新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究

基于地理信息系统空间分析、栅格运算与叠加方法,针对克拉玛依市土壤侵蚀、土地沙漠化、土壤盐渍化和生物多样性减少等区域自然环境演变过程中出现的生态问题,考虑油田开发这一人类活动影响因素,定量研究克拉玛依市综合生态敏感性空间特征.研究结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀敏感性以中、高和极高敏感性为主,高和极高敏感性分布在克拉玛依区和独山...     

基于遥感和InVEST模型的白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空格局研究

以甘肃白龙江流域为例,结合遥感、GIS技术和InVEST模型,从景观地理学角度选取区域生境质量、植物净初级生产力和景观状态指数为评价指标,构建区域景观尺度上生物多样性空间格局综合评估方法,并在栅格像元尺度上开展白龙江流域景观生物多样性时空变化特征分析。结果表明：白龙江流域景观生物多样性空间格局差异显著,其生物多样性高值区主要集中在自然保护区和林业管护区,低值区主要分布在舟曲-武都-文县的白龙江两岸及其以北区域、宕昌县岷江沿岸、高寒稀疏植被区和高山积雪-裸岩区。1990~2010年,流域景观生物多样性较为丰富,整体呈现不断增长的趋势,个别局部区域减弱,其增长区主要体现在生态工程实施区和林业管护区,减少区多分布在人类活动频繁的城乡农耕区和灾害多发区。     

西双版纳勐养保护区热带林保护GIS研究

西双版纳是生物多样性的荟萃地, 利用 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ进行保护研究十分重要。研究共分３ 个部分： （１） Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ的建立。（２） Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ的应用。其中包括物种资源保护、环境监测和可持续发展规划。（３） 提高 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ实用性的探讨。结果认为： 保障数据源质量、数据标准化、控制数据处理和增强数学模型的灵敏度是提高 Ｇ Ｉ Ｓ实用性的重要途径。     

Selecting the Appropriate Urban Biodiversity Restoration Indices based on the Pressure-State-Response Model and a Multi-scale Management Problem Investigation in Zhuhai City

Urban biodiversity is now recognized as playing a critical role in supporting global biodiversity. However, it is important to note that biodiversity is a systematic and holistic concept and prior studies have not generally focused on cross-border or multi-scale management problems. On one hand, the ecosystems of cities are interconnected with adjacent cities by natural landscapes, so they are like mosaics instead of being isolated. Urban biodiversity research demands the consideration of the continuity within an ecosystem. On the other hand, both active protection and passive restoration strategies for urban biodiversity should not only be developed by researchers or municipal government agencies, but more importantly, they should consider the real ecosystem management problems faced by multi-scale departments in order to build a practicable Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. The solutions for these issues should be included in the analysis to form a complete and more effective urban biodiversity strategy. The study in this paper offers an answer to whether different scales of cities or districts should adopt the same biodiversity strategy; and therefore, the decision depends on whether the places are of the same importance to the global or regional ecosystem, or whether the ecological elements are connected to the adjacent cities/districts and the problems that multiple stakeholders care about.     

论GIS的模糊不确定性

文章对GIS的模糊不确定性进行了研究,主要目的是系统论证GIS确实舍有模糊不确定性,使人们真正认识到GIS不仅含有随机不确定性而且含有模糊不确定性。文章主要是从GIS构成的四部分出发即：硬件、软件、人员和数据,分别对这四部分论述其模糊不确定性,即GIS存在着GIS数据模糊不确定性、GIS硬件模糊不确定性、GIS软件模糊不确定性和GIS人员的模糊不确定性;最后,指出GIS的模糊不确定性的研究还处于初步阶段,特别是人员的模糊不确定性还有很多因素无法进行研究以及如何减弱GIS各部分的模糊不确定性的理论和方法。     

论地理信息系统在考古学中的应用

回顾了地理信息系统(GIS)在考古学中应用的发展历程和实例,分析了GIS与考古学之间的内在关系.GIS的各种功能可以用于考古研究的各个环节和许多分支,在考古学中应用GIS不仅具有可能性,而且具有必要性或必然性,这有利于提高考古学的工作效率和研究水平.因此,应当给GIS在考古学中以适当的定位,不应该看作是可有可无的.此外,作者讨论了应用中存在的限制和问题,对GIS在考古学中的应用提出了一些看法和建议:应当结合中国的特点,把GIS应用于解决中国考古研究中的具体问题;为了把GIS的空间分析功能应用于考古学,非常需要培养既懂考古也懂GIS的复合型人才.     

Editorial review

Abstract

This paper comprises the thoughts and perceptions of an interested outsider, an accountant and economist by training, who has recently chaired a Committee of Enquiry into the handling of geographical information. It focuses on the real barriers to getting more practical use from geographical information systems (GIS), most of which have research implications—but not of a technical nature. To an outsider GIS appears as a solution, or more strictly a tool, in search of a problem. Of course, there are numerous problems for GIS to tackle, but the difficulty is that those who have the problems are often either unaware of GIS and the questions they can deal with or, more seriously, are unaware that they have problems and of the questions they should be asking. GIS as a tool is about aiding managers to carry out their jobs more efficiently and effectively, and, more particularly, about better decision-making     

基于MapObjects控件的中国矿情地理信息系统及应用--以铜矿地质分布为例

从研究地理信息系统开发模式和普及应用方面存在的问题入手，分析了开发地理信息系统的几种成功模式，在此基础上利用Map Objects控件和VB高级编程语言开发了中国矿情地理信息系统。该系统不仅实现了图像叠加、空间分析、地图打印等基本的GIS功能，而且还实现了矿产资源的评价分析功能。这些功能的实现旨在为研究中国的矿产资源提供必要的分析和评价手段，同时在中国铜矿的地质分布、成矿条件、成矿机理、时空分布等方面的实践研究中取得了良好的效果。     

GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化

在区域尺度上以城市化过程为特征的土地利用活动对景观功能的稳定和景观结构的差异性有着深刻的影响。选择北京西北地区为研究区域, 应用RS 与GIS 技术, 对1989 年、1996 年、2005 年三期LANDSAT TM 图像进行解译判读, 深入分析研究区景观格局时空变化特征, 发现城市扩展造成了生态绿地破碎化、景观连通性降低及景观单一等一系列问题。在此基础上, 本研究以景观流运行受距离、障碍等因素影响原理作为出发点, 采用累积耗费距离模型, 结合景观组分的生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用, 研究了北京西北地区景观结构紧密性和生态功能空间差异, 进而构建源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系, 最后提出本研究区域的景观格局优化方案。该研究方法及结果对北京地区景观生态规划和建设具有重要的理论依据和和参考价值。     

网格GIS及其在数字油田中的应用探讨

数字油田是解决当前油田智能化管理问题的最好途径。该文分析了当前油田建设中所面临的问题,结合油田在勘探开发中的实际需要,特别就当前数字油田建设中所面临的共性问题,在分析现有油田技术及发展需求的基础上,指出了基于中间件的分布式网格GIS技术是解决当前数字油田领域中所存在的问题的最佳方式,并讨论了其实现过程。     

知识经济与地理信息系统产业发展

地理信息系统产业是以知识,技术为资本的新兴产业,在知识经济时代必将发挥重要作用,文章从知识经济特征的角度分析了知识经济时代地理信息系统的发展特点,在此基础上对适应知识经济的发展,当前我国信息系统产业应当解决的几个主要问题进行了。     

Public perceptions of biodiversity in Norway: From recognition to stewardship?

The authors surveyed a representative sample of the Norwegian population (N = 4077) to examine perceptions of biodiversity loss and management, the relative importance of biodiversity loss to other environmental issues, and perceived implications of biodiversity loss. The results showed that 50% of the sample population saw biodiversity as a reality and major environmental issue, and 75% recognized that biodiversity loss occurs. Biodiversity loss was perceived as a lesser global environmental problem than environmental toxins, climate change, air and water pollution, and loss of rainforest, despite the fact that these topics can be difficult to separate since biodiversity loss is a function of other environmental problems. Loss of biodiversity was seen to have negative impacts on people's relationship to the natural environment, to impact environmental resilience, to be at least partly human-induced, and to be an issue of importance and relevance to the general public, not merely to the scientific community. Self-reported levels of knowledge of environmental topics were associated with increasing concern about consequences of reductions in species diversity. The authors conclude that efforts to increase public support for biodiversity conservation can be strengthened by increased emphasis on aesthetic, emotional and cultural aspects of biodiversity.     

Paraguay's Atlantic Forest cover loss – Satellite-based change detection and fragmentation analysis between 2003 and 2013

The subtropical Atlantic Forest is a highly diverse ecosystem in South America and one of the most endangered rain forests in the world. The present study focuses specifically on the Paraguayan part of the tri-national Atlantic Forest. Over the last decades, the Paraguayan Atlantic Forest presented one of the highest deforestation rates in the world, and today, only a small share remains. Hence, forest loss in Paraguay's Atlantic Forest was detected and analysed through remote sensing and GIS methodologies based on Landsat images obtained in 2003 and 2013. The objective of this study was to examine the spatial impact of forest loss in Paraguay's Atlantic Forest over the past decade with a special focus on biodiversity conservation. Classifications results obtained overall accuracies above 83% and revealed that over 6000 km² of forest was cleared during the study period. The forest landscape and its fragmentation level were characterised through a set of landscape metrics, in particular the proximity analysis which support the identification of forest priority areas for nature conservation and potential biological corridors. In summary, the study revealed that deforestation and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest area continued, but at a slower pace than that in the previous decade. Protected areas were conserved very effectively; however, forest core areas without any protection status require further attention. Intact forest patches and their connectivity are a crucial prerequisite to biodiversity conservation in a highly fragmented forest area. The combination of different remote sensing and GIS methods provides valuable information for sustainable forest management in the region.     

桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究进展

桉树人工林引种带来的生态环境问题是生态环境效应的研究热点,认识桉树对生态环境的作用机制,为桉树人工林的科学种植提供理论依据,有助于维护生态系统健康稳定,实现资源与经济的协调发展.从单因子生态环境效应（包括生物多样性、土壤侵蚀、土壤质量、植被指数、净初级生产力）和多因子生态环境综合效应（生态系统服务价值、生态环境综合效应）两方面总结桉树人工林引种的生态环境效应研究现状.最后提出今后应注重桉树人工林土壤质量综合评价、生态环境综合效应、植被指数（Vegetation index,Ⅵ）以及植被净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）的研究;结合多学科理论,充分发挥地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）、遥感（Remote Sensing,RS）的优势,客观地对桉树人工林的生态环境效应进行研究.     

GIS在历史、文化地理学研究中的应用及展望

通过对文献的综合分析,总结了GIS应用于历史地理学、文化地理学、考古和文化资源管理以及空间社会科学的研究进展,并介绍了我国历史文化地理信息系统的建设实践。尽管在历史地理和文化地理研究中GIS应用仍面临一些问题,但它拥有巨大的潜力。因此,国内历史地理和文化地理学者应该重新认识GIS的作用,开发适合的GIS应用软件,搭建跨学科的合作研究平台,争取将GIS在历史文化研究中的应用纳入数字城市计划之中。     

GIS中的空间基准问题

GIS建设中空间基准的统一是GIS数据质量、数据共享、数据使用的基础。在我国GIS建设中普遍存在着空间基准不一致的问题。该文分析了我国GIS建设中空间基准存在的主要问题 ,并在此基础上给出了GIS建设中统一空间基准的方案、方法和步骤     

多维统一GIS构建与实现的几何代数方法

针对时空GIS发展所面临的时空表达不统一,高维扩展困难等问题,基于以多维统一和坐标无关为特征的几何代数理论,建立多维统一GIS构建的层次体系与方法。利用几何代数对象构造中几何维度与Grassmann维度的一致性,实现整合维度结构与几何关系的多维地理对象自适应表达。利用几何代数算子的特征内蕴与结构明晰特性,构建多维统一计算模型以及可支撑复杂地理计算的多维统一分析框架,进而建立基于几何代数的多维统一GIS系统架构与实现方案。对上述关键技术加以实现并进行了相关应用案例分析。结果显示,基于几何代数构建的多维统一GIS有望突破现有时空GIS的不足,可为以多维统一表达与运算为特征GIS的发展提供新的数学工具与实现途径。     

内蒙中部地区不同生态区土地利用 格局分布特征

土地利用变化对全球变化和可持续发展有着深刻的影响,同时生态背景因素对土地利用变化也有着相应的反馈关系。采用单元匹配和空间叠加分析的方法,分析了内蒙古中部地区不同自然生态区土地利用空间分布格局特征。其结果表明：不同的生态因素对土地利用空间分布的约束状况不同,土地利用在数量结构和空间格局两个方面存在很强的地带性差异。     

GIS in local government: some findings from Great Britain

Abstract

Local government is one of the most important groups of users of geographical information systems (GIS). The significant interest amongst users and the varied demands to be made of GIS have stimulated discussion in many countries. This article presents some of the findings of a research project which is currently exploring the impact of GIS on British local government. The discussion examines the results of a comprehensive survey of all 514 local authorities in Great Britain. These findings provide an overview of GIS adoption in relation to type of local authority and geographical location. Particular attention is focused on the type of systems which have been adopted, the take-up of GIS over time, the software and hardware being utilized and the perceived benefits and problems associated with GIS. The results demonstrate that take-up has been most pronounced in the larger authorities, particularly in the southern part of Great Britain, with the most popular combination of equipment being Arc/Info software and workstations. For those authorities presently implementing a GIS, the technology is expected to improve existing capabilities for information processing rather than enhance decision-making or help achieve savings. In seeking these benefits authorities are encountering considerable problems which include basic technical difficulties in getting the equipment to work, data-related issues surrounding the collection, standardization and maintenance of geographical information, and profound organizational considerations associated with the introduction of information technology into complex environments. There is an urgent need for in-depth case studies which evaluate the experiences of users in relation to the vital process of implementation.     

GIS系统集成的理论与实践

本文探讨了ＧＩＳ系统集成的若干理论问题，集成系统的体系结构及系统集成的方法与步骤，并结合作者在“八五”攻关课题“洪水灾害遥感监测与评估技术研究”以及“重大自然灾害遥感监测评估集成系统研究”中的实践，介绍了集成的内容和若干工程性提出了运用对象连接与嵌入技术实现模型与ＧＩＳ动态集成的方法。