2017年精河MS6.6地震前重力变化特征分析

利用新疆地区北疆测网2015～2017年观测的共4期流动重力资料,分析研究区半年、1年尺度重力变化特征,并采用小波分解方法,对2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震前重力变化异常进行分解,分离了不同深度的重力异常。结果表明,震中附近的精河地区从2015年开始一直处于重力负值变化,同时,震中周围的重力正值变化集中区逐步向震中地区迁移,地震发生前震中以南60km处出现重力变化零值线,并且零值线两侧的重力累积变化量达到70μGal。小波分解后,4阶细节图较好地反映了精河地震前的重力异常,其与地震孕育发生有较好的对应性。     

渭河盆地及邻区重力异常小波多尺度分解与解释

基于EGM2008重力场模型计算获得了渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常。采用小波多尺度分解方法对布格重力异常进行了4阶小波逼近和小波细节分解,同时基于平均径向对数功率谱方法定量化地计算出1~4阶小波细节和小波逼近所对应的场源平均埋深。结合区域地质和地震资料,对获得的重力场结果进行分析,得到如下结论:①鄂尔多斯地块、渭河盆地、秦岭造山带3个一级构造单元的布格重力异常之间存在明显差异;构造区内部重力异常也存在横向的显著差异。布格重力异常的走向、规模、分布特征与二级构造区及主要的断裂具有一定的对应关系。②渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常1~4阶细节对应4~23 km不同深度的场源信息,鄂尔多斯地块南缘东、西部的地壳结构存在明显的差异;渭河盆地凹陷、凸起构造区边界清晰,断裂边界与重力异常边界具有较好的一致性;秦岭造山带重力异常连贯性不好,东、西部重力异常变化特征表现出明显的差异。③渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常分布与莫霍面埋深具有非常明显的镜像关系。渭河盆地及邻区地震主要分布在六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带、渭河断裂与渭南塬前断裂交汇处、韩城断裂与双泉—临猗断裂交汇处。渭河盆地及邻区重力异常主要由中上地壳剩余密度体所影响,这可能是该区地震以浅源地震为主的主要原因。     

2014年景谷6.6级地震前重力场异常特征研究

地震的孕育发生过程伴随着构造运动、物质迁移和密度变化,将引起地球重力场变化,流动重力重复观测有可能捕捉到与地震孕育有关的前兆信息,从而为中短期地震预测提供重要依据。对云南地区流动重力观测资料进行整体计算分析,研究了2014年10月7日云南景谷6.6级地震前区域重力场动态演化特征,并利用小波多尺度分解技术对布格重力异常和区域重力场动态变化进行分解,并选取合适的小波基分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,EGM2008布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致。对比分析发现,此次景谷地震发生在区域重力场负异常的边缘,由负向正变化的高梯度带附近。基于小波多尺度分解的重力场图像能较清晰地反映2014年景谷6.6级地震孕育、发生过程中震中区域深部物质密度变化引起的异常,为地球构造运动及孕震机理研究提供一定参考。     

2001～2006年兰州—天水—武都地区重力场时变小波分析

对2001～2006年兰州—天水—武都地区5期重力场时变资料进行小波分解,结合2003年11月岷县5.2级地震、2004年9月岷县5.0级地震以及2006年6月武都、文县间5.0级地震进行分析。探讨了无震年份、有震年份及较长时段的重力场时变资料小波分解结果与地震活动之间的关系,结果表明:用小波分解方法可有效分离重力场时变的不同波长成分;该地区不同层次的重力场时变异常反映了一定尺度意义上不同深度的介质密度的动态变化分布,说明兰州—天水—武都地区中深部地质构造活动所引起的重力异常变化的2阶、3阶小波细节对2003、2004、2006年3次MS≥5.0地震反应明显。     

甘东南重力、b值异常与岷县-漳县M6.6地震关系探讨

利用甘东南测网2010—2014年的流动重力观测数据,分析2013年7月22日甘肃岷县—漳县M6.6地震前后1a尺度的重力场变化,并结合地震b值图像和GNSS结果进一步分析甘东南重力、b值异常与岷县—漳县M6.6地震的关系,结果表明:(1)测区重力异常经历了由"区域重力负值变化→持续负值变化→转折上升正变化—发震→震后恢复变化"的时空演化过程;(2)岷县—漳县M6.6地震前后b值曲线出现"低值—高值—回落发震"的变化特征;(3)岷县—漳县M6.6地震发生在重力变化高梯度带上、"0"等值线附近和低b值区域。     

基于布格重力异常研究运城盆地的构造特征

利用运城及周边地区的布格重力资料,对布格重力数据进行小波分解得到不同阶次的重力异常信息。依据各个阶次的小波变换结果并结合该区域的地质构造环境,对小波变换细节图中存在的特征较为明显的布格重力异常带进行深入分析,对异常所揭示的构造现象在地壳不同深度的分布特性等进行分析研究。结果表明:小波变换细节与区内地壳内部的隆起、凹陷及断裂构造具有很好的对应关系,可以对运城盆地的构造特征及地壳结构做更加深入的研究。     

华北时变重力场离散小波多尺度分解

利用华北地区地震重力监测网的绝对重力与相对重力多期重复观测资料,处理获取不同时空尺度的华北区域重力场动态变化图像.利用二维小波分解技术,将不同场源深度异常进行了分离,并对不同时空尺度的重力变化给出了解释,提高了对华北地区重力场变化趋势的认识水平.在此基础上,通过对小波细节的功率谱分析,可以获得各阶小波变换逼近及小波细节分析图所对应的场源深度.研究结果表明,不同时空尺度的重力场变化对于深入认识华北地区潜在地震危险性具有一定的科学意义.     

华北地块及邻区重力异常特征及地质结构

研究华北地块及邻区重力异常特征、地质结构和断裂构造,对该区地震风险研判和矿产资源远景规划具有重要意义。文章基于小波多尺度分解法、Parker-Oldenburg迭代反演法和重力异常导数法,利用华北地块及邻区布格重力异常数据,获得布格重力异常小波分解逼近场和细节场、莫霍面深度和重力异常导数。结果表明:(1)逼近场和细节场揭示出华北地块可分为西部的鄂尔多斯克拉通块体和东部的华北似环状裂谷盆地两个子单元。(2)莫霍面深度范围在28~52 km之间,呈NNE走向,由西向东逐渐变浅,具有显著的“东西分带”特征。尤为显著的是鄂尔多斯克拉通块体和华北似环状裂谷盆地,块体内部莫霍面变化较平缓,块体边界莫霍面变化剧烈。(3)根据重力异常导数结果识别并校正出研究区13条块体边界及主要断裂带。     

华南地区流动重力变化异常指标分析

2013年以来华南地区先后发生2013年9月4日福建仙游MS4.8、2017年7月15日广西南丹MS4.0、2018年3月20日广东阳西ML4.2、2019年3月5日广东雷州ML4.1、2019年8月20日海南三亚MS4.2、2019年10月12日广西北流MS5.2、2019年11月25日广西靖西MS5.2与2021年8月4日广西德保MS4.8等中强地震。通过系统梳理以上中强震例震前不同时空尺度流动重力变化特征,总结提炼地震孕育与重力变化异常时空演化特征之间的关系,分析利用流动重力地震观测资料开展地震预测的“时、空、强”定量依据。结果表明：华南地区多次4、5级左右地震震前出现局部重力场变化,且地震易发生在与构造活动有关联的重力变化四象限中心地带或正、负异常区过渡的高梯度带附近;华南地区4、5级左右地震前重力变化时变距和量级分析表明：震级为4级时,重力变化异常范围约100 km,重力变化异常量级约40μGal,震级为5级时,重力变化异常范围约150 km,重力变化异常量级约50μGal;目前流动重力观测多为1～2期/年的复测周期,未能对震前重力场演化过程进行较详细跟踪,在时间上流动重力以...     

长江三峡及邻区布格重力异常小波多尺度分解

基于离散小波变换理论,对长江三峡及邻区的布格重力异常进行多尺度分解,获取局部场、区域场和1—4阶小波细节。结果显示:4阶小波细节中,秦岭—大别造山带东西向正异常与扬子地块和秦岭—大别造山带之间的相互作用相关;M3.0以上地震大多位于区域场东向突出部位,即2阶和3阶小波细节所反映的负异常区,另有小部分位于4阶小波细节所反映的黄陵背斜正异常西侧,这种现象可能与黄陵背斜新构造运动相关。      

Gravity variation before Kunlun mountain pass western Ms=8.1 earthquake

The relation between the gravity variation features and Ms=8.1 earthquake in Qinghai-Xizang monitoring area is analyzed preliminarily,by using spatial dynamic variation results of regional gravity field from absolute gravity and relative gravity observation in 1998 and 2000.The results show that:1)Ms\8.1 earthquake in Kulun mountain pass westem occurred in the gravity variation high gradient near gravity‘s high negative variation;2)The Main tectonic deformation and emnergy accumulation before MS=8.1 earthquake are distributed at south side of the epicenter;3)The range of gravity‘s high negative variation at east of the MS=8.1 earthquake epicenter relatively coincides with that rupture region according to field geology investigation;4)Gravity variation distribution in high negative value region is just consistent with the second shear strain‘s high value region of strain field obtained from GPS observation.     

Use of mode-converted waves in marine seismic data to investigate the lithology of the sub-bottom sediments in Isfjorden,Svalbard

The compression wavefield is efficiently converted to shear-wave energy at post-critical angles in areas of high impedance contrast at the sea floor. We have analysed mode-converted shear waves in a data set acquired with a hybrid marine/land geometry in Isfjorden, Svalbard. Through a kinematic 2D ray-tracing modellingV _p/V_s ratios for part of the uppermost 5km of the crust are obtained. Low values (V _p /V _s =1.65) are tentatively associated with the section of Devonian sandstones which appears to attain a minimum thickness of 1.5km below 3 km depth about 10km west of Kapp Thorden.     

The Key Technical Points and Main Characteristics of the New National Standard of Magnitude

The New Magnitude National Standard of General Rules for Earthquake Magnitude( GB17740-2017) is the state mandatory standard. It was released on May 12,2017,by the General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China and the Standardization Administration of the Peoples Republic of China. This paper introduces the necessity of revising the national standard of magnitude,and the main contents,technical points and primary features of the new national standard of magnitude,so that it can be applied better in practice.     

The application of the method of reconstruction a phase space with higher dimensions to the study of seismic processes and earthquake prediction

The method of reconstructing a phase space with higher dimensions can be applied to analysing the observaiton data for studying the dynamic behavior of seismic processes and earthquake prediction. It is found that seismic processes are chaotic. So earthquakes could be determinately predicted only within the predictable period. Here, some related problems (e.g. several primary parameters and the relations among them, the relation between the quality of used data and analytical results, the relation between a reductive process of the fractal dimensions and earthquake prediction and so on) are discussed. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 470–476, 1993. This study was sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation under Contract NO. 9000007.     

Vp and Vp/Vs structures in the crust and upper mantle of the Taiwan region, China

A tomographic study of the V _p and V _p/V _s structures in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Taiwan region of China is conducted by simultaneous inversion of P and S arrival times. Compared with the previous tomographic results, the spherical finite difference technique is suitable for the strong heterogeneous velocity structure, and may improve the accuracy in the travel time and three-dimensional ray tracing calculations. The V _p and V _p/V _s structures derived from joint inversion and the relocated earthquakes can provide better constraints for analyzing the lateral heterogeneity and deep tectonic characters in the crust and upper mantle. Our tomographic results reveal significant relations between the seismic wavespeed structure and the tectonic characters. In the shallow depth, sedimentary basins and orogen show distinct wavespeed anomalies, with low V _p, high V _p/V _s in basins and high V _p, low V _p/V _s in orogen. As the suture zone of Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate, Longitudinal Valley is characterized by a significant high V _p/V _s anomaly extending to the middle-lower crust and upper mantle, which reflects the impact of rock cracking, partial melting, and the presence of fluids. In the northeast Taiwan, the V _p, V _p/V _s anomalies and relocated earthquakes depict the subducting Philippine Sea Plate under the Eurasian Plate. The high V _p of oceanic plate and the low V _p, high V _p/V _s atop the subducted oceanic plate extend to 80 km depth. Along the east-west profiles, the thickness of crust reaches 60 km at the east of Central Range with eastward dipping trend, which reveals the eastward subduction of the thickened and deformed crust of the Eurasian continental plate. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-234-2), National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411701), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2006AA09A101-0201) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40804016, 40704013)     

Spatial Correlation Anomalies of the Diurnal Variation of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component before the Yingjiang MS6.1 and Ludian MS6.5 Earthquakes

Significant anomalies were observed at the geomagnetic stations in the southwest region of China before the Yingjiang M_S6.1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake in 2014. We processed the geomagnetic vertical component diurnal variation data by the spatial correlation method. The results show that during the period from April 1 to May 20, 2014,there existed quasi-synchronous decrease changes in the coefficient curves between the five geomagnetic stations of Guiyang,Hechi,Nanshan,Muli,Yongning and Xinyi and Hongshan stations.Furthermore,there was a high gradient zone in the normalized correlation coefficient contour map with background values removed. The epicenters of the Yingjiang M_S6.1 earthquake and the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake are located in the gradient zone or near the gradient zone.     

Attenuation of Coda Waves at the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcanic Area in Northeast China

21 earthquakes recorded by a temporary seismic network in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic area in Northeast China operated during the summer of 2002 and 2003 were analyzed to estimate the S coda attenuation. The attenuation quality factor Q_c was estimated using the single scattering attenuation model of Sato (1977) in the frequency band from 4 to 24 Hz. All the events studied in this paper occurred at depths from 2 to 6 km with ML of 1.4–2.8. The epicentral distances are less than 25 km. For all events which occurred near the Tianchi Lake (caldera), the Q_c patterns obtained at the stations near the lake are similar, and the Q_c values are relatively small. At the stations located about 15 km east of the Tianchi Lake, however, the average Q_c is significantly higher. For an event which occurred 25km from the lake to the west, Q_c patterns derived at the stations near the lake are quite similar to the above mentioned Q_c for stations located in the east. Further study shows that Q_c value in the north and central areas of the volcano is relatively lower than that in the surrounding area. Compared to other volcanic areas in the world, the average Q_c of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic area is obviously lower. The deep seismic sounding and teleseismic receiver function studies indicated more than one lower velocity layer in the crust. The MT studies suggested the presence of high conductive bodies beneath the area. We interpret the strong attenuation of coda waves near the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano as being possibly related to high temperature medium caused by shallow magma chambers.     

The Conversion Relationship between the Local Earthquake Magnitude and Surface Wave Magnitude in the Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network

Using 116 earthquakes over M_L3.8 in the Inner Mongolia region from 2008 to 2015, the local earthquake magnitude M_L and surface wave magnitude M_S are remeasured. Based on norm linear regression(SR1 and SR2) and norm(OR) orthogonal regression method, we established the conversion relationship between M_L and M_S. The results were tested with Gaussian disturbance. The result shows that the orthogonal regression method(OR) result has the best fitting curve, and the conversion relation is M_S=0.96 M_L-0.10. The difference between our result and Guo Lücan's(M_S=1.13 M_L-1.08) may be caused by regional tectonic characteristics. M_(S Inner Mongolia) value is significantly higher than the M_(S empirical) value, with an average difference of 0.23, the difference distribution of empirical relation and the rectified relation is in the range of 0.2-0.3.     

Moment Magnitude and Its Calculation

In this paper, we give a brief introduction to the proposal and development history of the earthquake magnitude concept. Moment magnitude M_W is the best physical quantity for measuring earthquakes. Compared with other magnitude scales used traditionally, moment magnitude is not saturated for all earthquakes, regardless of big and small earthquakes, deep and shallow earthquakes, far field and near field seismic data, geodetic and geological data, moment magnitude can be measured, and can be connected with well-known magnitude scales such as surface wave magnitude M_S. Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is the preferred magnitude selected by the International Seismological community, and it is preferred by the departments responsible for publishing seismic information to the public.Moment magnitude is a uniform magnitude scale, which is suitable for statistics with wide magnitude range. Moment magnitude is a preferred magnitude for international seismology, it is preferred by the agency responsible for providing information about earthquakes to the public. We provide all formulas used in the calculation of moment magnitude, and the calculation steps in detail. We also analyzed some problems and rules to solve these problems by using different formulas and numerical value calculation steps.     

新10井水位对九寨沟M_S7.0、精河M_S6.6地震同震响应

基于新10井水位对九寨沟M_S7.0、精河M_S6.6地震的同震响应特征,分别利用水震波和潮汐分析法,反演得到了新10井水位在地震波作用期间和地震波作用前后含水层参数特征,探讨了2次地震引起的新10井同震响应变化机理。结果表明,新10井水位对九寨沟地震和精河地震具有不同的同震响应形态,利用水平流模型反演所得的新10井含水层渗透系数,在九寨沟地震时为61m/d,而在精河地震时为147m/d,表明地震波作用导致水平向的渗透性增强;利用垂向流模型反演得到的新10井含水层渗透系数,在2次地震之前约为49×10~(-5)m/d,而在地震之后约为18×10~(-5)m/d,表明地震波作用导致垂直向的渗透性减弱。因此,新10井水位的同震响应变化与地震波引起的含水层渗透率的改变有关。