空间信息分析技术

在GIS技术日趋成熟和空间数据极大丰富的今天,通过分析空间数据探索空间过程机理正变得日益迫切。空间信息分析技术至少包括以下六个主要方面:(1)空间数据获取和预处理;(2)属性数据空间化和空间尺度转换;(3)空间信息探索分析;(4)地统计;(5)格数据分析;(6)复杂信息反演和预报。本文提出了解决具体应用问题一般的空间数据分析计算、结果解释和反馈程序。认为空间过程的一般共性和作为共同的研究对象,各种不同的方法技术最终可能导致空间数学(spatialmathematics)的产生,同时发展鲁棒的空间分析软件包对于普及空间数学是必要的。     

空间数据分析与空间模型

虽然GIS已在各个领域得到广泛应用,但它相对较弱的空间分析功能正在限制其应用的广度和深度。文中系统论述了空间数据的基本特征,GIS中空间数据分析的基本需求,空间统计分析,空间数据探索分析以及空间模型,探讨了GIS与空间模型结合的必要性,结合途径以及结合中的问题与对策。     

关于加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的思考

大国间的争霸与兴衰更替,无疑不受地缘政治和地缘经济法则的支配。冷战结束以来,随着中国等新兴国家经济的迅速发展,国际权力结构正发生深刻重组,世界正在进入新的地缘政治、地缘经济大时代,中国和平发展亟需地缘政治学、地缘经济学的理论支撑。本文在总结世界地缘政治和地缘经济发展态势的基础上,从思想渊源上论述了地理学在地缘政治学和地缘经济学发展中的基础性作用,剖析了当前中国地理学在地缘政治地缘经济领域研究中的不足,进而提出了地理学界如何加强地缘政治地缘经济研究的几点建议。     

新时代国别地理研究的若干思考

国别地理研究是了解世界和研究世界的重要学术工具,我国目前所处的发展阶段正前所未有地对国别地理研究产生了重大需求。本文回顾和分析了中国国别地理研究的历史与现状;阐明了时代进步、国家战略与学科发展对国别地理研究的迫切需要;提出了新时代中国国别地理研究的主要方向,包括以地理要素为核心主题的国别地理研究、以地理科学问题为导向的国别地理研究、以服务国家需求为目标的国别地理研究、全球化视野下的国别地理研究和中外地理对比研究;指出了未来中国国别地理研究应突出“四化”,即细化国别地理研究对象,深化国别地理研究问题,强化国别地理研究工作,转化国别地理研究成果。期待本文能为激发地理学国别地理研究的热情、推动我国国别地理研究提供有益启示。     

坡位渐变信息的模糊推理

坡位的空间变化通常是渐变的,定量的坡位空间渐变信息对于精细尺度上的坡面土壤侵蚀、预测性土壤制图等应用具有重要意义。现有基于栅格DEM的坡位模糊识别方法,或是仅在属性域内模糊聚类,忽略了空间信息;或是需要繁琐的规则进行模糊分类,实用性受限。本文建立了一种基于相似度的模糊推理方法,根据各类坡位在空间上的典型位置,计算其他位置与典型位置间的相似度,从而对坡位空间渐变信息进行系统、定量的描述。应用表明本方法能够合理地描述山脊、坡肩、背坡、坡脚、沟谷等重要坡位类型的渐变信息,所获得的坡位渐变信息也能够合理地解释土壤样点的A层土壤含砂量随坡位渐变的变化趋势。     

基于ESDA的西北地区公路网分布空间差异分析

利用探索式空间数据分析（ESDA）方法分析了2004-2010年西北地区市域尺度的公路网空间分布差异及其变化特征,并结合定性分析和空间计量模型探讨了公路分布差异的驱动机制。结果表明:（1）西北地区公路网空间分布具有显著的全局正相关关系,存在明显的集聚特征,公路网空间差异趋势愈加明显,公路网集聚模式发生明显变化的区域集中在陕甘宁交界地带,“陕南-关中-陇东-青东”地区形成公路网“高-高”集聚类型分布的连绵区域,“低-低”集聚类型区域分布在河西走廊、新疆、青海地区;（2）公路网密度水平高于全国平均水平的区域规模数量呈增长态势,其中“西安-兰州-西宁”地区的公路网密度水平高于全国平均水平,该地区已形成具备向外扩张能力的交通带;（3）自然环境状况是约束公路交通基础设施建设运营的基本条件,而区域经济的非均衡发展格局及其空间溢出效应是形成公路网分布差异的重要驱动力。     

An inductive modelling procedure based on Bayes' theorem for analysis of pattern in spatial data

Abstract

This paper describes an inductive modelling procedure integrated with a geographical information system for analysis of pattern within spatial data. The aim of the modelling procedure is to predict the distribution within one data set by combining a number of other data sets. Data set combination is carried out using Bayes’ theorem. Inputs to the theorem, in the form of conditional probabilities, are derived from an inductive learning process in which attributes of the data set to be modelled are compared with attributes of a variety of predictor data sets. This process is carried out on random subsets of the data to generate error bounds on inputs for analysis of error propagation associated with the use of Bayes’ theorem to combine data sets in the GIS. The statistical significance of model inputs is calculated as part of the inductive learning process. Use of the modelling procedure is illustrated through the analysis of the winter habitat relationships of red deer in Grampian Region, north-east Scotland. The distribution of red deer in Deer Management Group areas in Gordon and in Kincardine and Deeside Districts is used to develop a model which predicts the distribution throughout Grampian Region; this is tested against red deer distribution in Moray District. Habitat data sets used for constructing the model are accumulated frost and altitude, obtained from maps, and land cover, derived from satellite imagery. Errors resulting from the use of Bayes’ theorem to combine data sets within the GIS and introduced in generalizing output from 50 m pixel to 1 km grid squares resolution are analysed and presented in a series of maps. This analysis of error trains is an integral part of the implemented analytical procedure and provides support to the interpretation of the results of modelling. Potential applications of the modelling procedure are discussed.     

An exploratory spatial data analysis of low birth weight prevalence in Georgia

Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a live birth weighing less than 2500 g, is a significant public health problem in the United States, but the complex nature of the etiology of this problem is not fully understood. Moreover, significant disparities in LBW prevalence are well documented among certain populations, particularly in minority and underserved communities. The identification of spatial patterns of LBW prevalence is a critical first step in a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of this public health challenge and these techniques are instrumental in designing valid observational and analytical studies to more fully study the problem. This paper examines the spatial patterns of LBW prevalence, as well as the presence of spatial clusters in the State of Georgia at both the county and census tract levels. Unadjusted and empirical Bayes smoothed LBW rates were mapped to visualize the spatial variation of LBW rates, and the Moran’s I statistic and the Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) statistic were computed to assess the degree of spatial dependence in the LBW rates. Results revealed marked geographical variation in LBW prevalence in Georgia in 2000. In addition, these data validate the significant disparity (two-fold difference) between white and black racial subgroups as documented in the literature. Trends associated with positive and negative spatial autocorrelations illustrated variation with respect to race. Limitations of data and methods, as well as plans for utility of the results of this study for further investigation were discussed.     

空间数据统计分析的思想起源与应用演化

系统总结了空间数据统计分析的发展历程,并分为五个时期：① 早期孕育（计量革命之前）,其重要思想是19世纪初德国的区位论;② 计量革命（1950-1960年代）,主要是经典统计学的应用和理论探索;③ 空间统计学（1970-1980年代）,重点是空间点数据、面数据和空间连续性数据的分析;④ 成熟与扩散（1990-2000年代）,空间数据统计分析发展成熟并快速向其他领域扩散;⑤ 时空大数据（2010年以后）。换句话说,计量革命开始后的空间数据统计分析大约每20年有重要的新技术或方法出现,到现在已经具有成熟、系统化的方法和显著的社会效益。而在当前的时空大数据时期,其发展需要计算机科学家、统计学家和地理学家等不同学科领域人员的共同努力。     

Integrating GIS and spatial data analysis: problems and possibilities

Abstract

This article is an agreed summary of a workshop held in Sheffield between 18-20 March 1991. The focus here is on three of the themes of the workshop: the mutual benefits of closer links between geographical information systems (GIS) and the methods of spatial data analysis (SDA); the specific areas of SDA that should be linked with GIS; how the linkage should be made in practice. Directions for future research are also reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on statistical SDA and principally from the perspective of human rather than physical geography.     

Providing spatial statistical data analysis functionality for the GIS user: the SAGE project

Geographic representation has become more complex through time as researchers have added new concepts, leading to apparently endless proliferation and creating a need for simplification. We show that many of these concepts can be derived from a single foundation that we term the atomic form of geographic information. The familiar concepts of continuous fields and discrete objects can be derived under suitable rules applied to the properties and values of the atomic form. Fields and objects are further integrated through the concept of phase space, and in the form of field objects. A second atomic concept is introduced, termed the geo‐dipole, and shown to provide a foundation for object fields, metamaps, and the association classes of object‐oriented data modelling. Geographic dynamics are synthesized in a three‐dimensional space defined by static or dynamic object shape, the possibility of movement, and the possibility of dynamic internal structure. The atomic form also provides a tentative argument that discrete objects and continuous fields are the only possible bases for geographic representation.     

社会经济统计数据空间化研究进展

社会经济统计数据通常是以各级行政区为单位的汇总数据,它虽然能反映统计单元之间的差异但却不能反映统计单元内部的异质性,在实际应用中,无法满足统计任意区域内的社会经济数据的需求,而社会经济统计数据空间化则是有效解决该问题的一条重要途径。本文对现有社会经济统计数据的空间化方法、社会经济统计数据空间化过程所依赖的辅助数据、现有主要的社会经济空间化数据产品进行了归纳总结,并从空间化方法的制约因素和改进方向、新型辅助数据的探索和多源辅助数据的综合利用、高时空分辨率和高精度数据产品研发3个方面展望了社会经济统计数据空间化的未来发展趋势。研究结果可为社会经济统计数据空间化方法的选择与改进、辅助数据的选择与综合利用、社会经济空间化数据产品的选择与改进提供参考。     

Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns on deep seismic reflection data: a preliminary test

Spatial point patterns generated from bitmaps of images of processed reflection seismic profiles are analysed to quantify the reflectivity patterns. The point process characteristics for two different regions of a deep seismic reflection profile in northwestern Canada demonstrate that in both cases the points are not randomly distributed and that the point pattern distribution is different between the regions. The cluster effects for small point pair distances are stronger for the region of data where there is strong sedimentary layering than for the region where the layering is less distinct. As a result, it appears that future developments in point pattern analysis may provide a new tool for analysing spatial variations in reflection data.     

中国城镇化的农村减贫及其空间溢出效应——基于省级面板数据的空间计量分析

利用中国省级面板数据,运用空间计量模型,重点检验了2010—2017年间中国省域人口城镇化、土地城镇化和经济城镇化的农村减贫及其空间溢出效应。结果表明：①2010—2017年间中国省域农村贫困、人口城镇化和土地城镇化均表现出显著的空间集聚特征,而经济城镇化集聚现象呈现逐渐消减的态势。②人口城镇化对农村贫困主要表现为先缓解后加剧的“U”型特征,而经济城镇化则刚好与之相反,呈倒“U”型特点,土地城镇化对农村贫困的作用尚不明显,但主要表现出加剧农村贫困发生的潜在可能。③人口城镇化和经济城镇化对农村贫困产生了明显的空间溢出效应,同时,二者对农村贫困的空间溢出效应存在“门槛”现象。东部和中部地区的人口城镇化减贫直接效应门槛已基本突破,减贫潜力较弱,而大部分省份的人口城镇化减贫溢出效应门槛依然存在,益贫性的溢出效应仍然明显。相比之下,各省域经济城镇化减贫的直接效应和溢出效应门槛均已突破,整体上以益贫性为主。④城镇化发展过程中,应合理推进人口城镇化,加快完善相关制度改革。有效、有序地扩张城镇空间,优化城镇产业结构调整,壮大第三产业发展规模和强化其质量升级,增加城镇就业空间,提升城镇整体辐射带动效应。统筹协调区域人口、空间、资源等的分配与利用,充分发挥要素集聚带来的正向“外部性”作用,合力推进农村长效、稳定减贫,促进城乡协调与可持续发展。     

基于POI数据的广州零售商业中心热点识别与业态集聚特征分析

商业中心是城市零售活动的重要载体,优化商业资源在城市内部空间的合理配置,摸清不同零售经营形态的区位选择,显得尤为重要。以面向公众服务的商业机构兴趣点（POI）数据为研究对象,提出一种城市商业中心与零售业态集聚区识别的方法;以广州市为例,分析商业活动的热点地区以及零售业态集聚区的空间分布特征。研究表明：① 根据核密度估计法提取的商业中心在等级上表现出由城市中心圈层向外围圈层扩散的趋势,结果符合客观事实。② 以街区为单元,商业网点密度符合局域Getis-Ord G^*指数统计特征的热点区域主要分布在越秀区和天河区,广州市零售业发展的双核心空间格局已经形成。③ 不同的零售业态对商业集聚的区位选择具有显著差异性,百货商店、超市、便利店等零售经营形态的空间集聚特征与该业态的市场定位、经营模式及选址策略基本吻合。总体来看,基于POI数据的广州零售业集聚空间分析结果能够反映实体零售企业行为与广州商业经济分布的相关性,有助于提高政府部门商业规划和零售商选址前期研究的客观性和科学性。     

基于手机定位数据的珠海市职住空间特征研究

深入分析职住平衡的概念及内涵,从时间和空间两个视角提出了两种职住平衡测度方法。采用移动手机定位数据对珠海居民的就业和居住空间分布、通勤距离、通勤来源进行了分析,同时测算了各规划分区的职住指数。结果表明：就业地与居住地在空间分布上保持较高的一致性;全市居民以短距离通勤为主,平均通勤距离为2048m,各规划分区的居民通勤距离存在较大差异;各规划分区有80%以上的居民实现了本地就业或居住。同时,从自然、规划、政策方面分析了职住影响因素,并提出了优化产业和人口空间配置、打通各规划分区之间交通瓶颈、合理配套公共服务设施等相关建议。     

基于词向量数据场轨迹引力的多中心识别和空间交互分析

多中心化是分散城市人口,疏解交通拥堵,调节职住失衡,应对"大城市病"的重要手段.针对轨迹大数据,先利用词向量描述其空间特征和行为规律,再结合数据场理论表达城市区域对轨迹的吸引强度,并完成多中心识别,最后借鉴复杂网络理论对多中心空间交互规律进行探索和挖掘.结果表明:①郑州市轨迹吸引强度呈核心强、外围弱、沿线蔓延的圈层空间...     

Reconsidering the definition of a spatial data infrastructure

The great interest in spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) has led to a wealth of SDI definitions in SDI debates. The article aims to contribute to both theory-oriented and practice-oriented SDI research by providing a critical re-examination of the SDI literature. Ashby's formal theory of regulation, which sees infrastructures as regulatory devices, is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of several SDI definitions. This exercise shows how debates of the SDI objectives and the roles of users get caught in mantraps and also opens the door for a way out of this confusion by distinguishing between functional and adoption objectives. It also highlights the emphasis on technological components in the SDI definitions, which sidestep the importance of structural and human resource components in SDI.     

基于多源数据的武汉市多中心空间结构识别

研究城市不同要素空间集聚水平与层级差异、明确城市各职能中心分布,对城市多中心空间结构的发展引导和规划调控具有重要意义。论文分别采用兴趣点(points of interest, POI)、夜间灯光和路网3种数据,利用局部等值线树算法,识别武汉市多中心空间结构。研究表明：① 武汉不同城市要素的总体集聚水平不均衡,其中在汉阳集聚水平较低,在汉口和武昌集聚水平较高,特别是二环以内区域;② 武汉中央活动区发展比较均衡,内部各城市要素高度集聚,随着向外扩展,部分城市要素易于在局部集聚形成城市中心;③ 结合武汉圈层发展布局,城市中心沿环线的“商-住-工”职能分布模式逐步确立,其中内环以及二环区域已形成稳定的商服中心;二环附近综合组团内部出现了较具代表性的居住中心;三环外的沌口和武钢主导发展工业,是典型的工业中心。