东昆仑活动断裂带秀沟盆地段晚第四纪构造变形与地貌特征研究

秀沟盆地是发育在东昆仑走滑断裂带上的一级拉分盆地,位于该断裂带西大滩-东大滩段与托索湖段的左阶连接部位.本研究通过解译分析高分辨率遥感影像和数字高程模型(DEM)数据,并结合野外高精度实时差分GPS(RTK-GPS)测量数据,对秀沟盆地第四纪构造活动及其地貌特征进行了研究.研究结果表明,沿东昆仑活动断裂带秀沟盆地段发育了晚第四纪地表地震破裂带、次级走滑拉分盆地、错断阶地陡坎、错断冲积扇等典型走滑构造地貌特征.其中秀沟盆地东北部发现约50km长,而且保存完好的地表地震破裂带,很可能是1902年秀沟盆地东北部M7.0级的地震地表破裂带.在破裂带的长度上,它与1963年发生在其东部阿拉克湖段的M7.0所产生的40km长的地震地表破裂带相近.高分辨率遥感影像的解译结果表明,冲积扇上发育的河流T3阶地与T4阶地之间发生了90m左右的水平断错累积位移,根据同一海拔高度沉积物的宇宙成因核素暴露年代测定资料得出的T3和T4阶地的形成年龄分别是6276±262a和8126±346a,估算出东昆仑活动断裂带秀沟盆地段全新世以来的平均走滑速率为12.9±2.9mm/a.此外,遥感影像解析和野外测量指示晚第四纪冲积扇发生的累积错断距离为2970±30m,根据这些推测冲积扇形成年代约为297±19kaB.P.,由此估算出秀沟盆地段晚更新世以来的长期平均走滑速率为10.1±0.8mm/a.两者结果接近,表明东昆仑活动断裂带秀沟盆地段晚第四纪以来有比较一致的走滑速率.     

东昆仑断裂带西大滩段晚第四纪古地震历史

对东昆仑断裂带西大滩段进行了断错地貌填图和古地震探槽揭露,共揭露出9次古地震事件,它们的年龄分别为39090±2348aB.P.,27780±2360aB.P.,24100±1451aB.P.,19850±1690aB.P.,12670±714aB.P.,8980±544aB.P.,6380±388aB.P.,4425±265aB.P.和3030±182aB.P.。古地震重复间隔分别为11310±2880a,3680±2211a,4250±1879a,7180±1392a,3690±897a,2600±668a,1955±470a,1395±321a和3030±182a。结果表明,西大滩段晚第四纪古地震活动具有准周期性,其中7次古地震事件发生时间与东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段古地震事件的发生时间非常接近,这意味着东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段和西大滩段既可以独立破裂形成中强地震,也可以同时发生破裂形成强震。东昆仑断裂带的古地震活动历史对于认识该断裂的破裂特征和强震复发规律具有重要的意义。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段晚第四纪 活动表现与滑动速率*

文章对西秦岭北缘断裂带黄香沟段的沉积建造、构造地貌等开展了野外调查与研究。冲沟位错、断裂剖面、山脊位错、线性槽地、洪积扇变形与断塞塘等详细的构造地貌分析,显示断裂带在黄香沟段晚第四纪具有较强的活动性,以左旋走滑兼有倾滑分量为特征。根据其中两条晚更新世末期以来的冲沟左旋水平位错平均值30.5±3.0m,及其¹⁴ C限定的冲沟发生位错的年龄为13480±240aB.P.,获得断裂晚第四纪的水平滑动速率为2.3±0.2mm/a。 同时,由断裂位错洪积扇形成的1.05±0.30m垂直位移量,与该期洪积扇形成的¹⁴ C年龄3690±100aB.P. ,估算了断裂晚第四纪的垂直滑动速率为0.28±0.08mm/a。     

青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段全新世控震断裂研究

地表调查表明,沿青藏铁路唐古拉山-拉萨段存在5条重要的全新世控震断裂带,从北到南分别是温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带、谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带.构造-地貌和年代学分析结果表明,北部的温泉盆地西缘断裂和安多盆地北缘断裂带的活动强度相对比较小,平均垂直活动速率约为0.2～0.5mm/a.南侧的谷露西缘断裂带和当雄-羊八井断裂带的全新世垂直活动速率为约(15±0.5)mm/a.而中部的崩错走滑断裂带的活动强度最大,晚第四纪期间的走滑速率可达(11±4.5)mm/a.全新世断裂活动和古地震研究表明,其中温泉盆地西缘断裂带、安多盆地北缘断裂带、崩错断裂带的西北分支、当雄-羊八井断裂带的当雄段等区域未来发生强震的概率相对更大.     

元谋断裂晚第四纪活动特征及其构造应力分析

利用冲沟、山脊等断错构造地貌的卫星遥感图像解析,结合野外构造地貌观测以及断层露头剖面的研究,详细分析了元谋断裂一平浪-江边段的晚第四纪活动特征。研究结果表明,元谋断裂一平浪-江边段在晚更新世末期-全新世以左旋走滑活动为主,兼有一定正断层分量,其晚第四纪走滑速率大致为 0.45～2.60mm/a,其中一平浪-大龙潭一带,水平滑动速率约2.00mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.07mm/a;   木莲旧-秧田井一带,水平滑动速率接近0.53mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.06mm/a;   乐胜古-江边一带,水平滑动速率接近1.42mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.04mm/a。同时表明,断裂表现出至少两期明显活动的分段性特征：  较早期活动时间大致为 50.87±4.32～53.23±5.89kaB.P.,为一平浪-秧田井段的最新活动时间,且一平浪-江边整段均活动;   在秧田井-江边段,断裂最新活动时间应晚于17.92±1.52kaB.P.。2008年8月30日的攀枝花61级地震的震源机制解也显示出与元谋断裂晚第四纪左旋走滑的活动特征一致。     

玉树断裂带左旋走滑活动标志及其几何学 与运动学特征

玉树断裂带位于甘孜-玉树断裂带北西段,是一条总体呈NWW向展布的左旋走滑活动断裂带.沿断裂带发育错断水系与冲沟、拉分盆地、地震地表破裂与断裂破碎带等一系列反映玉树断裂带左旋走滑活动的典型地质-地貌标志.在室内遥感解译的基础上,结合最新的野外实地调查成果,对沿玉树断裂带上反映其左旋走滑活动的地质-地貌标志进行了总结,并对断裂带的几何学与运动学特征进行了综合分析.结果表明,玉树断裂带总长约150km,总体走向120～130°,自西向东可划分为呈左阶雁列分布的陇蒙达-结隆段、结隆-结古段和结古-查那扣段3段.沿该断裂带发育的串珠状拉分断陷盆地规模的大小反映出玉树断裂带自西向东拉张效应逐渐减弱、挤压效应逐渐增强的特点.玉树2010年7.1级地震的宏观震中处于晚第四纪活动性最为显著的中段,而仪器震中恰好处于该断裂带的不连续部位,进一步证明雁列走滑活动断裂带上的不连续部位通常是强震活动的初始破裂区域.     

滇西北程海—宾川断裂带第四纪分段活动性的构造地貌表现与限定

青藏高原东南部边缘的程海-宾川断裂带是一条正断与左旋走滑运动兼具的复合型活动断裂,起着调节青藏高原内部物质向东挤出的重要作用,并控制着区域的主要强震活动.基于GIS（Geographic Information System）技术,利用遥感影像和DEM（Digital Elevation Model）数据提取该区的关键构造地貌信息,对其第四纪分段活动性及特征进行了分析探讨.结果表明,程海-宾川断裂带的第四纪活动具有明显的分段性及空间差异性.其北段的金官-程海盆地主边界断层以正断层活动性质为主,并具有整个断裂带上最高的垂直活动速率;中段的期纳断裂以左旋走滑运动为主,且具有最高的走滑活动速率;南段宾川盆地东缘边界断裂也以正断层活动为主,但垂直活动速率略低于北段.总体上看,程海-宾川断裂带第四纪期间的垂直活动性由北往南降低,水平走滑活动性由中段往南北两端降低.在活动强度方面,程海-宾川断裂带百万年尺度的长期活动速率一直保持着较为稳定的状态,垂直活动速率主要集中在0.09~0.69 mm/a,水平走滑速率在0.20~1.40 mm/a.整体而言,程海-宾川断裂带中多数断裂的第四纪活动性以"中等"和"弱"为主.但历史地震活动表明,其不同段落上的未来强震活动趋势值得关注,尤其是历史强震活动相对空缺的中南段.      

东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震研究*

对东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段进行了断错地貌填图和古地震探槽揭露研究。除2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震外,共揭露出9次古地震事件,它们的年龄分别为31900±1923aB.P. , 27990±1681aB.P. , 23635±1427aB.P. , 20345±1225aB.P. , 16865±1018aB.P. , 12935±774aB.P. , 9730±592aB.P. , 6955±425aB.P.和3100±201aB.P.;古地震重复间隔分别为3910±2554a,4355±2205a,3290±1881a,3480±1593a,3930±1279a,3205±975a,2775±728a,3855±470a和3100±201a。研究结果表明,库赛湖段晚第四纪古地震活动具有准周期性,其平均重复间隔为3544±416a。发生在距今3100年前的倒数第1次古地震事件的离逝时间与重复间隔非常接近,这意味着2001年11月14日发生在库赛湖段的8.1级大地震为该断裂地震活动在准周期上的再现。高的滑动速率和长周期复发间隔表明库赛湖段活动习性以重复发生大地震为特征。     

新疆博格达山北缘阜康南断裂带古牧地段晚第四纪活动特征

新疆博格达山北缘阜康南断裂带古牧地断裂段是发育在古牧地背斜北翼的逆冲断裂,由南倾的主干断裂和南侧的反冲断裂组成,晚第四纪以来断裂新活动性明显,地表形成一系列的地质地貌现象.文章在大红沟附近通过变形阶地测量、探槽开挖和热释光(TL)年代测定,获得古牧地断裂晚更新世末期以来的平均垂直滑动速率为0.27mm/a左右,全新世以来的平均垂直滑动速率为0.13～0.18mm/a,速率明显变小.古地震研究表明,古牧地断裂晚第四纪以来有过多次活动,最新一次古地震事件的垂直错距在1.4m左右,离逝时间已达8ka以上.古牧地断裂全新世以来的运动速率偏低,很可能意味着该断裂需要一次强震来释放存储的弹性应变,表明古牧地断裂具有很大的地震危险性.     

RESEARCH ON LATE QUATERNARY PALEOEARTHQUAKE ON TAZANG FAULT ON THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE KUNLUN ACTIVE FAULT

塔藏断裂位于东昆仑断裂带东段,属于“玛曲空区”范围,汶川Ms8.0级地震对该区域造成了应力的加载,但是本区尚未开展古地震方面研究,地震危险性认识不足.通过断错地貌实测、古地震探槽、14C定年等方法,在坡中谷、断塞塘附近位置开挖两处探槽,获得了一些古地震方面的认识.探槽附近微地貌测量结果表明,断错量主要分布在两个范围区间72m和71m,以及27m,25和22m,两区间之间近倍数关系,推测由多次地震事件造成.两处探槽采集14C样品共计19个,探槽剖面分别记录了2次古地震事件,事件发生的层位与年龄具有一定的可比性,经逐次限定后得到2次古地震事件,时间分别为320±30～500±30aB.P.和2730±30 ～ 2840±30aB.P.;最近一次古地震离逝时间为320±30 ～ 500±30aB.P.;实际重复间隔约为2300a,与东昆仑断裂玛曲段的重复间隔较为接近.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the