A fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering spatial hierarchies among vague places extracted from user-generated data

The spatial hierarchy of part-whole relationships is an essential characteristic of the platial world. Constructing spatial hierarchies of places is valuable in association analysis and qualitative spatial reasoning. The emergence of large amounts of geotagged user-generated content provides strong support for modelling places. However, the vague nature of places and the complex spatial relationships among places make it intractable to understand and represent the hierarchies among places. In this paper, we introduce a fuzzy formal concept analysis-based approach to uncovering the spatial hierarchies among vague places. Each place is represented as a concept that consists of its extent and its intent. Based on the place concepts, the spatial hierarchies are generated and expressed as a graph that is easy to comprehend and contains abundant information on spatial relations. We also demonstrate the rationality of our result by comparing it with the result of a questionnaire survey.     

空间关系的动态性和模糊性描述

完备和形式化的空间关系语义描述方法一直是GIS理论研究的重点,空间关系的动态性和模糊性决定了描述方法的复杂性。该文提出一种空间关系动态性和模糊性的描述方法,该方法顾及0维、1维、2维空间目标,在空间关系语义描述中,引入计算语言学的“施动”和“受动”概念,将语义的产生归因于“施动者”空间目标对“受动者”空间目标的作用,将空间目标间空间关系的语义空间分解为分割度、覆盖度、接近度和环绕度,并给出这些量度系数的表达方法和计算方法。其有助于空间关系语义的形式化描述。     

栅格空间中三维地学实体拓扑关系表达的K6N9-I模型

论述栅格空间中三维地学实体拓扑空间关系研究的理论基础和现实意义,基于数字拓扑理论定义了栅格实体的6邻域内部I6、6邻域边界B6和k阶6邻域E6k,并以此分别替换9-I模型中实体的内部I、边界B和外部E,形成一种适用于栅格空间三维实体拓扑关系描述和分析的新9-I模型,即k阶6邻9-I模型(K6N9-I)。以基于规则六面体表达的地学实体为研究对象,通过扩展关系数据库SQL形成空间关系查询语言,实现了栅格空间中三维地学实体拓扑关系的定性表示和定量计算。以若干地学实体为例进行了初步实验,表明该模型实用方便,且在复杂地学实体的度量、方位等空间关系研究方面亦有较好的应用前景。     

Location approximation for local search services using natural language hints

Local search services allow a user to search for businesses that satisfy a given geographical constraint. In contrast to traditional web search engines, current local search services rely heavily on static, structured data. Although this yields very accurate systems, it also implies a limited coverage, and limited support for using landmarks and neighborhood names in queries. To overcome these limitations, we propose to augment the structured information available to a local search service, based on the vast amount of unstructured and semi‐structured data available on the web. This requires a computational framework to represent vague natural language information about the nearness of places, as well as the spatial extent of vague neighborhoods. In this paper, we propose such a framework based on fuzzy set theory, and show how natural language information can be translated into this framework. We provide experimental results that show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques, and demonstrate that local search based on natural language hints about the location of places with an unknown address, is feasible.     

城市空间结构的历史演变

在评述国内外相关研究的基础上,从生态角度对城市空间结构演变进行阶段性分析,按建城 过程的生态思想分析生态自发阶段（前工业社会）、生态失落阶段（工业社会）和生态觉醒 阶段（后工业社会）的城市空间结构演变过程.认为在人与自然经历“依赖-对抗-调节” 的过程中,城市的人工空间与自然空间也由相融、脱离到再次协调;城市空间结构模式由弱单中心结构转变为同心圆模式,再发展为主副多中心模式.     

论城市化的空间工具效应

人类发展从要素范式向系统范式转变将是必然趋势,不得不从"空间中的生产"转变为"空间的生产",以一个个规制性功效空间的构建规范现代社会,发挥着空间治理的作用,调控着人与自然的关系。城市和国家是人类进行空间治理最基本的两类功效空间范式,直接决定着相应社会系统的政治、经济行为,以及空间福利状态。城市是人类自行营造的物质空间和空间使役系统,是在时间、空间、物质、能量、信息、资本的有效整合下人类建构生存系统的一种基本空间范式,承载着复杂的政治、经济、文化与环境功能,形成了经济资本、政治生活、权力运作等交织在一起的具有多元意义的社会空间,发挥着空间管理与治理、规范空间行为、提供持续福利等功效。     

论经济社会空间组织的增益效应

空间既是一个生产要素也是生存的基础,“建构与充填空间”既是人类发展的目的也是发展的手段,科学的空间组织是人类社会可持续发展的基础,更是生态文明发展转向的关键,促进经济发展、文化传承和环境健康的持续增益是其基本出发点。本文系统阐释了人类进行经济社会空间组织的内涵和意义;分析了功效空间建构和空间经济社会行为组织与空间福利的关系,剖析了空间组织的经济、文化和环境三大增益效应的基本特征;提出了功效空间建构和级联系统营造是维系空间福利的两大空间工具,前者体现个体的功效,后者体现整体的效应。     

元胞自动机的地理过程模拟机制及扩展

地理空间、地理梯度、地理流和空间关系是经典地理学进行地理过程分析常用的4个基本概念,元胞自动机(CA)作为复杂空间系统研究的重要工具。分析表明,其与经典地理过程分析理论具有类似地表达机制,因而能有效地进行地理过程模拟。但由于标准CA是一种更广泛抽象的空间模型,其对地理特征的描述存在一定局限,限制了其更真实地模拟地理过程的能力。论文提出了基于地理特征的CA概念模型,深圳特区土地利用演化的实证研究表明,地理特征CA概念模型具有极大的应用价值。     

滇藏川毗连地区藏传佛教寺院分布的教派地域分异研究

藏传佛教寺院作为藏区独具特色的宗教景观而成为宗教地理学的研究热点之一,其不同教派寺院的空间分异格局是反映藏传佛教不同教派势力时空扩散过程的重要载体.着眼于滇藏川毗连地区,以四大教派寺院空间分异为视角,探讨藏传佛教寺院的地域分异特性及其历史形成机理.研究表明:滇藏川毗连地区藏传佛教四大教派寺院集中分布,但集中程度与集中地域各自不同,其寺院盲区范围及分布也不尽相同;宁玛派、萨迦派寺院与噶举派、格鲁派寺院呈金沙江东西两岸悬殊较大的分异格局;噶举派与格鲁派寺院数量上呈高度负相关.这些地域分异特性是滇藏川毗连地区的区域地理环境、不同教派主寺的分布以及藏传佛教四大教派传播扩散过程中教派间的斗争、土司的态度等多因子综合作用的结果.     

Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia

Initiatives designed to bring about social and spatial change, whether implemented by governments, international agencies, nongovernment organizations or private companies, invariably have an impact on how people perceive ‘places’– defined as spaces with particular meanings. In southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia the ethnic Brao peoples are facing rapid social and spatial changes as a result of a wide range of initiatives, many of which are associated with ‘development’. Case studies on internal resettlement from the uplands to the lowlands, the redesigning of living spaces, and the implications of protected national park establishment and management are discussed in relation to a four‐point typology of what is required to constitute place. The role of social and spatial (re)organization on place amongst the Brao is considered, including how peoples' conceptions of place are being altered and how the Brao are variously responding to efforts to (re)organize them and reconstitute their places.     

1978-2015年东莞豪华酒店时空演变与制度重构

东莞豪华酒店作为社会文化地理现象备受学术界与理论界的关注。本文采用深度访谈和文本分析方法,援引制度与空间的相关理论,探讨东莞豪华酒店时空演变背后的制度根源,试图解释在国家与地方的制度环境下,显性正式与非正式制度、隐性正式与非正式制度是如何成为一种内在的力量影响东莞豪华酒店的时空演变。研究发现：① 在地方尺度下,东莞豪华酒店经历了酝酿期（1978-1993年）、投资和投机探索期（1994-1999年）、腾飞发展和扭曲变异糅合期（2000-2004年）3个阶段,分别呈现出制度推动空间发展、制度与空间磨合、空间反作用于制度重构3个不同的特征;② 在区域尺度下,东莞豪华酒店迎来平行和稳步建构期（2005-2012年）,体现出权力空间从东莞流向外围。空间变化暗示权力关系的变化,表明东莞豪华酒店从深层次影响制度重构已经迫在眉睫;③ 在国家尺度下,东莞豪华酒店进入自上而下的整顿和转型重构期（2013-2015年）,显性正式制度迫使空间行为选择进入理性阶段。研究完善了制度与空间关系的理论,提出空间的发展最终受制于显性正式制度,中间经历了空间尺度的转换,经历了各种显性与隐性、正式与非正式制度的博弈,最终回归到显性正式制度。空间演变是一个被制度化的过程,制度在空间权力关系中不断完善与变迁才能形成符合空间景观与空间形态规律的制度体系。     

Weighting the Effects of Spatial Cognition and Activity Anchors on Time–Space Activity

Many elements are known to affect the decision-making procedures that underlie time–space activity patterns. Yet, knowledge regarding the relations between these elements is lacking. In this article, a hierarchical structure of external and cognitive time–space behavioral influences is proposed based on the results of a field experiment. The experiment relied on an in situ sampling of stated and overt behaviors of visitors to a touristic site in northern Israel, using questionnaires and Global Positioning System loggers. Two experimental treatments were simultaneously applied during sampling, dividing the sample into four groups: Each participant received on entry one of two maps, designed according to different cartographical–cognitive approaches; new activity stations were placed during half of the sampling days, meaning that each participant was exposed to one of two possible spatial layouts. The behavioral patterns recorded expose each treatment's distinct behavioral effect along with its relative weight within the decision-making process, thus pointing toward a hierarchical structure.     

论地域生存空间的认知与建构

生存空间是指人类或其中某一群体能够控制、利用和管理的由物质和环境构成的地表空间范畴。认知与建构空间并对其进行有效组织一直是人类社会矢志不渝的行动,基本目的是通过对生存空间的不断再造实现某种人类价值的彰显。生态文明既是一种意识也是一种行动,探索空间与行为的双约束机制是促进人类发展生态文明转向的必然选择。本文从空间的工具价值与系统功能切入,阐述空间的工具价值特质、空间的系统功能与建构的基本价值取向;解析生存空间的经济社会属性,以及空间约束的自然价值内核;提出人类利用生存空间所应遵循的空间公正、行为公益、社会公平的三大永恒原则。     

重庆市公共租赁住房社区居民的职住空间匹配

居住与就业间的空间组织是城市空间结构的重要组成要素之一,国外自20 世纪60 年代提出后引发了大量关于弱势群体居住和就业空间机会及其关系的实证研究。近年来在中国城市快速空间重构的背景下,中低收入群体的职住分离现象也引起广泛关注。运用职住空间错位理论,以重庆市主城区公共租赁住房社区为案例进行研究,对541 份有效问卷的统计分析表明:① 公共租赁住房居民搬迁前通勤距离与通勤时间的均值分别从6.5 km与32 min,增加到搬迁后的15 km与52 min;② Logit回归分析表明,群体类型对公共租赁住房居民通勤时间差异影响最为显著,年龄与居民通勤时间呈负相关关系,性别与年龄对通勤时间产生较显著影响。③ 公共租赁住房供应的政策性因素造成了被动迁移型空间不匹配现象,是其住户的区位选择与主要就业场所不匹配而引发的,因此需要深入研究公共租赁住房合理的空间布局方案和实施途径,尽可能将公共租赁住房区位规划在内城。     

Repercussions of institutional governance changes on communication practices in the Afar National Regional State,Ethiopia

Formal and informal institutions guide and shape communities and communication practices worldwide. Colonization, modernization and political transformation processes changed and questioned the role and relevance of informal institutions and strengthened the position of formal institutions. This paper looks at institutional governance transitions and the increasing presence of formal as opposed to informal clan based practices in the pastoralist lowlands of the Afar Region, Ethiopia, by analysing its impact on communication practices. Afar is governed by numerous multi‐scale institutions; a complex network of governmental and traditional, formal and informal bodies at different scales. The region witnessed the devaluation of indigenous and traditional customs, which altered how and with whom pastoralists and agro‐pastoralists communicate. The paper's case study shows that although residents now report their concerns to formal institutional representatives, traditional institutions are still functional. This change allows females to take a more active role in reporting concerns and communicating with authority figures. However, spatial disadvantages are present in this vast and sparsely populated region as those based further away from government representatives are disadvantaged. The relevance for a clear understanding of communication methods on the ground is stressed, in particular for implementing and disseminating programs and policies in this aid‐dependent area.     

Using ESDA with social weights to analyze spatial and social patterns of preschool children's behavior

To study the development of spatial and social behavior of preschool children, micro-level spatiotemporal data were collected for the first time in both spatial and social context using a novel behavioral coding system. These unique behavioral data enable us to explore the group-level, dynamic, spatial, and social patterns of preschool children's playing behavior from a hybrid geographic and social perspective. In this research, GIS and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) techniques are employed together to study group-level spatial and social behavior emerging from children's everyday activities and interactions. ESDA with social weights is proposed to explore spatial and social patterns of preschool children's behavior at the same time. The results highlight the utility of this approach for studying the relationships between preschool children's playing behavior and preschool's environmental settings and the relationships between preschool children's personal activities and the formation of their social network space.     

北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素

高尔夫旅游不仅是中国旅游资源体系中的重要组成部分,也是旅游产业从观光型向休闲度假型调整的重要支撑点。选取北京市作为研究区域,对18洞及以上共51处标准高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素进行研究,得出以下结论:①在区域经济发展水平的影响下,北京市高尔夫旅游资源发展可分为两个阶段:1985-2000年缓慢发展阶段,2001-2011年蓬勃发展阶段。②北京市高尔夫旅游资源的空间分布形态已经出现多中心特征,由空间点状集聚分布转向扩散化并形成线状网络体系。③从球场面积的空间容量分布来看,北京市高尔夫旅游资源呈现出空间不均衡的集聚特征格局。中心城区球场密度大,但空间容量规模低;外围新兴区域球场密度相对较低,但开发强度高,空间容量规模大。总体上看,区域地形特征、重要水系分布、交通区位条件、配套服务设施、关联产业开发、土地价格、规划及政策引导等各种要素,通过综合作用机制共同影响北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征。     

基于ESDA的闽西发展不平衡格局动态分析

区域发展不平衡格局动态涉及空间、时间、属性多维信息,根据1999-2007年闽西区域经济面板数据,构建空间时态数据库。筛选20项指标构建县域经济综合评价指标体系,进行县域经济粒度闽西区域发展变权法三维评价。在此基础上,从县域经济综合角度,应用基于空间探索分析的全局空间相关分析、热点分析及相应的局域统计分析等方法,通过探测县域经济空间联系模式挖掘闽西发展不平衡格局图式与动态,并利用时空一体化模型逼近。     

基于经济联系强度的乌鲁木齐都市圈 空间结构研究

从经济联系强度的角度出发, 运用分形理论对乌鲁木齐都市圈的空间结构进行研究, 计算 了都市圈内城市间经济联系强度。对比分形的自相似特征, 分析了都市圈经济联系强度的空间分 布情况, 指出都市圈存在中心城市辐射力不足、对其他城市发展带动力弱等问题。结合产业的相 似度, 探讨了提高中心城市经济辐射力的优化方案, 结果表明乌鲁木齐、米泉市、昌吉市作为一个 经济区统一规划, 经济联系强度分维值是以乌鲁木齐市为中心的近2 倍, 都市圈空间结构明显优 化。在对优化方案进行深入分析的基础上, 发现乌鲁木齐都市圈经济联系强度扩散的空间特征: ( 1) 中心城市的经济辐射能力以及周边地区对中心城市经济辐射力的接受能力, 随距离增加呈现 出按指数函数衰减; ( 2) 梯度扩散与城市的等级规模有关, 城市等级规模小, 对经济辐射的接受能 力弱, 可能出现跃迁现象。在经济扩散过程中, 两种特征同时并存, 前者占主导地位。     

东北地区城市经济联系的空间格局及其演化

基于空间相互作用的重力模型、潜能模型、隶属度模型等方法,以东北地区41个城市为研究对象,定量分析1992~2012年东北地区城市经济联系的空间格局及其演化。研究结果表明：经济联系强度与区域空间结构关系密切;东北地区经济联系强度南方高于北方、中部地区高于两侧,时空差异明显;近20 a来,以沈阳、长春、哈尔滨为代表的区域性经济发展格局基本形成,区域中心城市没有变化,但最大引力联结城市变化明显;最后,提出了流域型城市及其格局的概念,并进行了具体分析。