2008年以来地图学眼动与视觉认知研究新进展

地图是人类日常生活中不可或缺的工具。地图认知作为研究人对地图的感知、学习、记忆、推理和决策的科学,一直以来是地图学基础理论的重要内容。作为地图认知研究的核心,近年来地图视觉认知在相关学科（如心理学、认知科学和计算机视觉）和新的研究手段（如眼动跟踪、脑电和核磁）的促进下取得了一系列新的研究成果。尤其是眼动跟踪方法作为地图视觉认知研究的重要手段之一,越来越受到研究者的关注,为地图视觉认知研究的定量化、实用化提供了有力支撑。本文系统地梳理了2008年以来眼动跟踪方法在地图视觉认知研究中取得的新进展,并将其归纳为6个发展趋势,分别包括：① 刺激材料：从静态地图到动态交互地图;② 研究范围：从地图认知到地图空间认知;③ 实验环境：从实验室环境到真实环境;④ 地图维度：从二维地图到三维地图;⑤ 个体差异：从单一维度到多维度;⑥ 研究目的：从规律探究到实践应用。本文最后总结了未来研究面临的挑战、难点和可能的解决方法,期望能在地图视觉认知研究中起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

网络环境下数据简化与数据调度的若干关键技术

网络环境下进行二维电子地图与三维虚拟场景集成,关键问题之一是数据快速、有效地传输与表达。为了解决网络电子地图与三维虚拟场景集成过程中数据快速传输问题,该文讨论了空间数据多级存储、网络数据流压缩、矢栅数据有机结合、纹理模型及原型模型库等网络传输瓶颈解决方案和模型数据简化方法,为后续网络电子地图和三维虚拟场景集成系统的开发奠定基础。     

A data-mapping approach to 3-D wavefield redatuming

In case of a complex overburden, the seismic data can be greatly improved by applying a full wavefield redatuming procedure. In practice, the application of the redatuming process to 3-D data acquired by conventional acquisition designs is non-trivial. Because of the large amount of data involved in the 3-D redatuming process and because of the sparseness of these data, it is impossible to apply conventional wave equation datuming directly.
We present a data mapping approach to redatuming (DMR), which follows the concept of Kirchhoff data mapping. A simplified background medium where no ray bending occurs is assumed for the medium below the datum in order to map an input data set referenced to the acquisition surface to an output data set referenced to the new datum level. The DMR method can be interpreted as a simplified version of the Kirchhoff summation redatuming (KSR) method, where one of the 2-D integrals over the acquisition coordinates can be solved analytically. Consequently, in this approach fewer traces are involved in the computation of one time sample (a 2-D integral is computed instead of a 4-D integral), which makes it particularly attractive for the application to 3-D data sets.
In this paper the theory underlying data mapping redatuming is discussed and the proposed approach is tested on fully sampled 2-D and 3-D synthetic data from models with both simple and complex velocity distributions in the subsurface.
The tests clearly show that the objective of producing results that are comparable to the conventional KSR has been achieved. The redatumed traces are dynamically and kinematically correct. Furthermore, these results confirm that the dependency of the new approach on the assumed medium below the datum level is, indeed, weak because the assumption of a velocity medium where no ray bending occurs is already sufficient to produce correct results.     

土地利用/覆被变化对海岸环境演变影响的研究进展

土地利用/覆被变化是影响海岸带环境演变的一个重要方面。文章着重从土地利用/覆被变化对温室气体释放、入海物质通量、生物多样性影响以及海岸特有自然覆被的生态环境效应角度评述了土地利用/覆被变化对海岸环境演变影响研究的内容与进展。分析指出该领域未来研究将朝更宏观综合(全球环境影响)与更微观深入(环境生物地球化学过程)两个趋向发展。可持续土地利用评价与调整、海岸环境生物地球化学过程与模拟、海岸生物多样性保护和海岸带综合管理将成为未来研究的重点。     

兰州南北两山生态环境建设决策支持模式初探

兰州南北两山生态环境脆弱,自然状态下无法达到城市发展的绿化要求,必须进行生态环境建设。针对生态环境建设的决策困境,提出构建“决策支持系统+专家知识”的决策支持模式。在详细阐述此决策支持模式的基础上,以兰州南北两山作为研究案例,建立了兰州南北两山生态环境建设决策支持系统,通过该系统的试验结果讨论,最终给出兰州南北两山生态环境建设的两项用水措施建议,即： ①在多年平均降雨量大于400 mm的区域进行人工集雨;②在多年平均降雨量小于400 mm的区域进行人工灌溉(灌溉量相当于200 mm降雨)。最后结合专家知识形成兰州南北两山生态环境建设规划图,供决策者参考。     

城市化过程中下垫面改变对大气环境的影响

城市化发展,特别是下垫面特征的改变,对大气环境的外强迫是当前大气环境领域研究的热点问题。下垫面特征变化导致不同尺度气象场发生变化,而气象条件又决定着大气污染物的迁移转化。为了深入探讨这个问题,文章首先从3个方面总结了相关研究：1）城市气候的基本特征及其形成的内在机制;2）不同尺度下的城市污染气象学特征;3）定量描述城市下垫面地-气作用模式的相关进展。之后进一步综述了利用数值模式方法模拟城市化过程中下垫面变迁对大气环境（包括气象条件及空气质量）影响方面的研究进展。最后利用中尺度大气模式WRF/Chem和过程分析方法研究了中国东部地区城市下垫面扩张对臭氧（O3）和一氧化碳（CO）空间分布的影响。模拟结果显示：在人为源排放不变的情况下,城市下垫面扩张使得近地面和1~3 km高处的O3,以及距地面1~2 km高处的CO体积分数增大;但近地CO体积分数下降。     

基于街景数据的建成环境与街道活力时空分析——以深圳福田区为例

建成环境对街道活力的影响是国内外城市研究的热点议题。然而,对于建成环境要素的测度与评估多偏重于二维建成环境指标,尚未充分挖掘三维建成环境指标。以深圳市福田区为例,采用街景数据、路网数据、POI数据及移动互联网位置服务数据,建立周末分时段模型,探讨商业街道和生活街道活力的时空间分布特征及建成环境对其产生的影响。结果表明：① 商业街道上居民全天活动的峰值时段为18:00~20:00,生活街道上居民全天活动的峰值时段为11:00~13:00。② 深圳市福田区街道活力总体呈现多中心结构,随时间变化显现出明显的空间差异。③ 不同的建成环境指标对街道活力的作用时段与影响程度存在差异。提高功能混合度有利于提升商业街道凌晨、上午和夜间的活力及生活街道午后和傍晚的活力;过宽的相对步行宽度对生活街道活力提升有抑制作用,更安全的步行环境对商业和生活街道夜间活力提升有促进作用;界面连续程度高的商业街道午后及夜间的活力更强,界面多样性丰富的生活街道白天活力更强。     

A visualization-oriented 3D method for efficient computation of urban solar radiation based on 3D–2D surface mapping

The temporal and spatial distribution of solar energy in urban areas is highly variable because of the complex building structures present. Traditional GIS-based solar radiation models rely on two-dimensional (2D) digital elevation models to calculate insolation, without considering building facades and complicated three-dimensional (3D) shading effects. Inspired by the ‘texture baking’ technique used in computer graphics, we propose a full 3D method for computing and visualizing urban solar radiation based on image-space data representation. First, a surface mapping approach is employed to project each 3D triangular mesh onto a 2D raster surface whose cell size determines the calculation accuracy. Second, the positions and surface normal vectors of each 3D triangular mesh are rasterized onto the associated 2D raster using barycentric interpolation techniques. An efficient compute unified device architecture -accelerated shadow-casting algorithm is presented to accurately capture shading effects for large-scale 3D urban models. Solar radiation is calculated for each raster cell based on the input raster layers containing such information as slope, aspect, and shadow masks. Finally, a resulting insolation raster layer is produced for each triangular mesh and is represented as an RGB texture map using a color ramp. Because a virtual city can be composed of tens of thousands of triangular meshes and texture maps, a texture atlas technique is presented to merge thousands of small images into a single large image to batch draw calls and thereby efficiently render a large number of textured meshes on the graphics processing unit.     

煤矿区居民对环境问题的感知——以陕西省彬长矿区为例

 居民环境感知是其环境行为为基础,研究居民属性对环境问题感知的影响,对煤矿区的环境保护社会措施的实施有重要参考意义。彬长矿区是国家重点产煤区,但其环境问题非常严重。通过实地访谈和407份有效问卷的统计,利用秩和检验等方法,探讨了居民对环境问题的感知和调适行为的影响因素,主要结论是：（1）矿区居民对环境普遍不满,他们认为大气污染最严重,其次是环境卫生、噪音和水污染,最后是塌陷和地裂缝。环境问题的最主要原因由采煤和煤炭加工;（2）在居民属性与环境问题感知方面发现：性别对大气污染、水污染、塌陷和地裂缝的感知有明显的影响。年龄属性对大气污染、水污染、噪音污染、塌陷和地裂缝的感知均有显著正向影响。文化程度属性对大气污染、塌陷和地裂缝的感知有显著负向影响。职业属性对各类环境问题的感知均有显著影响。居住时间对噪音污染感知没有显著影响,对其他感知有显著正向影响。居住空间在居民对矿区环境问题的感知上具有显著性负向影响。研究结果可以为矿区的环境治理、政策制定等提供参考     

农业对环境影响的国际研究进展

分析了2000年以来国际学术界对农业的环境影响的文献,认为该领域受学者的关注程度逐渐增加,相关研究领域逐步拓宽,研究所涵盖的地域范围不断扩大,且研究使用的方法更加多样化。主要研究专题包括气候变化影响下的农业环境,农业化学物质使用对环境带来的影响,农业土地利用状况变化对环境的影响等。主要研究方法包括建立系统性生态指标,使用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,信息技术和建模分析等。众多国际研究为研究中国的农业可持续发展提供了重要启迪。尤其是专业村的发展、农业劳动力减少导致的投入变化以及组织方式的特殊性及变化对环境的影响。     

A hybrid representation for modeling,interactive editing,and real-time visualization of terrains with volumetric features

Terrain rendering is a crucial part of many real-time applications. The easiest way to process and visualize terrain data in real time is to constrain the terrain model in several ways. This decreases the amount of data to be processed and the amount of processing power needed, but at the cost of expressivity and the ability to create complex terrains. The most popular terrain representation is a regular 2D grid, where the vertices are displaced in a third dimension by a displacement map, called a heightmap. This is the simplest way to represent terrain, and although it allows fast processing, it cannot model terrains with volumetric features. Volumetric approaches sample the 3D space by subdividing it into a 3D grid and represent the terrain as occupied voxels. They can represent volumetric features but they require computationally intensive algorithms for rendering, and their memory requirements are high. We propose a novel representation that combines the voxel and heightmap approaches, and is expressive enough to allow creating terrains with caves, overhangs, cliffs, and arches, and efficient enough to allow terrain editing, deformations, and rendering in real time.     

Use of Noise to Augment Training Data: A Neural Network Method of Mineral–Potential Mapping in Regions of Limited Known Deposit Examples

One of the main factors that affects the performance of MLP neural networks trained using the backpropagation algorithm in mineral-potential mapping isthe paucity of deposit relative to barren training patterns. To overcome this problem, random noise is added to the original training patterns in order to create additional synthetic deposit training data. Experiments on the effect of the number of deposits available for training in the Kalgoorlie Terrane orogenic gold province show that both the classification performance of a trained network and the quality of the resultant prospectivity map increasesignificantly with increased numbers of deposit patterns. Experiments are conducted to determine the optimum amount of noise using both uniform and normally distributed random noise. Through the addition of noise to the original deposit training data, the number of deposit training patterns is increased from approximately 50 to 1000. The percentage of correct classifications significantly improves for the independent test set as well as for deposit patterns in the test set. For example, using ±40% uniform random noise, the test-set classification performance increases from 67.9% and 68.0% to 72.8% and 77.1% (for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, respectively). Indices for the quality of the resultant prospectivity map, (i.e. D/A, D × (D/A), where D is the percentage of deposits and A is the percentage of the total area for the highest prospectivity map-class, and area under an ROC curve) also increase from 8.2, 105, 0.79 to 17.9, 226, 0.87, respectively. Increasing the size of the training-stop data set results in a further increase in classification performance to 73.5%, 77.4%, 14.7, 296, 0.87 for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, D/A, D × (D/A), and area under the ROC curve, respectively.     

Technical Note The b-function and variable stream buffer mapping: a note on ‘A GIS method for riparian water quality buffer generation’

Abstract

Mapping variable stream buffers in a vector environment in which buffer width values are delineated often yields inaccurate results. Possible vector solutions are either ineffective or inefficient, An alternate raster approach is presented here in which a buffer effectiveness-achievement function (b-function) is introduced to map desirable buffer zones at an individual cell level based upon areal differentiations in physical and ecological conditions. The implementation of b-function is made feasible by a GIS procedure devised in this article. This tested method can be extended to a variety of variable buffer studies, such as visual buffers, noise buffers, greenways, and urban natural buffers.

‘A robe can never be made of the fur from one fox's axillae’ (A Chinese idiom).     

Rules and constraints for 3D generalization of urban area

In every map, irrespective of its theme, objects are represented at a reduced scale. Map contents do not decrease proportionally to the reduction of the map size. Usually an increasing density of the map contents occurs at smaller scales. That is where the generalization plays an important role. Generalization is the process of creating a legible map at a given scale from a more detailed geographical dataset. It is done in such a manner that the character or essence of the original features is retained at successively smaller scales. Though the purposes and benefits of generalization are manifold it is indeed a complex decision-making process which must be intelligently steered by goals and rules from the geographical application domain such that the generalized representation conveys knowledge consistent with the reality. In recent past, lot of work has been done in 2D generalization (Beard, 1991; Weibel, 1995; Bealla, 1995; Ruas and Plazanet, 1996; Sarjakoski and Kilpeläinen, 1999) which defines a set of operations to be performed with the goal to achieve the similar results to those from manual generalization. But 3D generalization is altogether perceived differently. A given 3D urban area mostly consists of roads and buildings. These buildings are of different styles and features. Further the city area may be viewed from different angles and at different heights. So generalization in general and aggregation in particular must deal with all these issues. In this paper, an effort has been made to address these issues.     

煤矿区居民的环境污染感知——以陕西省韩城矿区为例

选择陕西省韩城矿区的下峪口矿和燎原矿为研究区域,通过实地访谈和454份有效问卷,利用秩和检验等统计方法,探讨了居民对环境污染的感知的影响因素。主要结论是:(1)矿区居民对环境普遍不满意,他们认为最严重的环境污染是大气污染,其次是噪音污染。矿区环境污染的最主要原因是煤炭加工(洗选、炼焦),采煤并不是最主要的环境污染原因。(2)在居民属性与环境污染感知方面发现:性别对环境污染的感知无明显的影响。年龄和居住时间对大气污染、水污染和噪音污染的感知有显著正向影响。文化程度对水污染、噪音污染和环境卫生感知有显著负向影响,这与文化集团性有关。居住空间对水污染和噪音污染有显著负向影响,说明水污染和噪音污染感知表现出空间层次性。研究结果可以为矿区的环境治理、政策制定等提供参考。     

居住自选择视角下的广州出行碳排放影响机理

国内外已有不少研究从国家、城市和社区层面探讨了交通出行碳排放的影响因素,然而,很少研究考虑到居住自选择的影响。若忽略该影响,将很可能会错误地估计建成环境的作用,以至于相关规划与政策制定有所偏离。中国城市是否与西方国家一样也具有居住自选择效应?在考虑了居住自选择后,建成环境是否对出行碳排放具有显著的影响,如何产生影响?为了回答以上科学问题,基于2015年广州15个社区1239份问卷数据和出行O-D点智能查询系统（TIQS）的开发与应用,对居民出行碳排放进行了测度,并通过构建结构方程模型（SEM）探究了不同类型出行碳排放的影响机理。研究发现：中国城市同样存在居住自选择效应,转变居民出行方式选择偏好有利于减少出行碳排放。在控制居住自选择效应后,建成环境仍然对居民出行碳排放产生显著的影响。这些影响有的属于直接影响,有的则是通过影响其他中介变量,例如小汽车拥有或出行距离,进而再对出行碳排放造成间接影响。对于不同类型出行,其碳排放的影响机理并不一样。     

国际视觉景观研究评述

视觉景观研究在旅游景区建设、城乡规划与管理等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文对近10 年国外相关研究进行回顾, 将其分为视觉景观质量评价、视觉影响评价、视觉景观偏好3 个方面, 阐述三者的基本含义、理论来源, 重点介绍每个领域的研究主题、方法与技术, 同时分析其中存在的优缺点及借鉴意义。在景观质量评价方面, 研究重点仍在景观元素及特征对景观质量的影响, 心理物理学方法居主导地位, 呈现专家方法与之结合的趋势。在视觉影响评价方面, 城乡建筑及能源设施产生的视觉影响为近期学者关注的焦点, GIS和3D可视化技术拓展了质量评价和影响评价的时空尺度, 提高了精确性。在视觉景观偏好方面, 学者从欣赏的主客体即人与景观两个角度进行了研究, 深入挖掘人的自然、文化属性及景观特征对景观偏好的影响, 并证实对景观的偏爱能够促进景观保护与土地合理利用。最后对近期国外研究状况进行总结, 提出了未来研究的方向及对国内研究的有益启示。     

新疆荒漠类型特征及其保护利用

新疆荒漠具有分布广泛、成因复杂、类型多样等特点。利用新疆数字地貌图结合Landsat卫星TM数据与GIS制图技术,通过长期野外调查结合有关资料编制荒漠类型图,获得荒漠类型面积数据,据此探讨荒漠分布规律、结构特征、形成演变,并提出利用和保护荒漠的建议。主要结果和结论如下：（1）新疆荒漠具有水平地带性分布与垂直地带性分布的规律及非地带性分布特点,荒漠多分布于干旱程度较高的南疆和东部吐鲁番及哈密地区,东部荒漠占新疆面积的45.86 %,占东部区域面积的91.77 %。（2）荒漠分布广,面积大,总面积达1 31.3 ?104 km2,占新疆面积的80.55 %。荒漠类型面积最大的是沙漠为42.7?104 km2,占荒漠面积32.49 %,泥漠面积仅10 638.5?104 km2,占0.81 %。（3）荒漠类型复杂多样,成因各异,有沙漠、砾漠、盐漠等11种类型,分别主要由气候、地貌、地表物质组成、人为作用等因素单独或共同作用所形成。（4）受自然环境变化与人为作用,荒漠类型之间、荒漠类型与其它地物之间可发生演变。（5）各种荒漠类型的要素特征不同,宜合理利用荒漠资源,划分荒漠环境退化敏感区,保护荒漠环境,针对不同荒漠类型采取适应保护措施,以保障区域可持续发展。     

融合多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法研究

由于DEM数据不包括河流、湖泊(水库)及流域边界和堤坝等信息,因此常规仅依靠DEM提取水系的方法不能反映平坦区域及受人类影响强烈区域水系的真实特征。该文建立了融合DEM、河流、湖泊水库、流域边界和堤坝等多源数字信息的流域水系提取方法,对多源信息进行栅格化,采用所提出的高程-距离函数对DEM进行校正,使得提取的数字水系与实际水系精确拟合。将该方法应用于山区太湖西苕溪流域老石坎水库及其上游集水区和平原丘陵分布区的淮河史灌河蒋家集站、梅山、鲇鱼山水库区间流域,提取的河网结构与地图信息拟合较好。     

沟道流域坡面与沟谷侵蚀演化关系——以晋西王家沟小流域为例

以往坡、沟侵蚀关系研究主要限于水沙关系的探讨 ,有关原型尺度小流域坡、沟地貌侵蚀演化关系的定量研究甚少 ,尤其是坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的综合影响与交互作用的定量研究尚属空白。本文在 3S技术支持下 ,根据晋西王家沟小流域 196 7年 1∶5 0 0 0正摄影像图 (DOM )、高程数字化模型 (DEM )和同期、同比例尺地形图 ,利用正交多项式回归分析方法 ,定量分析了坡、沟地貌特征对流域切割程度的影响与交互作用。研究表明 ,沟谷地在流域地貌演化及地表切割程度中起主导作用 ,在沟间地面积相同时 ,沟谷地面积约为0 1km2 是影响流域切割裂度侵蚀演化强度最大的区域 ,流域面积愈小影响流域地表破碎的程度最大。其沟道流域坡、沟地貌演化机制可用坡、沟水流动能的地貌指标的综合影响与交互作用来解释