Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications of Jurassic Granites in the Xingcheng Area, Northeastern North China Craton

New integrated geochemical studies are reported for Jurassic granites of the Xingcheng area in the northeastern North China Craton. U–Pb zircon data indicate that the Huashan and Taili monzogranites were emplaced during the Early (189 ± 2 Ma) and Late (155 ± 1 Ma) Jurassic, respectively. They are typical of high-K calc-alkaline series rocks and I-type granites, according to our whole-rock geochemical researches. Both Early and Late Jurassic monzogranites show adakitic rock characteristics because of their high Sr contents (221–347 ppm) and Sr/Y ratios (28.7–37.5), and low Y contents (7.83–14.7 ppm). The Early Jurassic monzogranite samples have an (87Sr/86Sr)i ratio of 0.7046, εNd(t) values of ?11.62 to ?11.51, and εHf(t) values of ?13.6 to ?6.4, whereas the Late Jurassic monzogranites have higher (87Sr/86Sr)i ratios of 0.7069–0.7071 and lower εNd(t) (?20.65 to ?20.46) and εHf(t) (?27.6 to ?20.0) values. We suggest that the Early Jurassic adakitic rocks were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust contaminated with mantle-derived materials, related to subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. The Late Jurassic adakitic rocks were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust in an extensional tectonic setting associated with an active continental margin.     

华北克拉通的变质沉积岩及其克拉通的构造划分

早前寒武纪花岗质岩年龄统计结果显示,华北克拉通经历了3.8,3.3,2.9,2.5和1.8~1.9 Ga等多个旋回才从陆核成长为陆台,与之对应沉积岩也由少变多,大约以500 Ma为一周期。由于沉积作用出现在成陆间歇期,所以二者在时间上相间互补,其状如同显生宙超大陆裂解和拼合的周期交替。这一现象不但是地壳演化的普遍规律,而且也可反过来用沉积岩反映陆壳的演化。然而,早前寒武纪尤其是太古宙的沉积岩毕竟太少,无法用来恢复当时古陆块的面貌,但古元古代的特别是陆缘沉积的孔兹岩,尽管已进入下地壳并成为克拉通基底的组成,则以保存甚多、分布延续,使其重塑克拉通的拼合成为可能。已有的华北克拉通的构造划分方案多种多样,但以陆缘沉积的古元古代孔兹岩作为地块的边界,理当最能反映当时古陆块的面貌。因此,以孔兹岩为主要依据,并综合考虑岩石组合、构造环境、变质p-T轨迹、同位素年龄、以及不变质的沉积盖层等地质特征,将华北克拉通主体从西往东划分为：鄂尔多斯地块 / 晋蒙弧形拼合带 / 冀鲁豫地块 /（郯庐断裂）/ 胶辽地块群等构造单元,所得到的不同于以往的构造轮廓,显示华北陆台并非一统的太古宙克拉通,而是吕梁运动拼合成的古元古代大陆。     

华北陆块南部元古宙熊耳群火山岩的成因与构造环境：事实与争议

位于华北陆块南部的熊耳群形成于古元古代1.80~1.75 Ga,以火山熔岩占绝对优势,沉积岩和火山碎屑岩仅占地层总厚度的4.3%。熊耳群火山岩是华北陆块结晶基底形成后规模最大、涉及范围最广的火山活动产物,基岩出露面积约7 000 km2,地层厚度3 000~7 000 m,以玄武安山岩、安山岩为主,次为英安-流纹岩,SiO2=60%±的岩石较少,显示双峰特点。中基性熔岩的主要造岩矿物是斜长石和辉石,几乎没有角闪石和黑云母。其岩石化学成分的突出特点是高Fe,K,而低Al,Ca和Mg,火山岩显示富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素、相对亏损高场强元素的岛弧型地球化学特征。Nd同位素和微量元素特征表明,这种地球化学特征是地幔源区遭受地壳组分改造及少量岩浆上升过程中的地壳混染造成的。熊耳群中的沉积岩主要分布在大古石组及马家河组。沉积岩的岩石学和地球化学特征表明熊耳群形成于被动大陆边缘的构造环境,结合火山岩的结构、构造特征,表明火山喷发的主体环境是海相,经历了陆相到海相再到陆相的演变过程,即：伴随着裂谷的发育、地面沉降和海水的侵入,以及随着火山喷发的进行最后又高出海面暴露于地表的全过程。熊耳群形成后,海侵范围更广、海水逐渐加深,表明地壳逐步向更大的凹陷发展。熊耳群形成于夭折的三叉裂谷环境,其火山岩所具有的岛弧型火山岩的地球化学特征是继承于受俯冲组分改造的陆下岩石圈富集地幔源区。熊耳期岩浆活动在华北陆块广泛分布,除了陕西宝鸡附近及山西吕梁地区的火山岩,还广泛分布1.75 Ga前后的基性岩墙群、A-型花岗岩以及比熊耳群稍晚的斜长岩、奥长环斑花岗岩等（1.75-1.70 Ga）和碱性花岗岩类（~1.65 Ga）。这些岩浆岩和熊耳群火山岩在源区性质、岩石 成因及其形成的构造背景等方面,可能存在必然的联系。上述岩浆岩的发育,说明华北陆块在1.80 Ga后处于地壳拉伸、减薄,很可能沿早先拼合的薄弱部位最先发生破裂,是华北陆块裂解的产物。     

华北克拉通古老大陆地壳组成及演化

对鞍本、冀东、鲁西、阴山等早前寒武纪典型地区和深部物质进行了深入研究,总结了华北克拉通早期地壳形成演化历史。揭示出鄂尔多斯地块本身强烈卷入了古元古代晚期构造热事件。首次在华北克拉通划分出3个>2.6 Ga 古陆块。     

华北克拉通的形成演化与成矿作用

华北克拉通具有38亿年的漫长历史,特别是与其他克拉通相比,它有更为复杂的多阶段的构造演化史,记录了几乎所有的地壳早期发展与中生代以来的重大构造事件。在太古宙,华北克拉通经历了>3.0Ga的陆核与微陆块的形成;2.7～2.9Ga的陆壳增生;2.5Ga的岩浆、变质作用与克拉通化;2.3～1.9Ga的古元古代活动(造山)带;1.8Ga的基底隆升与裂谷-非造山岩浆事件。在新元古代—古生代,华北克拉通处于相对稳定的地台状态,其南、北缘受到秦岭造山带和中亚造山带的影响;在中生代,华北克拉通则经历了强烈的中生代构造格局的转变和克拉通的破坏与重建;在新生代,华北克拉通的东缘属于环太平洋构造带的一部分。与上述重大构造事件相对应,华北克拉通出现大规模的成矿作用,形成了丰富多样的固体矿产资源。华北克拉通的形成与演化及其不同类型的成矿系统,为深刻理解大地构造背景对成矿作用的制约提供了范例。     

新太古-古元古代华北陆块构造演化的研究进展

在过去的二十年里 ,华北克拉通早期陆块形成和演化的研究进展是中国固体地球科学研究领域最为显著的成果之一。第一个十年代表性的工作包括深变质变形的层状岩系与块状岩系的识别与成因研究、高级区与绿岩带的划分、构造样式与变形序列研究、变质历史与变质动力学、年代学与地质事件的研究等。第二个十年的研究重点是如何认识和理解早期大陆地壳的性质和它们的形成与演化过程。代表性的进展包括均匀域与地质体的划分、古老微陆块的识别、残留洋壳与早期陆壳的形成、下地壳组成和性质、大陆拼贴机制、古地幔柱构造与前Rodinia超大陆旋回等。其中高压麻粒岩地体和退变质榴辉岩的发现 ,是华北早前寒武纪研究中最重要的进展 ,它为早期大陆的拼合机制、地壳的深部结构和古老下地壳与现代的对比等多个领域打开了新的研究思路。对新太古 -早元古代的重大地质事件的厘定已表明 ,华北主要的地壳生长期是在 2 9～ 2 7亿年 ,但 2 5和 18亿两期事件是重大的事件 ,虽然对其性质尚存争议 ,但越来越多的证据把它们与超大陆和地幔柱构造相联系。     

内蒙千里山太古代蒸发岩：常量元素、微量元素及硫同位素证据

华北内蒙千里山铁矿的方柱石透辉石岩非常发育,根据与国外其他太古代同类岩石对比可知,这种岩石是太古代变质蒸发岩。无论岩石类型,矿物组合还是岩石化学与矿物化学成分都与已知的太古代蒸发岩相吻合。用微量元素Ba-Sr判别泥质岩属于半咸水沉积。特别是含矿岩系的S同位素成分分析更证明千里山铁矿是蒸发岩成因。其黄铁矿样品中δ^34S最大值为5．7‰,最小值为－1．3‰,平均值为1．4‰,方柱石样品δ^34S最大值为2．3‰,最小值为2．1‰平均值为2．2‰。两种样品的δ^34S相差不大,而且都接近0值。接近原始海洋S同位素成分。这也从另一侧面证明了千里山铁矿是太古代蒸发岩成因。     

华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底形成与演化

简要总结了华北克拉通南部鲁山地区、小秦岭地区、登封及中条山地区的早前寒武纪地质事件序列及其地质意义,并对各地区地质特征和变质演化特点进行对比。结合前人研究工作,初步探讨了华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底的演化特点、陆壳形成的主要时期和华北南部基底的构造区划等问题,提出几点认识:1)华北克拉通南部鲁山、中条山、小秦岭等地区均有2.7~2.9Ga岩石记录,以英云闪长质-奥长花岗质-花岗闪长质(TTG)岩石为主,它们共同构成华北南缘的古老结晶基底,并经历了新太古代晚期~2.5Ga构造-热事件,标志着华北克拉通南部在新太古代末期可能已经形成统一基底;2)华北克拉通南部主要的陆壳形成时期为中太古代晚期-新太古代,与全球其他主要克拉通一致,而古元古代早-中期则以地壳再循环为主;3)综合地质、地球化学等特点,将华北南部鲁山-小秦岭地区和中条山等地区划归为"南部古陆块",并提出该陆块呈现为一个大型的倾伏向斜构造,可能在新太古代晚期已经形成,其枢纽向南东倾斜。"南部古陆块"在新太古代末期与其它微陆块拼合,并发生了变质作用和陆壳的活化与再循环,共同指示新太古代晚期华北克拉通统一基底的形成。     

Triassic Granitic Magmatism at the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Implications of Geochronology and Geochemistry for the Tectonic Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The early Mesozoic marked an important transition from collisional orogeny to post-orogenic extension at the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC). In this study, we undertook zircon U-Pb dating and whole-rock majorand trace-element geochemical analyses of early Mesozoic granitic rocks in the Chifeng area to establish their geochronological framework, petrogenesis, and implications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central Asia Orogenic Belt(CAOB). Zircon U-Pb dating results show that these rocks were emplaced in three stages during the Triassic:(1) syenogranites during 250–248 Ma,(2) granodiorites during 244–243 Ma, and(3) monzogranites and granodiorites during 232–230 Ma. These Triassic granitoids belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series and are evolved I-type granites. They have high SiO_2 and low Mg O contents with enrichments in light rare-earth elements, Zr, Hf, Rb, Th, and U, and depletions in Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, and Eu. These geochemical data indicate that the granitoids were derived from partial melting of a lower-crustal source under relatively low-pressure conditions and subsequently underwent extensive fractional crystallization. Considering both the geochemical data and regional geological information, we propose that the 250–248 Ma syenogranites were emplaced in an extensional environment linked to slab break-off after closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean(PAO) along the Solonker-Xra Moron-Changchun suture zone. The 244–243 Ma granodiorites were formed in a compressional orogenic setting during collision between the Erguna-Xing'an-Songliao composite block and the NCC. The 232–230 Ma granodiorites and monzogranites were emplaced during the transition from compressional orogeny to post-orogenic extension. Overall, the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Chifeng area can be divided into three main stages:(1) closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and extension related to slab break-off during the Early Triassic;(2) continuous collisional compression during the Middle Triassic after closure of the PAO; and(3) post-orogenic extension during the Late Triassic, most probably due to lithospheric delamination after amalgamation of the Erguna-Xing'an-Songliao composite block and the NCC.     

华北克拉通南部及邻区航磁异常特征与构造分区

据地球物理、地质资料分析,华北克拉通南部及邻区发育NWW—近EW向和NE—NNE向等两组断裂,其中焦作—商丘断裂带、鲁山—阜阳—淮南断裂带、栾川—固始—肥中断裂带和郯城—庐江断裂带、夏邑—涡阳—麻城断裂带具有构造分区断裂特征。通过航磁异常特征分析,华北克拉通南部分为秦岭—大别磁异常区和南华北磁异常区,后者可次分为豫西磁异常区、豫东磁异常区、夏邑—阜阳磁异常带和徐州—淮南磁异常区等四个磁场分区。结合分区断裂系统研究,指出华北克拉通南部中新生代构造分区包括豫西盆岭区、豫东盆地区和徐州—淮南盆地区。豫西盆岭区以NE向的嵩县—谭头、洛宁—卢氏和灵宝—朱阳盆地及熊耳山、崤山和小秦岭盆岭相间分布为特征;豫东盆地区发育NWW向伸展断陷,而徐州—淮南盆地区则以向NW逆冲断层及与之伴生的线性褶皱和断陷盆地为特征。     

Initial accretion of the North Qinling Terrane to the North China Craton before the Grenville orogeny: constraints from detrital zircons

Whether the North Qinling Terrane (NQT) was accreted to the North China Craton (NCC) in the Proterozoic is still a matter of debate. We report the first detrital zircon study from the Baishugou Formation, which forms the uppermost part of the Mesoproterozoic Guandaokou Group, at the southernmost NCC margin. Detrital zircons from carbonaceous silty phyllite in the lower part of the Baishugou Formation yield U–Pb ages peaking at ca. 2500 Ma, with minor peaks at ca. 2300–2000, 1800, and 1600 Ma, and εHf(t) values ranging from ?10.8 to +9.1. These zircons are considered to have been sourced from the NCC. In contrast, the middle-to-upper part of the formation contains detrital zircons which yield an age group ranging from 1800 to 1000 Ma, with peaks at 1800, 1500, 1300, and 1100 Ma; the zircons with ages of 1500–1300 Ma dominantly have εHf(t) values greater than +5 and the majority plot along the depleted mantle evolution curve. The striking difference between the U–Pb ages of the detrital zircons from the upper and lower parts of the formation suggests a shift in provenance. Magmatism at 1500–1300 Ma has not been reported from the southern margin of the NCC but has been discovered in the NQT. Hence, we deduce that the zircons from the upper part of the formation were primarily derived from the NQT, where an episode of crustal growth and magmatism is recorded between 1500 and 1100 million years. The variable sediment provenances imply that the NCC and NQT could be connected during the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic. The pattern of detrital zircon ages in the new sediments from the Baishugou Formation is distinct from those in the Kuanping Group and the Palaeozoic Erlangping Complex, which are at present sandwiched between the NCC and the NQT. The detrital zircons from these two groups are dominated by an age peak at ca. 1000 Ma, which is formed as the result of amalgamation of the NQT and the Rodinia Supercontinent during the Grenville orogeny. It is possible that the new sediments of the Baishugou Formation were deposited before Grenville orogeny.     

华北前寒武纪成矿系统与重大地质事件的联系

前寒武纪是指显生宙最古老的地质时代--寒武纪之前的地质时代,它占了地球演化历史的近90%。地球陆壳的80%~90%以上是在前寒武纪形成的,记录了复杂和惊心动魄的地质构造过程,还赋存着丰富的矿产资源。前寒武纪最重要的地质事件有陆壳的巨量增生、前板块机制/板块机制的构造转折、由缺氧到富氧的地球环境的剧变。华北克拉通是全球最古老陆块之一,前寒武纪各阶段全球性重大地质事件几乎都被记录下来,并表现出一些特殊性。与全球其它克拉通相比,华北陆壳生长-稳定化过程具有多阶段特征,太古宙末-古元古代环境剧变记录复杂多样,古元古代与板块体制建立和超大陆演化相关的俯冲碰撞和伸展裂解等地质记录丰富,中-新元古代经历持续伸展并接受巨量裂谷沉积。这些重大地质事件都伴随大规模成矿作用,形成了华北克拉通丰富的矿产资源和独特的优势矿种。

     

Eastern Ancient Terrane of the North China Craton

Based on the spatial distribution of ancient rocks and zircons, three ancient terranes older than ca. 2.6 Ga have recently been identified in the North China Craton, namely the Eastern, Southern, and Central Ancient Terranes. The Eastern Ancient Terrane is the best studied and understood of the three ancient terranes. It has a long geological history back to ca. 3.8 Ga ago and includes the areas of Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, eastern Shandong and western Shandong. In Anshan-Benxi, several different types of 3.8 Ga rocks were discovered together with 3.1-3.7 Ga rocks, whereas 2.9-3.0 Ga K-rich granites and 2.5 Ga syenogranite occur on larger scales. In eastern Hebei, 3.0-3.4 Ga rocks and older detrital and xenocrystic zircons were identified. In eastern Shandong, there are a large volumes of 2.7 Ga and 2.9 Ga rocks. In western Shandong, early Neoarchean(2.6-2.7 Ga) intrusive and supracrustal rocks are widely distributed. Whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data suggest that both mantle additions and crustal recycling played important roles within the Eastern Ancient Terrane during almost every tectono-magmatic event. Most BIFs in the North China Craton are late Neoarchean in age and are distributed on continental crust along the western margin of the Eastern Ancient Terrane, probably suggesting that a stable environment was one of the key factors for the formation of large-scale BIFs.     

华北克拉通东南部太古宙英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩形成及演化

华北克拉通是世界范围内少数保存有大量太古宙英云闪长岩—奥长花岗岩—花岗闪长岩(TTG)及多期次岩浆事件记录的克拉通之一,相关研究对揭示全球太古宙时期壳—幔动力学演化过程具有重要的指示意义。笔者等在华北克拉通东南部归纳总结了52个太古宙时期TTG岩石样品的有效地球化学资料。根据地区与岩石成因差异,将样品主要分为3类：霍邱、五河地区低铝、低压型TTG岩石,鲁西(C带)、丰县张河地区中铝、中低压型TTG岩石以及登封地区高铝、高压型TTG岩石。华北克拉通东南部的TTG片麻岩经历了两期明显的地壳生长事件：2.95～2.70 Ga, 2.58～2.48 Ga(峰值为约2.52 Ga)。主、微量数据表明,华北克拉通东南部的TTG片麻岩主体源于低钾镁铁质岩石的部分熔融,并且源区可能受到来自于壳—幔相互作用的影响。其中,霍邱、登封地区的TTG分别受到流体、熔体交代作用;鲁西和张河地区则同时受到熔体和流体交代作用。霍邱地区TTG片麻岩形成于约2.70 Ga,成因可能受鲁西地区地幔柱垂向构造的影响;太古宙末期,鲁西及张河地区与登封地区TTG片麻岩的形成具有一定联系,主要表现为受洋内岛弧地体侧向的洋内俯冲与弧...     

Petrogenesis of Two Types of Archean TTGs in the North China Craton: A Case Study of Intercalated TTGs in Lushan and Non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan

TTG(Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite) gneisses,a major component of Precambrian continental crust,play a significant role in understanding the process and mechanism of the crustal evolution in the early periods of the Earth. In terms of field occurrence,there are two kinds of Archean TTGs in the NCC(North China Craton): intercalated and non-intercalated TTGs. In this contribution,we make a comprehensive comparison of these two types of TTGs from the typical areas(Lushan and Hengshan) in the NCC with an aim to constrain their petrogenesis. The results suggest that they have similar mineral assemblages of Pl + Qtz + Bt ± Amp ± Kfs but different field appearances and geochemical compositions,thus probably reflecting different source materials and tectonic settings. Differences in the contents of characteristic elements,such as Sr,REE and HFSE,suggest that the nonintercalated TTGs in Hengshan were generated at deeper levels than those of intercalated TTGs in Lushan. Constraints from element contents and geochemical modeling results are consistent with derivation from dual sources involving both garnet amphibolite and rutile-bearing eclogite residues for the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan,whereas the compositions of intercalated TTGs in Lushan indicate that they were formed by partial melting with amphibolite to garnet-amphibolite residues. Moreover,accumulation of plagioclase is also required in the petrogenesis of intercalated TTGs in Lushan,at least for part of them. In addition,the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan display distinctly higher Mg O,Mg#,Cr and Ni values and lower SiO_2 average contents compared to the intercalated TTGs in Lushan. These features suggest that the former magma,at least a part,might have interacted with the mantle wedge during ascent. Considering all the above factors and in combination with the whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic data,it is suggested that the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were produced by partial melting of subducted slab contaminated by the overlying mantle wedge at deeper levels and high pressures,whereas the intercalated TTGs in Lushan were generated by melting of the thickened lower crust at lower pressures and shallower depths. The tectonic settings of the two types of TTGs shed new light on the growth of the NCC.     

华北克拉通南缘太华杂岩组成及演化

太华杂岩位于华北克拉通南部,其组成复杂,记录了几乎所有早前寒武纪各阶段重要的地质事件;此外,由于其所处特殊地理位置,研究太华杂岩对于华北克拉通早前寒武纪地壳形成和演化、构造单元划分和基底拼合等都具有举足轻重的科学价值。本文综合已有的岩石学、变质作用、地球化学以及同位素年代学等诸多研究工作,得到以下阶段性结论和认识:1)将鲁山地区太华划分为以深成侵入岩为主的片麻岩系和以变质沉积-火山岩为主的表壳岩系;前者形成于中太古代晚期-新太古代早期,后者形成于古元古代晚期。而小秦岭地区太华杂岩中变质深成侵入岩形成时间跨度较大,为中太古代晚期-古元古代早期;而其上覆的火山-沉积岩可与鲁山太华杂岩的表壳岩类比,形成时间亦为古元古代晚期。2)中太古代-新太古代(2.91～2.50Ga)为华北克拉通南部大陆最主要的地壳形成时期。提出太华杂岩在太古宙经历了两期明显的地壳生长时间,一期发生在2.85～2.70Ga,以鲁山太华片麻岩系中的深成侵入岩和斜长角闪岩为代表;另一期发生在～2.50Ga,以小秦岭华山和崤山地区太华杂岩中各类花岗质岩石为代表。3)太华杂岩在所谓的全球陆壳生长"沉寂期(2.45～2.20Ga)"岩浆活动异常发育,推测这一时期的岩石形成于古元古代俯冲-汇聚环境,可能是与华北克拉通南部太古宙陆块和其他陆块汇聚-碰撞相关。4)太华杂岩在古元古代晚期普遍遭受了强烈的变质和变形,其变质程度主体为高角闪岩相,局部可达麻粒岩相,且记录了包含近等温降压退变质片段的顺时针变质作用P-T轨迹,经历了一个漫长的变质演化过程(1.97～1.80Ga),变质作用的时限跨度可达150Myr。5)提出华北克拉通南部曾经为一个统一基底,称之为"南部太古宙地块",此地块形成时间为新太古代末期(～2.5Ga)。该古老陆块经历了如下5个构造-演化阶段:(1)冥古宙-始太古代初始陆核形成;(2)中太古代-新太古代陆壳快速生长;(3)古元古代早期(～2.3Ga)岩浆活动异常活跃;(4)古元古代(2.30～1.97Ga)陆内拉伸-破裂;和(5)古元古代末期(1.97～1.80Ga)陆块最终拼合。     

华北克拉通南缘中-新元古代沉积地层对比研究及其地质意义

华北克拉通南缘新太古代-古元古代变质结晶基底之上不整合覆盖着巨厚的中-新元古代陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩沉积盖层,根据沉积建造特征,将其划分为三个不同的地层分布小区,分别为嵩箕地层小区、渑池-确山地层小区和熊耳山地层小区.嵩箕小区位于熊耳裂谷盆地东北缘,以硅质碎屑岩(砂岩)为主,渑池-确山地层小区位于熊耳裂谷盆地北缘,以硅质碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩(白云岩)过渡相为主,熊耳山地层小区位于熊耳裂谷盆地南缘,以碳酸盐岩为主.本文通过对三个地层小区的沉积地层剖面和岩石学特征进行研究,认为华北南缘从中元古代开始处于河流相-浅海相的沉积环境,从南向北,海水由深变浅.根据地层的岩性、沉积构造及其组合特征,将其划分为低水位、海侵和高水位沉积体系,最大海侵时期为青白口系早期.通过对熊耳山地区的官道口群的岩相学和地球化学分析,并结合其已有的碎屑锆石年龄和另外两个地层小区的五佛山群和汝阳群的碎屑锆石年龄以及它们的地球化学特征,表明三个地层区的沉积地层在中元古代均处于被动大陆边缘环境,而新元古代则可能处于与大陆岛弧相关的沉积盆地,这一结果表明从中元古代到新元古代华北南缘可能受到秦岭造山带早期微陆块俯冲碰撞的影响,由被动大陆边缘向活动大陆边缘过渡的过程.三套地层最年轻的碎屑锆石207 Pb/206Pb年龄基本上在1600Ma左右,从而限定了其最大沉积时代不早于1600Ma.其锆石年龄大多数都分布于古元古代(1700 ～ 2400Ma),太古代的年龄极少,说明其物源区以古元古代的地质体为主,且碎屑锆石年龄峰值为～ 1.93Ga,反映了华北南缘在～1.93Ga发生过重要的构造-热事件,与华北克拉通古元古代中期发生的变质作用时间(～ 1.91Ga)一致.三套沉积地层的碎屑锆石εHf(t)值变化较大(-20～ +6),表明既有新生地壳物质的加入,也有古老地壳物质的再循环.Hf两阶段模式年龄分布于2.3～3.8Ga之间,明显大于其207pb/206pb年龄,大部分锆石的Hf同位素组成集中于2.6Ga和3.0Ga地壳演化线区域内,峰值为2.75Ga,表明2.75Ga左右是华北克拉通南缘重要的陆壳生长期.     

赞皇杂岩中太古宙末期菅等钾质花岗岩的成因及动力学背景

赞皇杂岩中的菅等花岗岩体位于临城县西北,主要由钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成,偶见暗色包体。菅等花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 490±13） Ma。岩石具有高硅（SiO2 743%～754%）、高钾（K2O 576%～937%）、富碱（ALK 616%～951%）、贫钙（CaO 014%～081%）、低镁、铁（MgO 002%～049%,TFeO 026%～105%）和钛（TiO2 004%～015%）的特征,A/CNK=097～107,为弱过铝质的钾玄岩系列。岩石的稀土总量较低（ΣREE=（1207～16038）×10-6）,轻稀土相对富集,Eu异常变化较大（Eu/Eu*=046～197）。岩石富Rb、Ba和Th等元素,贫Sr、Zr、Nb、Y、Yb等元素,具有较高Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba值以及较低的Y/Nb值。菅等花岗岩具有正的εNd(t)值（285～366）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2集中于255～264 Ga。石英闪长岩包体SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 506±13） Ma,高铝（Al2O3 1716%）、富钙（CaO 434%）、高钠（Na2O 447%）、富铁（TFeO 526%）,高Rb、高Sr、高Zr,稀土总量较高（ΣREE=21282×10-6）,有弱的负Eu异常（Eu /Eu*=083）,具TTG岩类的特征;该包体岩石具有正的εNd(t)值（305）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2为263 Ga。这些特征显示菅等花岗岩具有同碰撞和后碰撞的S型花岗岩的特征,为新生地壳在由挤压向伸展转换的构造背景下部分熔融所形成,石英闪长质包体为源区残留的岩石。这期钾质花岗岩的形成,标志着华北克拉通太古宙末期岩浆事件的结束以及稳定陆壳的形成。     

关于内蒙与晋冀交界地区早前寒武纪灰片麻岩和孔兹岩的讨论

晋冀内蒙边界地区的早前寒武纪岩石大致以大同－兴和一线为界分为南东部麻粒岩系和北西部孔兹岩系。麻粒岩系中称作灰片麻岩的浅色麻粒岩与世界各地太古代典型的灰片麻岩不同,其矿物组合含斜方辉石或二辉石,岩石化学成分高铁、高镁又高钙,不是典型的太古代灰片麻岩ＴＴＧ岩套,而应称作紫苏斜长花岗岩。如果原来是ＴＴＧ岩浆,则可能是因受表壳岩的混染所致。研究区内孔兹岩系的特征是堇青石片麻岩发育,沿韧性剪切带含堇青石的Ｓ－型花岗岩,以及作为熔融残留体的含堇青石麻粒岩也时有发现。三者的稀土元素分布型式表现出其间的成因关系。孔兹岩系中的夕线石多具近于平行（００１）的变形扭折带,在土贵乌拉还发现夕线石的（１１０）聚片双晶。这可能是夕线石双晶的首次发现。本文对夕线石作了详细测定。其＋２Ｖ＝２６°±０．５°．晶胞参数α＝β＝γ＝９０°,ａ＝７．５０,ｂ＝７．６５,ｃ＝５．８１,Ｖ＝３３０．０６３。     

胶北地体早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件、陆壳增生及演化

早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件是早期陆壳增生及演化的主要地质作用。本文通过系统总结最近几年胶北地体早前寒武纪重大岩浆事件代表性岩石的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及锆石Hf同位素研究的最新成果,厘定出太古宙~2.9Ga、2.7Ga及2.5Ga三期以TTGs岩浆事件为代表的陆壳增生事件。这些TTGs具有典型太古宙高铝TTGs的地球化学特征及正的εHf(t)值,锆石Hf模式年龄主要集中在ca.3.2~2.7Ga。两种不同的构造模式被用来理解胶北太古宙TTGs(陆壳)的成因:(1)加厚基性下地壳的部分熔融;(2)俯冲洋壳的部分熔融。根据胶北TTGs在时间上呈事件性侵位,空间上呈面状分布,以及相对较低的Mg#、Cr及Ni含量,前者可能更适合胶北TTGs的成因。确定了胶北古元古代2.2~2.0Ga黑云母/角闪石二长花岗片麻岩及~1.8Ga以二长(正长)花岗岩为代表的多期陆壳重熔事件。综合这些研究结果,初步总结出胶北早前寒武纪陆壳形成及演化历史:1)2.9Ga,主要为基性地壳(洋壳)的增生,并可能存在规模有限的、被剥蚀殆尽的太古宙早期陆壳;2)在~2.9Ga、~2.7Ga及~2.5Ga,由于地幔(热)柱上涌,ca.3.3~2.7Ga新生的加厚基性玄武质下地壳发生事件性部分熔融,并伴随有早期陆壳的重熔,形成主要由TTGs及少量陆壳重熔型(高钾)花岗岩组成的太古宙陆壳;3)ca.2.2~2.0Ga,可能由于地幔物质上涌,陆壳伸展,形成裂谷,陆壳物质重熔,形成ca.2.2~2.0Ga花岗质岩石;4)ca.1.95~1.85Ga,发生强烈的挤压碰撞构造作用,裂谷闭合,卷入挤压作用的物质发生高角闪岩相到高压麻粒岩相变质;5)~1.8Ga,地幔物质上涌,陆壳伸展减薄,陆壳物质重熔,形成~1.8Ga花岗岩。