高速铁路沿线短时大风预测方法

高速铁路沿线短时大风预测对于保障列车的安全运行至关重要。运行列车振动频率与侧风频率相同时所形成的共振极端情况,极易造成列车倾覆事故。通过分析列车的振动模态与侧风频率,建立了侧风共振简化模型,并运用阻尼振动方法得出列车典型倾覆时间为10 s。通过建立铁路在山丘后方和在三座呈品字形分布的山丘之间两种标准模型,以跃阶函数表示风场来流的变化,用以考察模型对来流变化的响应和地形因素对预测的影响。结果显示：基于格子玻尔兹曼的多观测点的准三维预测方法能够反映流场在变化来流中的响应以及地形对流场的影响。这种方法可能是解决大风预测问题的有效途径,值得深入研究。     

哈大高铁对东北城市旅游供需市场的空间效应研究——基于景点可达性的分析

本文基于GIS技术,以景点可达性为切入点,从市场供需的视角,依据市场供需的影响因素将潜力模型进行分解,得到旅游市场的供给和需求潜力模型。研究发现：①哈大高铁使东北各地到区域内各旅游景点平均时间压缩2.5 h左右,填补了东北一日游市场区的空白,拓展了两日游市场区的范围,形成以高铁为轴,以中心城市为核心,以一日游、两日游及七日游为主要形式,向高铁两侧和中心城市周边依次扩散的圈层+轴带状区域旅游空间形态。②东北城市旅游供需潜力变化均呈现随到高铁距离增加而衰减的现象,促使供需市场向高铁沿线集聚,带动了高铁旅游经济带的形成,并导致东北旅游空间集散特征更加明显。③高铁对短期游(一日游、两日游)供需市场的带动明显好于七日游市场。④基于旅游可达性,以城市为基本单元,根据核心—边缘理论,结合旅游供需潜力发展状况,将东北城市旅游市场区划分为核心区、外围区、过渡区、边缘区4类。本文认为,应以高铁等快速交通方式和旅游枢纽城市为依托,进一步完善旅游景点的交通网络,促进区域旅游供需空间网络的优化与对接。     

Recommending attractive thematic regions by semantic community detection with multi-sourced VGI data

Attractive regions can be detected and recommended by investigating users’ online footprints. However, social media data suffers from short noisy text and lack of a-priori knowledge, impeding the usefulness of traditional semantic modelling methods. Another challenge is the need for an effective strategy for the selection/recommendation of candidate regions. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive workflow which combines semantic and location information of social media data to recommend thematic urban regions to users with specific interests. This workflow is novel in: (1) developing a data-driven geographic topic modelling method which utilizes the co-occurrence patterns of self-explanatory semantic information to detect semantic communities; (2) proposing a new recommendation strategy with the consideration of region’s spatial scale. The workflow was implemented using a real-world dataset and evaluation conducted at three different levels: semantic representativeness, topic identification and recommendation desirability. The evaluation showed that the semantic communities detected were internally consistent and externally differentiable and that the recommended regions had a high degree of desirability. The work has demonstrated the effectiveness of self-explanatory semantic information for geographic topic modelling and highlighted the importance of including region spatial scale into the model for an effective region recommending strategy.     

高铁影响下成渝城市群旅游流网络的变化特征

运用社会网络分析法和GIS空间分析法,对高铁影响下成渝城市群旅游流网络的变化进行深入分析。结果表明：高铁影响下成渝城市群旅游流空间联系日益增强,“H”字型空间发展骨架凸显。高铁的开通加强了重庆主城和成都之间的旅游流互动,行政壁垒现象明显;成渝城市群旅游流在空间上呈现出以重庆主城、成都为核心的“轴-辐”空间组织模式,高铁进一步强化了两大核心的空间辐射能力;成渝城市群旅游流空间存在较为明显的层次性,高铁沿线地区旅游流联系更为密切,高铁增强了高铁沿线与非沿线地区之间的旅游流联系;高铁影响下成渝城市群旅游流空间差异呈扩大态势,高铁沿线旅游资源禀赋较好地区在旅游流网络中的重要性不断提升。     

铁路网规模测算方法体系与实证分析

通过对路网规模多种测算方法的比较,系统地建立了用于测算铁路网规模的方法体系;经比较分析,发现地理空间特征和经济社会指标是影响路网规模的基本因素。根据数据的可获得性和测算方法的适应性,选择连通度模型对中国铁路基础路网规模进行测算,引入空间运输绝对联系强度和首位联系度对快速路网规模进行测算,并结合GIS技术测定最终的铁路网规模。研究结果表明,为实现铁路服务的普适化,并解决主要运输通道运力紧张的困境,中国未来铁路网的合理规模应达到15万公里,较目前铁路网规模增长近1倍。     

Spatial differentiation and influence mechanism of the connection-distribution performance of urban high-speed railway hub in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

A transportation hub is the key link in the construction of the comprehensive three-dimensional transportation corridor of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and is the basic factor responsible for the promotion of this belt. A high-speed railway hub has the “last kilometer of time-space compression” effect and is the key to building an efficient, convenient, modern, and comprehensive transportation system. This study constructed a model for measuring the connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub, determined the connection-distribution performance of the urban high-speed railway hub in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and analyzed its spatial differentiation characteristics, further revealed the influencing mechanism of the connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub. The main results are as follows: (1) The connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub in the Yangtze River Economic Belt presented an “olive-shaped pattern” grade structure with two small ends and a large middle section, that is, the number of high-speed railway stations with high performance and average performance was small, and the number of high-speed railway stations with good performance and medium performance was large. (2) The connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub in the Yangtze River Economic Belt showed a regional differentiation pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” and “high in the north and low in the south”, and showed an urban agglomeration differentiation pattern of “high in the core areas but low in the marginal areas”; moreover, spatial differences were prominent in the distribution of nine evaluation indexes of the connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub. (3) GDP, urbanization rate, city level, station passenger flow and frequency of shuttle bus were key driving factors affecting the connection-distribution performance of the high-speed railway hub. At the same time, there were significant differences in the key driving factors for the connection-distribution performance grades of high-quality, good, medium and average.     

地学信息图谱研究及其应用

地学信息图谱综合了景观综合图的简洁性和数学模型的抽象性,它是现代空间技术与我国传统研究成果结合的产物,它可反演过去、预测未来。在分析地学信息图谱、生态系统发展战略、DLU土地利用战略、数学模型与地理信息系统集成等研究成果的基础上,提出了一个区域可持续发展虚拟系统。在这个虚拟系统中,如何将区域可持续发展的有关信息转换为征兆图、诊断图和实施图是其核心理论问题。数学模型计算机程序自动生成软件和开放式地理信息系统的研究成果表明,这些理论问题在不久的将来是可以解决的。也就是说,这个区域可持续发展虚拟系统的进一步研究,能够形成一个可操作的、实用的决策支持系统。     

长江经济带城市高铁枢纽接驳—集疏运绩效空间分异及机理

作为长江经济带综合立体交通走廊建设的关键环节,交通枢纽是推动长江经济带发展的基础保障。高铁枢纽承载着“时空压缩最后一公里”效应,是构筑高效便捷的现代化综合交通体系的关键。首先诠释了高铁枢纽“时空压缩最后一公里”效应原理,其次构建高铁枢纽接驳—集疏运绩效指标体系,进而对长江经济带37个城市高铁枢纽的接驳—集疏运绩效进行测度,并分析绩效空间分异特征,最后揭示高铁枢纽接驳—集疏运绩效的影响机理。结果显示：① 长江经济带高铁枢纽接驳—集疏运绩效等级分异呈“橄榄型”结构,即优质绩效和一般绩效的高铁站数量较少,良好绩效和中等绩效的高铁站数量较多;② 地带分异呈“东高西低、北高南低”格局,而城市群分异则呈“核心高、边缘低”格局,且9个评价指标值空间差异明显;③ GDP、城镇化率、城市等级、车站客流量和发送班车次数是影响高铁枢纽接驳—集疏运绩效的关键驱动因子;同时,优质、良好、中等和一般等不同等级绩效的关键驱动因子存在显著差异。     

中蒙俄高铁建设的影响机理及对策

中蒙俄高铁建设是促进中蒙俄交通基础设施互联互通、打造国际陆上交通走廊的重要举措,是中蒙俄经济走廊建设的重要突破口。科学合理地布局中蒙俄高铁线路、规避高铁建设面临的不利影响和风险,急需理清高铁建设的影响因子,揭示其作用机理和空间分布格局,制定针对性强的防控对策。本文分析了中蒙俄高铁建设的主要影响因子,阐明了各类因子对高铁建设的影响机理,通过构建一种综合集成的影响指数评估模型（IIIEM）,量化评估了不同地区各类影响因子的影响指数,揭示了其空间分布格局,并据此制定了消除影响的中蒙俄高铁东线和西线的线路布局建议方案。提出通过“高铁换资源、高铁换市场”等互利共赢创新合作模式,消除经济影响;加强沟通和技术展示,降低社会影响;通过设置缓冲区及高科技手段,规避生态风险;构建中蒙俄跨境地区三大生态风险跨国联合防控体系,加强政策对接,促进中蒙俄经济一体化等防控对策及保障措施。本研究将为中蒙俄高铁建设线路科学合理布局、风险防控提供科技支撑和决策参考。     

兰新高铁沿线县域可达性时空收敛效应与经济潜力特征分析

运用加权平均旅行时间、等时圈、经济潜力和空间变差函数等方法和模型,综合分析了兰新高铁运营前后沿线县域可达性时空收敛效应和经济潜力特征变化。结果表明：（1） 兰新高铁开通运营后,沿线91个县域单元加权平均旅行时间缩短33.46%,呈现“核心—边缘”结构,中小县域的可达性优化作用总体上强于核心城市。（2） 高铁站点城市及中心城市可达性提升存在明显的“节点效应”和“廊道效应”。高铁站点及其附近地区的可达性收益最多,时空收敛在一定程度上服从地理距离衰减规律。（3） 区域经济潜力整体呈均衡化发展,激发沿线城镇经济发展潜能,经济潜力演变等级性和层次性特征愈加显著。     

高铁影响下城市群空间关联形态与经济增长效应研究

以长三角、珠三角、辽中南城市群为例,选取2009-2018年各城市群地级及以上城市相关数据,借助社会网络分析和空间计量方法,实证研究高铁建设对各城市群的空间关联结构和经济增长的影响.结果显示,在空间关联形态方面,通过高铁建设,各城市群内所辖城市的节点中心度均有所提升、城市之间的关联更为紧密,但各城市在城市群中的排名位序...     

中国高铁网络结构特征及其组织模式

基于2018年高铁网络OD数据,运用社会网络分析方法从高铁网络、城市节点等方面探讨中国城市高铁网络结构特征及其地域组织模式,结果表明：①中国高铁网络整体较为松散,东北地区网络密度最高,东部和中部地区作为整体网络的中介作用明显;②重要高铁线路的“廊道效应”突出,中心度呈现出以京广、京沪和沪昆高铁组成的“三角旗状”空间格局并向两侧城市呈不规则递减的态势;③多层级网络识别出紧密关联高铁线路和四横四纵向八横八纵格局的转变;④高铁网络的地域组织形式表现为点-轴串珠模式、双核组团模式和极核模式,高铁网络的完善使组织模式由单核趋向于网络化转变。     

Structural analysis and design of frost resistance function for subgrade of high-speed railway ballasted track in cold regions

According to the technical characteristics of short fixed wheelbase of a high-speed carriage, a subgrade-track integrated space mechanical response analysis model is proposed for trains under the action of biaxial load after the comparison of the stress distribution characteristics of the ballast track subgrade bed structures for high-speed railway under the action of uniaxial load and biaxial load. The loading threshold value (high-cycle long-term dynamic strength) under the circumstance where the cumulative deformation of subgrade structure gradually develops and finally reaches the convergent state, and its relationship with the foundation coefficient K₃₀ were deduced, based on the characteristics of cumulative deformation evolution obtained from the unit structure filling model test under the action of cyclic loading. In view of structure stability and frost resistance requirements of the railway subgrade in cold regions, technical conditions to maintain good service performance of subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track are discussed and analyzed. Study results show that the additive effect manifests itself obviously for railway train bogies under the action of biaxial load than uniaxial load, which has a significant dynamic effect on the subgrade bed bottom and a slight effect on the surface layer. Thus, the adoption of a biaxial load model in the design of a high-speed railway subgrade accurately reflects the vehicle load. Pursuant to the structure design principle, the design method of the subgrade structure of high-speed railway ballasted track is proposed to meet the technical requirements such as structural strength, bearing stiffness and high-cyclic and long-term stability. Technical indicators are obtained for the variation of thickness of the surface layer of reinforced subgrade bed in the double-layer subgrade mode along with the change of K₃₀ at the subgrade bed bottom. The double-layer structure mode of "closure on the upper layer and drainage on the lower layer" was proposed in order to meet the waterproofing and drainage requirements of the upper layer of the subgrade bed in cold regions. A dense-framework graded gravel filler with weak water permeability at a coefficient of 10^-4 cm/s is used on the upper layer and the void-framework graded gravel filler at the water permeability coefficient of 10^-2 cm/s is adopted on the lower layer.     

高分辨率遥感影像城市房屋信息自动提取模型与实验研究

分析高分辨率遥感影像Quick Bird上房屋信息特征空间,构建Quick Bird影像房屋空间语义模型,并以大庆市东城区为实验区域,利用窗口阈值法对影像进行区域分割后,通过空间语义模型实现Quick Bird影像房屋信息的自动提取,并将提取结果与实地采样数据进行精度对比。结果显示,其形状一致性和面积一致性分别达到89.5%和88%,其中,矩形房屋提取效果最佳,人字形、多边形房屋的提取效果较理想,但圆形房屋提取效果不理想。     

中国高铁开通地级市的房地产投资空间格局分析

近些年我国高速铁路的建设,促进了制造业、生产性服务业的空间集聚。针对中国高铁建设是否也会促使房地产业空间集聚的问题,本文根据新经济地理学理论模型进行机理分析,采用2007—2017全国高铁列车班次数据,运用动态空间自回归模型（SAR）和空间杜宾模型（SDM）进行实证研究,得到以下结论：我国高铁快速发展改变了房地产市场潜力和房地产投资空间格局,出现房地产投资向核心城市聚集与向中小城市溢出同时发生现象。本区域高铁等交通基础设施改善,促进产业、人口和房地产投资在本区域集聚;跨区域高铁等交通基础设施改善,则会促进产业、人口和房地产投资的空间流动。房地产业在大城市过度集聚将产生拥挤效应,迫使房地产投资由核心大城市向高铁沿线中小城市扩散;具有优势地方资源的中小城市,高铁开通会加速房地产投资向其空间溢出。     

Logical data modelling for geographical applications

Abstract.

A formal, yet practical, GeoRelational Data Model (GRDM) is presented for the logical database design phase of the development of spatial information systems. Geographic applications are viewed in the context of information systems development. The generic needs of modelling spatial data are analyzed; it is concluded that they are not served satisfactorily by existing data models, so specifications of modelling tools for spatial application design are given. GRDM provides a set of representational constructs (relations and layers for the logical schema; virtual layers, object classes and spatial constraints for the user views) on top of well-established models. It constitutes part of a full, easily automated application design methodology. Extensive examples demonstrate the relevance, and ease-of-use of the platform-independent GRDM.     

区域城镇空间格局的识别方法及案例分析

通过分析城镇之间的空间关系,探讨了区域城镇空间格局的定量化识别方法。该方法包含3个步骤：一是通过人口、产业或交通优势度的分析,识别具有较大发展潜力的城市、城镇或城镇集聚区（空间节点）。二是以空间节点之间的交通联系及其未来发展变化情况为依据,利用多维尺度分析方法展现城镇之间的空间关系（空间联系）。三是确定城镇空间影响范围,进而确定城镇空间体系的整体架构（空间圈域）。以广西西江流域7个地级市为例,运用该方法,分析了2000年以来广西西江黄金水道及区域性综合交通体系的建设对区域城镇体系产生的影响,对未来城镇空间格局的变化进行了预测。     

高速铁路对东北城市网络结构的空间影响

借鉴复杂网络理论,以铁路列车时刻表为基础数据,探讨高速铁路的开通对东北地区铁路网络结构和城市网络结构的空间影响。结果表明：① 高铁强化了东北地区铁路网络的小世界、无标度等网络特征,各网络节点在可达性和辐射能力方面受到4种不同形式的影响;② 高铁强化了沈阳和哈尔滨的主-副双核心铁路网络结构,使得拓扑网络的离散程度大幅降低,长春、大连等城市的网络联系中心性显著提升;③ 铁路交通重心向西北方向偏移,区域间不平衡性增强,吉林省成为东北铁路客运联系强度最高的地区;④ 大连市拥有特殊的门户城市特征,即对外联通能力强,但未形成足够吸引力。     

Voronoi-based region approximation for geographical information retrieval with gazetteers

Gazeteers and geographical thesauri can be regarded as parsimonious spatial models that associate geographical location with place names and encode some semantic relations between the names. They are of particular value in processing information retrieval requests in which the user employs place names to specify geographical context. Typically the geometric locational data in a gazetteer are confined to a simple footprint in the form of a centroid or a minimum bounding rectangle, both of which can be used to link to a map but are of limited value in determining spatial relationships. Here we describe a Voronoi diagram method for generating approximate regional extents from sets of centroids that are respectively inside and external to a region. The resulting approximations provide measures of areal extent and can be used to assist in answering geographical queries by evaluating spatial relationships such as distance, direction and common boundary length. Preliminary experimental evaluations of the method have been performed in the context of a semantic modelling system that combines the centroid data with hierarchical and adjacency relations between the associated place names.