Relationships of Agricultural Land Use to an Expanded Road Network within Tropical Forest Landscapes of Cameroon and Republic of the Congo

Road building in Congo Basin forests has increased due to expansion of commercial logging, with potential to expose intact forests to greater establishment of agriculture. We developed new knowledge of agriculture clearing sizes, spatial patterns, and relationships with roads in seven case study sites comprising 7,529 km². Using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery, we mapped roads and rivers, plus clearings for agriculture, settlements, and logging. Mapped clearings (N = 1,781) ranged in size from 0.008 ha to more than 300 ha; most were smallholder agriculture, with 64 percent ≤ 1 ha. Statistical tests of spatial pattern confirmed that agriculture occurred in an inhomogeneous-aggregated pattern, suggesting interactions with other landscape elements. Proximity analyses showed that 76 percent of clearings were within 1 km of a road or river. Thirty-five percent of agriculture clearings were within 1 km of main public roads built before 1990, compared to 17 percent for logging roads built after 2000. Less than 6 percent of agriculture clearings were within 1 km of logging roads with overgrown canopies, suggesting transient relationships. Results based on fine-scale data provide new empirical support for understanding the interactions between agriculture and roads in one of the remaining relatively intact forest areas of the Congo Basin.     

广州市工业用地空间分异及其影响因素分析

基于定量分析,采用GIS技术,对广州市工业用地空间演变和分异特征进行了研究。分析表明,工业用地拓展以市中心区外围地带强度最大,其时空变化除了深受产业政策和城市发展战略的影响,在空间分异上,工业用地还与行政中心、道路交通和河流水面等因素密切相关,城市和交通的等级和功能不同对工业用地分异的影响不同。     

Identifying determinants of urban growth from a multi-scale perspective: A case study of the urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay,China

Analyzing the spatial determinants of urban growth is helpful for urban planning and management. In a case study of urban agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay (China), four landscape metrics (total area, total edge, landscape shape index and aggregation index) were used to describe the landscape characteristics of the urban growth at two block scales (4 km and 7 km) during two temporal intervals (1994–2003 and 2003–2009). Spatial autocorrelation regression was employed to identify the geographic determinants of the urban landscape changes. The results indicated that the urban landscapes became more dominant, unstable, irregular and compact, especially in the centers of cities. These changes exhibited notable spatial variations and spatial autocorrelation at the two block scales. The distances to national and provincial roads influenced the urban pattern changes. The impacts of the urban centers on urban expansion gradually declined with the urbanization progress. The slope factor was the most influential determinant of urban growth. Our study emphasized the importance of considering the autocorrelation and scale effects when analyzing the determinants of urban growth. These findings may help land planners create policies and strategies for future urban development.     

Quantitative estimation and spatial reconstruction of urban and rural construction land in Jiangsu Province, 1820–1985

Land cover is the most evident landscape signal to characterize the influence of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems. Since the industrial revolution, the expansion of construction land has profoundly changed the status of land use coverage and changes. This study is proposed to reconstruct the spatial pattern of construction land (urban construction land and rural settlement land) for five historical periods over the past 200 years in Jiangsu Province with 200 m × 200 m grids on the basis of quantitative estimation. Urban construction land is estimated based on data about city walls, four gates along walls, and other socio-economic factors. Rural settlement land is calculated based on the rural population and per capita housing allowance. The spatial pattern of historical construction land is simulated based on the distribution of modern construction land in 1985 with a quantitative-boundarysuitability control method and thorough consideration over connectivity of different land use types. The study concludes that: (1) the amount of construction land in Jiangsu Province is estimated at 963.46 km² in 1820, 1043.46 km² in 1911, 1672.40 km² in 1936, 1980.34 km² in 1952 and 10,687.20 km² in 1985; and (2) the spatial distribution of construction land features the great proclivity to water bodies and main roads and the strong polarization of existent residence. The results are verified directly and indirectly by applying the trend verification of construction land changes and patterns, the correlation analysis between rural settlement land and local arable land, and quantitative accuracy test of the reconstructed construction land to actual historical survey maps covering four sample regions in 1936.     

广州重大交通设施建设与空间结构演化研究

1949年以来广州实施重大交通设施项目,带动城市空间结构形态发生较大变化,主要可分为3个阶段:① 新中国成立至改革开放的30 a间着重实施了以城市道路和桥梁为主体的交通设施项目,使广州形成了沿珠江前航道"带状分散组团状"的空间结构形态;② 改革开放后的20 a间,广州重点实施了快速路和高速公路为主体的交通设施项目,使城市空间沿珠江前航道向东和白云山西侧向北拓展,空间结构形态呈现"L形三大组团状";③ 2000年后的10 a间,番禺、花都"撤市设区"使广州市区范围大大拓展,新白云国际机场、广州铁路客运南站(高铁车站)、南沙深水港、地铁等重大交通设施和轨道交通设施项目在更大范围内进行合理布局和建设,促使了广州"多中心、网络状"空间结构的形成。     

Analysing urban sprawl and land consumption patterns in major capital cities in the Himalayan region using geoinformatics

In the present study, spatio-temporal urban sprawl and land consumption patterns were analysed in seven capital cities located in the Himalayan region during 1972, 1991 and 2015 using multi-temporal satellite images. The study exhibits that capital Himalayan cities experienced rapid growth (830.92%) with high population increase (333.45%) during the observation period (1972–2015). The significant urban growth was observed in the cities of western and middle Himalayan region viz., Srinagar (9.36 km²–142.19 km²), Kathmandu (11.38 km²–92.58 km²) and Dehradun (4.1 km²–50.09 km²) in the higher altitudes due to remarkable increase in the population (0.5–1 million persons) during 1972–2015. On the contrary, Itanagar (7.19 km²), Gangtok (7.09 km²), Shimla (3.04 km²) and Thimphu (2.93 km²) observed less urban growth with moderate to low population growth (i.e., 0.05 to 0.15 million persons). The Shannon entropy based study exhibits that the cities viz., Kathmandu, Gangtok and Itanagar observed comparatively more dispersed urban growth during later period (1991–2015) as compared to the previous period (1972–1991) whereas, the remaining cities observed comparatively less dispersed urban growth during later period. The temporal land consumption pattern exhibits low density urban growth in Srinagar, Dehradun and Kathmandu, as observed with decrease in population density and increasing land consumption during 1972–2015 as compared to other cities, wherein urban densification was evident with increase in population density and decrease in land consumption. The cities in central and western Himalayan region observed high urban growth as compared to cities in eastern Himalayan region. The result shows that the capital cities contributes insignificant proportion (0.5%; 314 km²) of urban area in Himalayan region and accommodating large (ca. 4 million) population during 2015. The study indicates unplanned and haphazard growth in all capital Himalayan cities, leading towards urban densification as well as dispersion in the periphery with varied pattern and intensity. The specific trends and patterns of urban and population growth are governed by geographical as well as socio-economic-political factors at local to regional scale. The high population pressure induced higher risk to the urban residents as well as constrained urban growth over higher vulnerable zones. The study necessitates implementation of suitable urban planning methods considering socio-economic and physico-cultural characteristics of the region.     

广州市海珠区高密度城区扩展SLEUTH模型模拟

高密度城区是城市的核心区,也是城区扩展的源,对该区域的精确识别以及扩展模拟研究,具有重要的意义与价值。以广州市海珠区1979、1990、2000、2008 年4 期Landsat 影像为数据源,运用非渗透表面端元选取模型(V-I-S) 与归一化混合光谱分析模型(NSMA) 相结合的方法,辅以单窗算法反演地表温度数据(LST),高精度提取非渗透表面丰度,进而设置合适阈值表征研究区高密度城区范围。在此基础上基于SLEUTH模型设置4 种场景模拟和预测海珠区高密度城区扩展,并用景观指数分析方法对研究区1979-2050 年长达70 年的空间扩展状况进行分析。主要结论为：① SLEUTH模型同样适用于小尺度区域的扩展模拟。② SLEUTH模型模拟中基于自然、人文以及城市扩展内在动力机制等条件参数的设置,促使模拟结果精度更高。③ SLEUTH模型模拟结果表明,自1979 至今,海珠区高密度城区以较快扩展速率扩张,尤以1990-2004 年间变动增长最快;未来的20 年其增长速率减缓,并于2030 年前后趋于稳定。这种扩张格局与变化状况与研究区产业结构、经济政策、土地规划决策等因素密不可分。     

珠江三角洲城市空间形态及其演化机制对比

改革开放以来,珠江三角洲地区的经济增长和城市空间形态的演变引人注目。利用RS与GIS技术方法,并结合经济、政治、规划等因素,对比回顾了改革开放30年来珠江三角洲六大城市——广州、深圳、佛山、东莞、中山和珠海城市形态的时空演化。研究发现,1979-2008年间,各主要城市在各自的地理条件和制度实践的基础上,演变出不同的空间形态。广州、深圳和珠海是自上而下的发展管治模式,其城市用地随着产业发展和优化而扩张并调整,但不同的城市发展政策造成了各异的空间形态;佛山、东莞和中山是自下而上的发展管治模式,空间形态总体上较为分散破碎,并在不同地理区位呈现不同程度的空间联系。     

非正式聚落快速增长下的城市蔓延

姆万扎是坦桑尼亚第二大城市,也是非洲发展最快的城市之一,近年来城市蔓延问题日益凸显。本文以遥感解译的姆万扎2000、2010、2015年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS空间分析、用地增长弹性系数、景观指数等方法和指标,并结合实地调研和关键知情人访谈,分析了姆万扎2000年以来城市蔓延的空间特征及影响因素。分析结果表明：1）2000年~2015年间姆万扎城市以非正式聚落形式快速蔓延,建成区扩展速度和扩展强度迅速增加;蔓延主要占用裸地,其次是植被,侵占植被的速度迅速加快;2）城市蔓延主要沿3条主干道进行,属于“廊道式为主,填充式为辅”的扩展模式,形成指状的城市空间形态;建成区紧凑度逐渐下降,形状变得更加不规则;3）城市蔓延的主要区域和整体范围都在扩大,距离衰减特征明显,沿东南方向扩展强度最高;4）城市蔓延主要受到人口与经济增长、交通条件改善、土地制度问题及有效规划缺失等因素的影响。加强次干路和地方道路的规划和建设,制定及时、有效、符合地方背景的城市规划,是未来姆万扎控制城市蔓延的可能途径。     

转型时期广州城市公共服务设施空间分析

通过构建城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平指数模型,借助三维模拟及GIS空间自相关技术,探讨了广州城市公共服务设施空间分布格局、公平性特征及其形成机制.结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施空间分布呈核心-边缘格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平...     

Urban construction land demand prediction and spatial pattern simulation under carbon peak and neutrality goals: A case study of Guangzhou,China

Urban construction land has relatively high human activity and high carbon emissions. Research on urban construction land prediction under carbon peak and neutrality goals (hereafter “dual carbon” goals) is important for territorial spatial planning. This study analyzed quantitative relationships between carbon emissions and urban construction land, and then modified the construction land demand prediction model. Thereafter, an integrated model for urban construction land demand prediction and spatial pattern simulation under “dual carbon” goals was developed, where urban construction land suitability was modified based on carbon source and sink capacity of different land-use types. Using Guangzhou as a case study, the integrated model was validated and applied to simulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of its urban construction land during 2030-2060 under baseline development and “dual carbon” goals scenarios. The simulation results showed that Guangzhou’s urban construction land expanded rapidly until 2030, with the spatial pattern not showing an intensive development trend. Guangzhou’s urban construction land expansion slowed during 2030-2060, with an average annual growth rate of 0.2%, and a centralized spatial pattern trend. Under the “dual carbon” goal scenario, Guangzhou’s urban construction land evolved into a polycentric development pattern in 2030. Compared with the baseline development scenario, urban construction land expansion in Guangzhou during 2030-2060 is slower, with an average annual growth rate of only 0.1%, and the polycentric development pattern of urban construction land was more prominent. Furthermore, land maintenance and growth, that is, a carbon sink, is more obvious under the “dual carbon” goals scenario, with the forest land area nearly 10.6% higher than that under the baseline development scenario. The study of urban construction land demand prediction and spatial pattern simulation under “dual carbon” goals provides a scientific decision-making support tool for territorial spatial planning, aiding in quantifying territorial spatial planning.     

沈阳市城市扩展与土地利用变化多情景模拟

利用基于遥感手段获取的沈阳市城市扩展与土地利用变化历史数据,对SLEUTH城市扩展模型进行校正,对未来(2005~2030年)不同管理情景下的城市扩展与土地利用变化过程进行模拟,并对其发展变化趋势和生态环境影响进行分析与比较。结果显示,在三种管理情景下,未来的沈阳市城市建设用地都将持续增加,大量的耕地资源被侵占;但不同管理情景下,城市景观格局和区域面临的景观生态风险却表现出明显差异。SLEUTH模型的模拟结果较好地反映了沈阳市不同土地利用政策、规划方案等对未来城市扩展和土地利用变化以及区域景观生态风险的潜在影响,同时也指出了当前城市增长管理政策中存在的不足之处。     

广州城市通达性综合评价及空间差异

广州市在2000 年提出“东进、西联、南拓、北优”的城市空间发展战略,2010 年初步形成“两心四城”城市空间格局,随后在发展战略中加入“中调”,以进一步优化城市发展布局,谋求在2020 年形成多中心、组团式、网络型的城市空间架构。城市空间发展战略调整有赖于城市交通基础设施建设的支撑,同时交通基础设施的完备程度与密度也是进行城市通达性差异研究的重要基础。近年来,广州的城市交通通达性发生了深刻变化,对城市空间结构布局产生了深远影响。在此背景下,借助地理信息系统,运用网格分区法对广州市交通基础设施进行区域划分和密度计算;进一步结合快速轨道交通（地铁）网络的时间通达性度量,对广州市的城区通达性进行综合评价,并分析其空间特征。研究结果表明,广州市城区的通达性呈现同心环状的空间分布格局,区域差异性较大,城市空间布局有待进一步完善和优化。在此基础上,基于地铁网络时间通达性和区域交通基础设施密度值进行区位等级划分,探讨区位因素与交通通达性的相互关系;并结合城市公共、商业服务设施和住宅区的空间特征差异,进一步甄别广州城市通达性空间格局特征和区域差异,从而为城市建设和空间发展提供科学参考。     

基于交通可达性的广佛都市区城市扩展的模拟与分析

可达性是连接土地利用与交通建设的关键环节,对城市扩展具有指向性。利用Auto-Logistic回归的CLUE-S模型,预测区域发展与交通规划两种情景下2020年广佛都市区的城市扩展,分析了1982~2020年交通可达性格局演变与城市扩展特征,并在此基础上揭示二者的耦合关系。结果表明：CLUE-S模型在城市扩展上具有较好的预测能力,且加入可达性因子有助于提高模拟精度;1982~2020年广佛都市区空间和时间可达性格局由双核心圈层结构演变为单核心圈层结构,且时间可达性格局有明显的交通主干道指向性;城市扩展强度与扩展差异逐渐拉大,预测2020年扩展区域集中在白云与花都交界处、天河黄埔一带、顺德部分乡镇;都市区由无序扩张转变为交通指向性,随着可被开发的土地的减少,交通指向性的影响减弱;初期的城市用地规模越大,交通可达性提高越显著,但随着交通基础设施先行建设的开展,城市规模对交通可达性的正向影响减弱。未来侧重于完善站点的公共配套设施和提高土地利用效率等方面。     

广州市地铁可达性时空演化及其对公交可达性的影响

应用GIS方法,选取2000、2003、2009和2012年4个时间节点,运用复杂网络理论构建了广州市公共交通网络模型,通过对比分析地铁站点与线路加入到公共交通网络中所产生的变化,定量分析地铁网络建设对公共交通可达性的影响,分析地铁发展不同时期内,城市公共交通可达性空间格局的演化,全面探讨地铁建设对城市公共交通可达性的影响,以期为一体化的多模式城市公共交通体系发展决策提供理论支持。结果显示:①广州市地铁网络顺利完成由树状向回路网络的转变,地铁可达性重心与广州市空间扩展方向呼应,呈现出向南、向东迁移特征;②地铁在很大程度上提高了广州城市公交网络可达性,且其改善作用随地铁线路网的增加和回路网络的发育而日益显著;③地铁网络对城市公交可达性格局的影响,打破了常规公交网络圈层式公交可达性格局,逐渐呈现出圈层式加沿地铁线路分布的廊道式格局;④地铁对公交各站点网络可达时间的影响,常规公交站点可达时间变化程度呈现出由地铁线路向外递减的空间分布趋势,当地铁网络发育形成回路网络时,大大地提升公交网络的运营效率,缩短各个站点之间的出行时间。     

东莞市城市热环境时空变化及其驱动机制

东莞市处于快速城市化进程中,基于19902005年Landsat TM/ETM＋反演地表温度,对地表温度数据进行归一化处理,分析东莞市热环境格局的时空变化特征,并引入建筑密度和交通干道对区域热环境格局的形成机制进行分析。研究表明：东莞市在近15年间城市热环境格局发生重大变化,随着城市建设用地的扩张,热岛由起初的分散点状...     

1979年以来南京都市区空间增长模式分析

利用遥感和GIS技术分析1978年以来南京都市发展区的空间增长模式,并从行政区、环形圈层和方位3个视角进行分析。研究发现:1979~1988年间南京主城以填充式增长为主,周围城区以外延式发展为主;1988~2000年间南京主城的空间增长很慢,外围城区以外延增长、线状增长和聚集式增长为主,2000年以后外延式和聚集式增长较其他增长方式更为明显。影响城市空间增长的因素非常复杂,除了社会和经济因素外,城市规划的引导作用以及城市空间结构影响最为显著,其次旧城改造和新区开发的城市发展策略、城市基础设施和开发区建设是推动城市空间增长的重要力量。     

广州市商业型健身房空间分布及其影响因素

以百度地图网页上采集的POI数据和第六次人口普查数据为基础,借助ArcGIS 10.2和Geoda软件,通过核密度分析、方向分布分析、缓冲区分析、近邻分析和空间自相关等方法,对广州市商业型健身房的空间分布特征进行研究,结果表明：广州市商业型健身房在空间分布上呈现“中心圈层＋外围组团”结构,存在空间集聚现象以及沿城市干道和地铁站分布指向性不明显而呈现临近住宅小区分布指向性。在广州市商业型健身房空间分布的影响因素方面,经过模型比较,选择空间滞后模型对其进行定量分析,结果表明：人口规模与受教育水平对广州市商业型健身房的空间布局影响显著,而区位因素和社区环境影响力较小。     

厦门岛城市空间扩张特征及其影响因素

Most of the world’s cities are concentrated in coastal areas. As a special geographical component of the coastal system, island urban spatial expansion is the outcome of interactions between city development and the physical environment. This paper takes Xiamen Island, located in Southeastern China, as an example to analyze island urban spatial expansion and its determinants by combining an analysis of the literature on urban development policies, urban overall plans, population growth and industrial development, with geographical information analysis using historical maps and remote sensing photographs. Firstly, we reviewed the history of the Xiamen City development during the last 100 years, which can be divided into four periods: the embryonic modern city and early development from 1908 to 1949; administrative boundary expansion and infrastructure development from 1950 to 1979; special economic zone construction and rapid urbanization from 1980 to 2003; and Bay City construction since 2003. The dynamic changes to the coastline, island shape, built-up area, transportation, administrative division, and major land use type conversion which occurred during approximately the past 100 years were analyzed and the characteristics of the island urban spatial expansion were concluded: early expansion from a central point, followed by expansion along a section of coastline, and expansion from the coastline inland. Secondly, we discussed the potential determinants of island urban spatial expansion including administrative division adjustment, urban master planning revision, industrial development, topographical factors, coastal area reclamation, transportation expansion, and population growth. Finally, the effects of each potential determinant on island urban spatial expansion were concluded. Island urban spatial expansion is the result of a synthesis of natural and socio-economic factors which are not independent but interacting. Built-up area expansion is the major driver of island land cover and land use changes. By this paper, we hope to provide a scientific reference contributing to the rational understanding of island and coastal sustainable urbanization in China, and the world beyond.     

Land cover changes in the rural-urban interaction of Xi＇an region using Landsat TM/ETM data

Landsat ETM/TM data and an artificial neural network （ANN） were applied to analyse the expansion of the city of Xi＇an and land use/cover change of its surrounding area between 2000 and 2003. Supervised classification and normalized difference barren index （NDBI） were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. Results showed that the urban area increased by an annual rate of 12.3%, with area expansion from 253.37 km^2 in 2000 to 358.60 km^2 in 2003. Large areas of farmland in the north and southwest were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Xi＇an were mainly caused by fast development of urban economy, population immigration from countryside, great development of infrastructure such as transportation, and huge demands for urban market. In addition, affected by the government policy of “returning farmland to woodland”, some farmland was converted into economic woodland, such as Chinese goosebeerv garden, vineyard etc.