土地利用动态模拟模型的构建及其应用——以北京市海淀区为例

CLUE-S模型是一个基于经验统计原理的模拟多土地利用类型空间变化的动态模拟模型,它在世界多个国家和地区的区域尺度农业、森林为主的土地利用变化模拟中得到应用。作者对CLUE-S模型进行了改进,改进后的模型 (CLUE-SII) 引入了动态计算的邻域分析因子,可以对土地利用变化中的自发过程、自组织过程和土地利用类型间的竞争进行模拟,还可以根据研究区域特点构建不同的模拟方案,在这些模拟方案中,局地因子和邻域因子在土地利用变化中的作用方式不同。应用CLUE-SII对北京市海淀区1991~2001年土地利用变化进行了多方案模拟,结果表明邻域因子对城镇用地变化具有重要作用,其中将邻域因子看作自发过程放大因子的模拟方案获得了较好的模拟结果,整图符合比达到77%,其中城镇用地符合比达到82%,Kappa值达到0.754。CLUE-SII在北京市海淀区的应用实例表明,该模型可以对高分辨率和多土地利用类型下的城市扩展进行有效模拟,扩展了CLUE-S的应用领域;通过构建多模拟方案,不但可以探索最佳的模拟结果,还可以研究和分析不同土地利用驱动因子在土地利用变化中的作用模式。     

Simulation of future land-use scenarios in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region under the effects of multiple factors

Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change (LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows: (1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types (LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution. (2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction. (3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.     

多因素耦合下三峡库区土地利用未来情景模拟（英文）

Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change(LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows:(1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types(LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution.(2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction.(3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.     

Spatiotemporal change of carbon storage in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi,based on the In VEST Model

In recent years, land use and land cover have under gone tremendous change on the Loess Plateau, leading to temporal and spatial variation over many ecological factors, such as carbon storage. Based on four series of land-use data from remote-sensing imaging, spatiotemporal changes of land-use types and volume changes were analyzed. Combined with carbon-stock-assessment modules of the In VEST(integrated valuation ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, the carbon-storage change was estimated and analyzed at the subcounty and subbasin scales. The results show that(1) cultivated land and grassland area decreased, while woodland and urban land area increased in northern Shaanxi;(2) the average carbon storage in Huangling County and the Beiluo River Basin is the largest, while that of Yuyang County and the Xinshui River Basin is the minimum, and that of Wuqi County showed the greatest growth;(3) carbon storage in the study area showed a definite decrease in 2000, but in general has increased from 1995 to 2010;(4) carbon-storage figures of subbasins and counties are all restricted by the natural status and land-use landscape of the whole study area. From the results,it can be seen that the effect of ecological policies is remarkable. This study has important implications for the rational planning of land use, adjustment of the ecosystem carbon cycle, and related policies.     

基于Logit 模型的世界主要作物播种面积变化模拟

农作物播种面积动态变化因其重要性已经引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。从“人-地 关系”中人的角度出发, 利用多元Logit 模型初步建立了全球尺度的农作物播种面积变化模 拟系统, 分析研究了未来30 年内世界主要农作物播种面积变化的数量特征和空间格局。模型建立思路是: 作物播种面积变化是农户作物选择行为的直接结果, 而选择何种作物进行播种是由作物效用决定的。因此, 利用离散选择理论, 选择影响作物效用大小的主要解释变量建立效用函数, 动态模拟农户作物选择行为, 并得到这种选择行为所带来的农作物播种面积变 化的时空特征。模型建立后, 利用联合国粮农组织(FAO) 2001-2003 年统计数据和2001 年MODIS 全球土地覆盖数据产品对模型结果进行验证, 结果表明模型运行可靠, 和实际状况吻合较好, 可以应用于未来情景模拟分析。其后, 以5 年为步长, 模型对世界四大作物(水稻、玉米、小麦和大豆) 在2005-2035 年间的播种面积动态变化进行了模拟, 从全球作物总播种面 积变化差异、四大作物播种面积变化的区域差异和不同区域内四大作物播种面积变化差异等方面进行了分析研究, 结果表明: 不同作物播种面积变化的数量特征和空间格局是不相同的。 虽然目前模型还存在一些不确定性, 但仍然能够在一定程度上为理解现在和未来农业土地利用的复杂动态变化提供帮助, 模拟结果可为有关部门提供决策支持和信息服务。     

A travel time-based variable grid approach for an activity-based cellular automata model

Urban growth and population growth are used in numerous models to determine their potential impacts on both the natural and the socio-economic systems. Cellular automata (CA) land-use models became popular for urban growth modelling since they predict spatial interactions between different land uses in an explicit and straightforward manner. A common deficiency of land-use models is that they only deal with abstract categories, while in reality, several activities are often hosted at one location (e.g. population, employment, agricultural yield, nature…). Recently, a multiple activity-based variable grid CA model was proposed to represent several urban activities (population and economic activities) within single model cells. The distance-decay influence rules of the model included both short- and long-distance interactions, but all distances between cells were simply Euclidean distances. The geometry of the real transportation system, as well as its interrelations with the evolving activities, were therefore not taken into account. To improve this particular model, we make the influence rules functions of time travelled on the transportation system. Specifically, the new algorithm computes and stores all travel times needed for the variable grid CA. This approach provides fast run times, and it has a higher resolution and more easily modified parameters than the alternative approach of coupling the activity-based CA model to an external transportation model. This paper presents results from one Euclidean scenario and four different transport network scenarios to show the effects on land-use and activity change in an application to Belgium. The approach can add value to urban scenario analysis and the development of transport- and activity-related spatial indicators, and constitutes a general improvement of the activity-based CA model.     

Simulating urban land-use changes at a large scale by integrating dynamic land parcel subdivision and vector-based cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been widely used to simulate complex urban development processes. Previous studies indicated that vector-based cellular automata (VCA) could be applied to simulate urban land-use changes at a realistic land parcel level. Because of the complexity of VCA, these studies were conducted at small scales or did not adequately consider the highly fragmented processes of urban development. This study aims to build an effective framework called dynamic land parcel subdivision (DLPS)-VCA to accurately simulate urban land-use change processes at the land parcel level. We introduce this model in urban land-use change simulations to reasonably divide land parcels and introduce a random forest algorithm (RFA) model to explore the transition rules of urban land-use changes. Finally, we simulate the land-use changes in Shenzhen between 2009 and 2014 via the proposed DLPS-VCA model. Compared to the advanced Patch-CA and RFA-VCA models, the DLPS-VCA model achieves the highest simulation accuracy (Figure-of-Merit = 0.232), which is 32.57% and 18.97% higher respectively, and is most similar to the actual land-use scenario (similarity = 94.73%) at the pattern level. These results indicate that the DLPS-VCA model can both accurately split the land during urban land-use changes and significantly simulate urban expansion and urban land-use changes at a fine scale. Furthermore, the land-use change rules that are based on DPLS-VCA mining and the simulation results of several future urban development scenarios can act as guides for future urban planning policy formulation.     

Urban growth simulation by incorporating planning policies into a CA-based future land-use simulation model

Urban land-use change is affected by urban planning and government decision-making. Previous urban simulation methods focused only on planning constraints that prevent urban growth from developing in specific regions. However, regional planning produces planning policies that drive urban development, such as traffic planning and development zones, which have rarely been considered in previous studies. This study aims to design two mechanisms based on a cellular automata-based future land-use simulation model to integrate different planning drivers into simulations. The first update mechanism considers the influence of traffic planning, while the second mechanism can model the guiding effect of planning development zones. The proposed mechanisms are applied to the Pearl River Delta region, which is one of the fastest growing areas in China. The first mechanism is validated using simulations from 2000–2013 and demonstrates that simulation accuracy is improved by the consideration of traffic planning. In the simulation from 2013–2052, the two mechanisms are implemented and yield more realistic urban spatial patterns. The simulation outcomes can be employed to identify potential urban expansion inside the master plan. The proposed methods can serve as a useful tool that assists planners in their evaluation of urban evolvement under the impact of different planning policies.     

山东半岛城市群高速交通优势度与土地利用效率的空间关系

中国城市群正面临着土地利用效率偏低的问题,而高速交通建设是驱动土地利用变化的一个重要因素,因而探究高速交通建设与土地利用效率的空间关系将是一个重要议题。以山东半岛城市群42个陆域县级单元为例,采用高速公路相对密度、与高铁站点及机场的空间距离等指标,构建高速交通优势度评价模型,并以土地、资本、劳动力及经济、环境效益作为土地投入产出要素,采用DEA模型测算土地利用效率。通过分析高速交通优势度和土地利用效率的空间关系,结果发现：① 两者之间的协调性存在空间差异性,以济南、青岛两大枢纽为中心,枢纽圈层（另含青州、威海次级枢纽）呈现显著的空间协调性,而随着与枢纽城市距离的增大,空间协调性呈现衰减态势,其中潍坊、海阳等远离枢纽城市的交通干线沿线地区土地利用效率滞后于高速交通优势度,而利津、垦利和五莲等远离枢纽城市和交通干线的欠发达地区呈现低水平的空间协调性;② 缘于要素集聚与内生增长机制,高速交通类型多样性与土地利用效率具有显著的正向关系;③ 高速交通可通过枢纽效应促进优势要素与技术以空间外溢的形式在核心城市与一般城市之间传递,进而重构区域土地利用效率空间格局;④ 高速公路的均衡建设促使山东半岛城市群破除了高速交通建设的短板效应制约,土地利用效率空间格局整体呈现均衡态势,加之高铁站点、机场节点式布局明显,导致土地利用效率呈现宏观上高效集约、微观上团-轴凸显的空间格局。     

山东半岛城市群高速交通优势度与土地利用效率的空间关系（英文）

Land-use efficiency is low for the urban agglomeration of China. High-speed transportation construction has been an important factor driving land use change. It is critically important to explore the spatial relationship between the high-speed transportation superiority degree and land-use efficiency. We built a model to evaluate the benefits of convenient high-speed transportation using the relative density of highways and the distance from high-speed rail stations and airports as a metric. We used 42 counties of the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration as an example. Land-use efficiency was calculated by a DEA model with capital, labor, economic benefits and environmental benefits as input and output factors. We examined the spatial relationships between high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency and obtained the following results. First, there are significant spatial differences in the relationships between the high-speed transportation superiority degree and land-use efficiency. Taking the two major cities of Jinan and Qingdao as the hubs, the core surrounding counties show significant spatial relationship between land-use efficiency and the high-speed transportation superiority degree. Spatial correlation declines as the distance from the hubs increases. Land-use efficiency is less than high-speed transportation convenience in areas along the transportation trunks that are distant from the hub cities. Correlation is low in areas that are away from both hub cities and transportation trunk routes. Second, high-speed transportation has a positive relationship with land-use efficiency due to the mechanism of element agglomeration exogenous growth. Third, high-speed transportation facilitates the flow of goods, services and technologies between core cities and peripheral cities as space spillover(the hub effect). This alters the spatial pattern of regional land-use efficiency. Finally, the short-board effect caused by decreased high-speed transport construction can be balanced by highway construction and the proper node layouts of high-speed rail stations and airports, resulting in a well-balanced spatial pattern of land-use efficiency.     

A heuristic cellular automata approach for modelling urban land-use change based on simulated annealing

This article presents a novel cellular automata (CA) approach to simulate the spatio-temporal process of urban land-use change based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The SA algorithm enables dynamic optimisation of the CA's transition rules that would otherwise be difficult to configure using conventional mathematical methods. In this heuristic approach, an objective function is constructed based on a theoretical accumulative disagreement between the simulated land-use pattern and the actual land-use pattern derived from remotely sensed imagery. The function value that measures the mismatch between the actual and the simulated land-use patterns would be minimised randomly through the SA process. Hence, a set of attribution parameters that can be used in the CA model is achieved. An SA optimisation tool was developed using Matlab and incorporated into the cellular simulation in GIS to form an integrated SACA model. An application of the SACA model to simulate the spatio-temporal process of land-use change in Jinshan District of Shanghai Municipality, PR China, from 1992 to 2008 shows that this modelling approach is efficient and robust and can be used to reconstruct historical urban land-use patterns to assist with urban planning policy-making and actions. Comparison of the SACA model with a typical CA model based on a logistic regression method without the SA optimisation (also known as LogCA) shows that the SACA model generates better simulation results than the LogCA model, and the improvement of the SACA over the LogCA model is largely attributed to higher locational accuracy, a feature desirable in most spatially explicit simulations of geographical processes.     

基于logistic回归模型的农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析——以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例

本文以农牧交错带的典型区域——内蒙古翁牛特旗为例,考虑土地利用变化过程的空间变量,建立了不同土地利用变化过程的logistic回归模型。结果表明:模型中转为耕地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和农业气候区;转为草地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离、土壤表层有机质含量和到乡镇中心的距离;转为林地的主要解释变量是到农村居民点的距离和海拔;空间异质性和土地利用变化过程的时间变量共同影响着使用logistic回归模型来解释土地利用变化驱动力的能力;通过对草地logistic回归模型的检验,得出空间统计模型能较好地揭示不同土地利用变化过程的主要驱动力及其作用机理。     

北京市土地利用空间格局演化模拟及预测

土地利用空间格局的演化模拟可定量地从空间尺度揭示区域土地利用变化的驱动因素,是厘清未来时期内土地变化的重要途径。基于CLUE-S模型,以北京市为研究案例,结合1985、2000和2010年三期土地利用数据,运用Logistic逐步回归方法识别了北京市各种土地利用类型演化的驱动因素,对北京市土地利用空间格局进行模拟。在此基础上,基于北京市社会经济发展、土地利用规划、资源禀赋及生态保护等不同情景,对北京市2020年土地利用空间分布格局进行模拟及预测。结果表明：①不同的时期内,驱动因子对不同土地利用类型的影响呈现差异性,其中交通因素及社会经济因素对土地利用类型的转化率影响较显著,坡度对各个土地利用类型的影响较大。②通过对2010年北京市土地利用变化的模拟结果来看,Kappa指数为87.03%,说明预测结果与实际土地利用情况有较好的一致性。③预测结果显示,北京市的城市发展均表现为继续向外扩展,且以东南、东北为主要扩展方向,但扩张的程度存在差异。     

LUCC驱动力模型研究综述

驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。土地利用变化驱动力模型是分析土地利用变化原因和结果的有力工具，模型通过情景分析可为土地利用规划与决策提供依据。基于不同理论的驱动力研究方法很多，论文选取了几种国内外应用较多的LUCC驱动力模型进行综述，分析了每个模型的优缺点及适用范围，最后得出结论：1) 基于过程的动态模型更适于研究复杂的土地利用系统。2) 基于经验的统计模型能弥补基于过程的动态模型的不足。3) 基于不同学科背景的模型进一步集成将是LUCC驱动力模型未来的发展趋势。     

The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change in four areas of Europe: The importance of landscape pattern

The response of erosion and sediment export to past land-use change has been studied in four agricultural areas of Europe. Three of these areas were subject to land abandonment or de-intensification and one to intensification of land-use practices. Erosion and sediment yield were modeled using the WaTEM/SEDEM model, which combines the RUSLE equation with a sediment routing algorithm. Spatial relationships between the RUSLE C-factor (i.e. land-use) and other erosion and sediment export-determining factors (slope, soil erodibility and distance to rivers) were investigated, as these account for non-linearity in the response of erosion and sediment export to land-use change.Erosion and sediment export have decreased enormously in the de-intensified areas, but slightly increased in the intensively cultivated area. The spatial pattern of land-use change in relation to other erosion and sediment export-determining factors appears to have a large impact on the response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change. That the drivers of abandonment of arable land and erosion coincide indicates that de-intensification leads to a more favourable landscape pattern with respect to reduction of erosion and sediment export. This mechanism applies not only within the study areas, but also among the European study areas where the process of intensification of some areas and de-intensification of others might result in an overall decrease of erosion and sediment yield through time.     

典型相关分析在土地利用结构研究中的应用——以环渤海地区为例

典型相关分析是一种揭示两组多元随机变量之间相关关系的统计模型方法。本文通过介绍这一多元统计方法的内涵、特点和思路,将其引入有关地学问题的分析———判别土地利用类型分布与其影响因子之间的相关关系。以环渤海地区为例,通过数据准备、操作过程和统计检验等几个方面,全面介绍了典型相关分析在实际研究中的应用     

乡镇尺度绿洲土地利用空间格局动态模拟与分析

以新疆三工河流域为研究区,根据历史土地利用变化过程及其主要人文驱动因素——人口、经济、技术和市场,设计参考模式、经济模式和生态模式3种社会经济发展模式模拟未来土地利用数量需求情景,采用CLUE-S模型分别模拟了地方区、兵团区未来土地利用空间格局的演变过程。模拟结果显示：地方区与兵团区Logistic回归的ROC系数均大于0.7,在40 m×40 m栅格粒度除地方区1998年Kappa系数为0.75外,其余均大于0.8,说明CLUE-S模型能够有效模拟干旱区乡镇尺度绿洲的土地利用变化过程,其计算的土地利用空间发生概率是合理的,不同需求情景下的空间动态模拟结果有效性好,可作为区域土地资源可持续利用规划决策的参考依据。     

土壤侵蚀研究中降雨过程随机模拟综述

土壤侵蚀是中国严峻的环境问题之一。土壤侵蚀模型是诊断和防治土壤侵蚀问题的有力工具。降雨随机模拟模型可以弥补观测资料在时空尺度上的不足,满足土壤侵蚀模型对降雨过程数据的需求。论文总结了降雨过程基本特征、随机模拟的研究进展以及未来的发展方向。主要结论有：① 最小降雨间歇(Minimum Inter-event Time, MIT)为分割次降雨的最小时间间隔,当干期小于该临界值,则合并为1次降雨;否则分割为2次独立的次降雨事件。采用指数方法计算得到中国中东部最小降雨间歇变化于7.6~16.6 h 之间,平均值为10.7 h;当MIT值较小时,次降雨过程参数如次雨量、历时、平均雨强与峰值雨强等对MIT的变化敏感。② 降雨的时程分配特征反映次降雨量在降雨过程中的分配,是降雨过程随机模拟的重要方面。采用Huff雨型分析方法得到中国降雨以峰值出现在前期的降雨为主,峰值出现在前1/2时段的降雨占65.1%;峰值出现在前期的降雨事件,与峰值出现在后期的降雨事件相比,历时较短、雨强较大。③ 美国农业部水蚀预报项目WEPP中自带的天气随机模型CLIGEN能较好地模拟日雨量,整体上低估次降雨历时,高估峰值雨强;且对于不同大小的日雨量等级,次降雨历时和峰值雨强的偏差方向和程度不一致。④ CLIGEN的参数输入需要降雨过程观测资料,难以获取,小时降雨观测资料相对更易获取,基于此,发展了使用小时降雨数据计算CLIGEN中2个与降雨过程相关的参数TimePk和MX.5P的方法。未来需加强随机模型对极值的模拟能力,以及建立多站点、多气象要素相关的天气条件约束型随机模型。     

Simulating land-use dynamics under planning policies by integrating artificial immune systems with cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been increasingly used in simulating urban expansion and land-use dynamics. However, most urban CA models rely on empirical data for deriving transition rules, assuming that the historical trend will continue into the future. Such inertia CA models do not take into account possible external interventions, particularly planning policies, and thus have rarely been used in urban and land-use planning. This paper proposes to use artificial immune systems (AIS) as a technique for incorporating external interventions and generating alternatives in urban simulation. Inspired by biological immune systems, the primary process of AIS is the evolution of a set of ‘antibodies’ that are capable of learning through interactions with a set of sample ‘antigens’. These ‘antibodies’ finally get ‘matured’ and can be used to identify/classify other ‘antigens’. An AIS-based CA model incorporates planning policies by altering the evolution mechanism of the ‘antibodies’. Such a model is capable of generating different scenarios of urban development under different land-use policies, with which the planners will be able to answer ‘what if’ questions and to evaluate different options. We applied an AIS-based CA model to the simulation of urban agglomeration development in the Pearl River Delta in southern China. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed model can be very useful in exploring various planning scenarios of urban development.     

基于遥感影像数据的汉川市土地利用动态变化探讨

以1991~2002年汉川市土地利用遥感数据为基础,选取土地利用变化幅度、动态度、土地利用程度指数及景观生态学指标中的多样性、均衡度和优势度指数,对研究区的土地利用变化状况和驱动力因素进行分析。结果表明:1991年以来,汉川市土地利用结构中,水域、未利用地有所减少,建设用地增加,林地、耕地变化幅度和动态度最大;12年来汉川市土地利用处于调整和发展期,生态景观和均质程度在上升。综合分析表明,人口、经济、政策在土地利用变化中起着主导作用。