间分异等特征, 尽可能地减少非点源污染输出量, 从而降低水体遭受 污染的威胁程度。本研究从水环境保护的角度出发, 以“源”“汇”景观在镶嵌组合和空间分异方面 利用的适宜性作为优化依据, 以“源”“汇”景观空间分布的关键地段作为研究战略点, 同时考虑 “源”“汇”景观在数量、空间和转换成本等方面的客观约束条件, 将景观数量结构优化和空间结构 优化进行有机结合, 最终确定了流域尺度上以调控非点源污染、保护水体质量为目标的景观格局 优化研究的概念框架。本研究不仅为解决流域尺度上非点源污染问题提供了一个全新的研究视 角, 而且为降低景观类型及其格局对水体质量的威胁程度提供了一个行之有效的优化方案。     

地图质量可拓综合评价模型

可拓学是解决矛盾问题的新兴交叉学科,理论支柱是物元理论和可拓集合。它以物元为基本元,通过物元变换来建立物元模型,化矛盾问题为相容问题。基于可拓论探讨了地图质量的可拓综合评价新模型,即通过构造各评定等级的经典域和全体等级的节域物元矩阵,计算待评物元与各评定等级之间的关联度,判定对各评定等级的符合程度而作出综合评定。文中给出了具体评价流程,并应用于实际地图的质量综合评价,结果同其它方法进行了对比,取得了较好的结果。     

学校分区问题混合元启发算法研究

中国城市义务教育学校采用单校划片或多校划片的方式确定招生范围,落实就近入学的法律要求。针对多校划片这一新的学校分区问题,提出“先学校分组,再学生分派”的策略进行划片,并设计了学校分组线性规划模型和学校分区混合元启发算法。分区算法包括初始解构造、邻域搜索算子、破坏重建扰动、集合划分问题（SPP）建模与求解等基本模块,在多启动迭代局部搜索（ILS）算法框架中进行问题求解。通过多启动、随机搜索、破坏重建扰动等机制提升算法的多样性,并引入SPP模型提升算法的全局寻优能力。选择一个县级市和一个市辖区分别进行学校划片实验,结果表明：混合元启发算法优化性能优异且收敛性好,适用于求解单校划片和多校划片问题;SPP模型在单校划片问题中具有明显的优势。     

基于蜂群算法的城市土地利用变化建模

通过引入人工蜂群算法用于构建土地利用变化的驱动力模型,分析土地利用变化的驱动力机制。算法原理通过模仿蜜蜂采蜜行为,自动搜索和提取土地利用变化样本中不同土地变化类型所对应的驱动力分类规则。分类规则的构建采用“IF…THEN”形式,并选取3种不同的适应度函数分别进行模拟验证。研究案例基于UCI实验数据集和美国纽卡斯尔市真实土地利用变化数据集。由实验结果可知,采用蜂群算法模型的总体精度和Kappa系数评价优于其它算法,表明蜂群算法应用于土地利用变化建模具有可行性。     

A systematic sensitivity analysis of constrained cellular automata model for urban growth simulation based on different transition rules

Cellular automata (CA) have emerged as a primary tool for urban growth modeling due to its simplicity, transparency, and ease of implementation. Sensitivity analysis is an important component in CA modeling for a better understanding of errors or uncertainties and their propagation. Most studies on sensitivity analyses in urban CA modeling focus on specific component such as neighborhood configuration or stochastic perturbation. However, sensitivity analysis of transition rules, which is one of the core components in CA models, has not been systematically done. This article proposes a systematic sensitivity analysis of major operational components in urban CA modeling using a stepwise comparison approach. After obtaining transition rules, three stages (i.e. static calibration of transition rules, dynamic evolution with varied time steps, and incorporation with stochastic perturbation) are designed to facilitate a comprehensive analysis. This scheme implemented with a case study in Guangzhou City (China) reveals that gaps in performance from static calibration with different transition rules can be reduced when dynamic evolution is considered. Moreover, the degree of stochastic perturbation is closely related to obtain urban morphology. However, a more realistic (i.e. fragmented) urban landscape is achieved at the cost of decreasing pixel-based accuracy in this study. Thus, a trade-off between pixel-based and pattern-based comparisons should be balanced in practical urban modeling. Finally, experimental results illustrate that models for transition rules extraction with good quality can do an assistance for urban modeling through reducing errors and uncertainty range. Additionally, ensemble methods can feasibly improve the performance of CA models when coupled with nonparametric models (i.e. classification and regression tree).     

洞庭湖地区农业功能时空演变的影响机制研究

农业功能的时空演变规律和影响因素研究是引导地区分工、凸显地域价值、促进区域协调发展的科学依据。以洞庭湖地区24个县市区为研究区域,分别从粮食生产功能、就业与社会保障功能、生态保育功能和旅游休闲功能构建评价指标体系,运用熵值法、农业功能变化时空差异诊断模型、地理探测器等方法模型对洞庭湖地区1997—2017年农业功能的动态变化过程、影响因素与作用机制进行研究。结果表明：① 1997—2017年洞庭湖地区农业功能时空变化特征显著：洞庭湖地区粮食生产功能整体呈增强趋势,且中部地区增强明显;就业与社会保障功能整体呈减弱变化趋势,市辖区尤为明显;生态保育功能整体呈减弱趋势且变化幅度大,石门县、安化县等丘陵地区减弱明显,而洞庭湖中部平原区域增强;旅游休闲功能整体呈增强变化态势,石门县、桃江县等地区以及各市辖区旅游休闲功能大幅度提升。② 农业发展基础是农业功能演变的决定性因素,地区发展水平是农业功能演变的重要因素,生产环境质量是洞庭湖地区农业功能演变的基础因素;地区发展水平对农业功能演变的影响程度逐渐上升,生产环境质量因素的影响程度逐渐下降;各影响因子之间存在交互作用,农业功能时空的演变过程及结构受到多个因子共同影响,说明洞庭湖地区农业功能演变的影响因素存在显著的复杂性特征。     

Personalized sightseeing tours: a model for visits in art museums

This article describes a method to provide adapted visit tours in art museums according to the preferences expressed by the visitor and exhibits prestige. It is based on a dual approach with, on the one hand an automatic textual analysis of the official information available online (labels of exhibits) that allows to rank the exhibit attractiveness for a standard museum visitor. On the other hand, individual preferences are also taken into account to adapt the visit according to the personal cultural awareness of the visitor. We use operations research to solve a routing optimization problem, aiming at finding a visit tour with time constraints and maximization of the visitor satisfaction. Depending on the instance size and the problem scale, an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a greedy algorithm are proposed to recommend personalized visit tours and applied on two museums: ‘Musée de l’Orangerie’ in Paris and ‘National Gallery’ in London. The obtained results show that it is possible to recommend a good tour to visitors of an art museum by taking into account the common prestige of the exhibits and the individual interests, joining automatic text summarization and routing optimization in a limited geographical space.     

基于小众群体的旅游地主客交往理论新探索

沙发冲浪是目前新兴的旅游方式,交往是其基本的内容构成和显著标签。以网站文本资料为研究对象,运用扎根理论研究方法构建基于沙发客与沙主的旅游地主客交往理论框架,包括4个层面、16个维度,丰富了相关旅游理论知识体系。研究表明:作为网络时代的产物,沙发冲浪是比较脆弱的小众旅游方式,交往过程受个体差异和意外状况等影响,能够在相对固定的范围内顺利发展,得益于鲜明的群体特征及约定俗成的交往规则。与传统旅游形式相比,沙发冲浪中的主客交往活动更加频繁和深入,由于关系介质的植入与游览行为的改变,主客交往过程对旅游体验影响较大,积极效应显著。     

SHORT COMMUNICATION CLASSIFICATION METHODS FOR MULTIVARIATE QUALITY PARAMETERS

There are many chemical products where product conformity is decided upon by qualitative humanjudgements of overall product quality.Nowadays,quantitative instrumentally determined qualityparameters become available which are intended to replace such qualitative judgements by means ofautomatic decision rules using multivariate specification limits.Six classification methods to derive suchlimits are compared in terms of their power to predict corresponding human judgements on overall colorconformity of 17 dyestuffs based on historical quality data.Standard statistical classification methodsturned out to be unacceptable for the routine generation of decision rules because of the frequent distinctsuboptimality of their predictive power.Instead,a simple non-statistical classification method utilizinga priori knowledge about the underlying data structure yielded uniformly satisfactory decision rules.     

基于层次格网索引的图幅接边处等高线高程错误识别和自动修正研究

等高线蕴含的历史高程信息可有效延长地形研究的时间序列,有利于深入挖掘地形变化长期规律,然而,图幅接边处的高程属性错误降低了等高线的数据质量,制约着等高线高程信息的实际应用。针对这一问题,该文提出一种基于层次格网索引的图幅接边处等高线高程错误识别和自动修正方法:首先,将层次格网索引与方向性二邻域算法相结合,以减少数据重复计算;然后,利用等高线空间位置标签及快速排序算法构建强空间位置关系,解决图幅接边处等高线匹配的准确性问题;最后,以高程冲突位点为驱动因子进行逻辑判断,实现等高线高程错误的识别及自动修正。实验结果表明:该方法运算效率较未进行效率优化时提高了203倍,接边处等高线高程错误识别与修正精度的最大值分别达97.71%和91.40%;相较于现有方法,该方法在精度和效率方面表现更佳,对区域性错误和变形等高线具有更高的适用性。     

城市NOx 人体健康风险评估的GIS 应用研究

城市大气污染是人类目前及未来面临的主要健康威胁之一， 而随着交通的发展NOx 对 人体健康的影响越来越受到重视。基于GIS 技术进行健康风险评估的研究是目前城市环境健康 问题研究的热点。论文采用环境健康风险评估的基本框架( 浓度、暴露、剂量、效应4 个环节) ， 应 用GIS 栅格数据模型和域面分析技术构建城市空气质量健康风险空间量化评估模型， 模拟了主 要大气污染物NOx 的剂量—效应函数关系； 并根据污染物的分布进行城市局地尺度NOx 健康风 险评估。     

城市NOx 人体健康风险评估的GIS 应用研究

城市大气污染是人类目前及未来面临的主要健康威胁之一, 而随着交通的发展NOx 对 人体健康的影响越来越受到重视。基于GIS 技术进行健康风险评估的研究是目前城市环境健康 问题研究的热点。论文采用环境健康风险评估的基本框架( 浓度、暴露、剂量、效应4 个环节) , 应 用GIS 栅格数据模型和域面分析技术构建城市空气质量健康风险空间量化评估模型, 模拟了主 要大气污染物NOx 的剂量—效应函数关系; 并根据污染物的分布进行城市局地尺度NOx 健康风 险评估。     

基于知识与规则的地籍数据质量检查方法

空间数据质量控制的方法和效率是影响数据质量的关键,传统手段只能解决部分质量问题且效率较低。该文提出基于知识与规则的地籍数据质量检查方法,通过分析提取和依靠专家经验建立地籍知识与规则库,包括空间关系规则与属性知识规则。基于该知识与规则库开发地籍数据质量检查系统,有效地保证了地籍数据的建库质量。     

循环经济模式的区域思考

循环经济是21世纪的新经济, 是以资源环境、经济与社会协调发展为目的的新型发展模式,是推进可持续发展的新模式,地理学应加强对循环经济模式的区域研究。循环经济模式的5 种基本类型包括:①环境效益与经济效益同提高的模式;②环境效益提高,经济效益保持不变的模式;③环境效益提高,经济效益下降但大于零的模式;④环境效益提高,经济效益下降且等于零的模式;⑤环境效益提高,经济效益下降且小于零的模式。认清循环经济不同类型模式的特征,有助于我们深刻理解循环经济的"多赢",正确选择合适的循环经济模式。认为循环经济模式存在空间差异规律包括环境质量"U"字型分布规律和环境质量地区差距的倒"U"字型规律,在近期缩小中国三大经济地带之间环境质量的差距是不现实的,应通过因地制宜地推广循环经济模式减缓三大经济地带环境质量差距扩大的趋势。