Using spatial analysis and Bayesian network to model the vulnerability and make insurance pricing of catastrophic risk

Vulnerability refers to the degree of an individual subject to the damage arising from a catastrophic disaster. It is affected by multiple indicators that include hazard intensity, environment, and individual characteristics. The traditional area aggregate approach does not differentiate the individuals exposed to the disaster. In this article, we propose a new solution of modeling vulnerability. Our strategy is to use spatial analysis and Bayesian network (BN) to model vulnerability and make insurance pricing in a spatially explicit manner. Spatial analysis is employed to preprocess the data, for example kernel density analysis (KDA) is employed to quantify the influence of geo-features on catastrophic risk and relate such influence to spatial distance. BN provides a consistent platform to integrate a variety of indicators including those extracted by spatial analysis techniques to model uncertainty of vulnerability. Our approach can differentiate attributes of different individuals at a finer scale, integrate quantitative indicators from multiple-sources, and evaluate the vulnerability even with missing data. In the pilot study case of seismic risk, our approach obtains a spatially located result of vulnerability and makes an insurance price at a finer scale for the insured buildings. The result obtained with our method is informative for decision-makers to make a spatially located planning of buildings and allocation of resources before, during, and after the disasters.     

论地质概念与空间分析方法的关系:以矿集区判定为例

地质矿产信息化成果集中体现在两个方面:包含地质矿产空间数据库的高速发展和空间分析方法的极大丰富.上述两个方面的高效应用均以前人研究成果(地质概念、理论、规律)为基础和依据,地质概念、理论、规律同空间分析方法的结合是地质矿产数据库高效应用的技术关键,实现这一结合的纽带是地质概念、理论和规律所包含的空间分析思想.以矿集区概...     

交通投资、经济空间集聚与多样化路径——空间面板回归与结构方程模型视角

交通投资作为经济增长的加速器备受空间规划与发展政策的重视,其对经济增长的多样化影响一直是研究热点。然而,交通投资对经济的影响机理及路径仍存在争议,且较缺乏地理差异和空间关联的视角。为了全面理解交通投资对经济的空间集聚效应与多样化路径,首先基于1997-2015年中国交通投资与经济增长的省际数据,采用空间面板回归（Spatial Panel Regression）分析考虑空间关联的交通投资的经济影响,随后采用结构方程模型理解交通投资对经济增长的多样化路径。结果表明：① 无论是混合最小二乘回归（Pooled OLS）、固定效应面板模型还是空间面板回归,都显示了交通投资对经济增长的显著作用。空间面板回归结果指出交通投资有利于经济活动空间集聚,但考虑空间自相关影响后,对经济增长作用呈现降低;② 交通投资的经济影响具有地理差异与时滞效应,其对东部地区的经济作用明显高于中西部地区,且有利于空间集聚;随着时间的推移,交通投资的经济效应逐渐增强;当前投资和前期投资对经济增长均有促进作用,但前期投资效果更显著,并驱动经济活动的空间分散;③ 在影响路径上,交通投资对经济的直接效应低于间接效应,多样化影响路径主要通过增加关联产业投资、促进就业增长、推进城镇化等方式产生。     

中国县域城镇化发展格局及其影响因素——基于2000和2010年全国人口普查分县数据

利用2000 和2010 年中国人口普查分县数据,借助空间分析方法揭示近期中国常住人口城镇化格局特征及其动态变化,结合多元回归模型探讨城镇化空间分异的主要影响因素,基于主成分分析和聚类分析进行中国城镇化发展类型区划分。结果表明：① 2000-2010 年,中国常住人口城镇化率不断提高,年均增加1.3 个百分点,32%的县域城镇化水平年均增长超过1.5 个百分点;② 中国城镇化发展存在区域差异性和“低快高慢”的收敛性,东部、东北、中部、西部四大区域城镇化率年均分别增加1.4、0.5、1.4 和1.3 个百分点;③ 60%的中国县域城镇化发展集中在低城镇化率—高增长率、低城镇化率—中高增长率和低城镇化率—中增长率三种类型,且以中、西部地区分布最为密集;④ 中国县域城镇化格局基本未变,仍以珠三角、长三角、京津冀三大增长极的城镇化发展较为突出,东部地区及内陆省会城市周边的城镇化水平也相对较高;⑤ 经济发展水平、产业结构特征、人力资本状况、人口集聚能力、公共服务水平、地理区位特征对县域城镇化空间分异具有显著而稳健的影响;⑥ 中国城镇化格局可分为具有明显区类一致性和区外异质性的5 大类、20 个区域。新时期的城镇化发展应凸显地域功能、提升承载能力、夯实产业基础、强调节约集约。     

样方形状对空间点格局的性能影响分析——以天目山阔叶林为例

利用浙西天目山常绿阔叶林样地调查数据,在随机样方点格局分析基础上,提出样方形状对点格局分析性能影响差异性问题。结果表明:(1)在最优样方面积相同条件下,通过配对t检验得出圆形与正方形、圆形与正六边形和正方形与正六边形样方性能对比的配对t检验概率P分别为0.249、0.043和0.023,表明样方形状对点格局分析性能影响具有差异性,圆形样方和正方形样方之间没有显著差异,正六边形样方与圆形样方、正方形样方之间差异显著;(2)圆形～正六边形和正方形～正六边形样方间VMR差值的95%置信区间分别为[-0.429,-0.010]和[-0.196,-0.021],其区间值上界均小于0,表明正六边形样方分析性能为最优,其性能高于圆形样方和正方形样方;(3)随机样方法在样本量较小时,点格局分析结果不稳定,但随着采样数目逐步增大到90以上时,其VMR值和P值趋于稳定。     

The residential segregation of San Antonio,Texas in 1910: an analysis of ethno-racial and occupational spatial patterns with the colocation quotient

The segregation of cities can be traced to a time when the compartmentalization of space and people was based on factors other than race. In segregation research, one of the limiting factors has always been the geographic scale of the data, and the limited knowledge that exists of segregation patterns when the household is the unit of analysis. Historical census data provides the opportunity to analyze the disaggregated information, and this paper does so with San Antonio during 1910. A spatial analysis of residential segregation based on race, ethnicity, and occupations is carried out with the colocation quotient to map and measure the attraction of residents. Results reveal the presence of residential segregation patterns on different sectors of the city based on households’ ethno-racial and occupational attributes; therefore, providing evidence of the existence of residential segregation prior to the commonly cited determinants of segregation of the 20th century.     

Metropolitan land-use patterns by economic function: a spatial analysis of firm headquarters and branch office locations in Australian cities

This paper develops a comparative means by which to understand metropolitan spatial structure through the dynamics of economic activities. Clustering and suburbanization have been key processes within the contemporary urban landscape, but few scholarly accounts have systematically merged the two to explain the geographies of economic activity. Using firm location as a variable to discern sector- and industry-based locational requirements, we explore land-use and economic activity in Australia’s five largest metropolitan areas. Drawing upon the respective headquarters and branch office locations of a set of publically traded firms, we seek to establish general spatial patterns across Australian cities using two proxy measures for clustering and suburbanization, being well-established drivers of firm locational choice. Despite the complexity that post-industrial and suburbanizing processes add to metropolitan land-use patterns, we contend that certain patterns exist that can be generalized from one context to another across urban space, and that certain emerging trends such as the development of CBD-fringe precincts merit greater attention.     

碳约束下中国县域尺度农业全要素生产率比较研究

基于2183个县级单元,利用SFA方法对1992-2011年碳约束下中国县域农业生态TFP及其分解项进行研究,并与不考虑碳排放的传统TFP进行比较。结果表明：第一,农业生态TFP年平均增长4.47%,低于传统TFP,但两者差距有缩小的趋势,2011年前者超过后者。第二,农业生态TFP贡献了中国农业总产值增长的54.9%,比传统TFP的份额低了3.6%,要素投入贡献为45.1%。第三,分解项上,前沿技术进步率是农业生态TFP的主要驱动因素,也是生态TFP与传统TFP差距缩小的动因。第四,空间分布上,生态TFP大于传统TFP的地区主要分布在胡焕庸线东南的地区;西部由于生态TFP和传统FTP都较低,呈现出“双重恶化”现象;除了嵊泗县以外,农业生态TE和TEC均低于传统TE和TEC,生态FTP也整体低于传统FTP。     

基于空间点模式分析的城市管理事件空间分布及演化——以武汉市江汉区为例

城市网格化管理系统经过多年运行积累了大量历史事件数据, 这类事件数据在空间上呈现明显集聚分布。确定事件发生的空间分布以及衡量空间分布的集聚程度, 能够为城市管理资源的合理调配、划分提供重要的决策支持。本文应用空间点模式分析方法, 对2011 年1-8 月间武汉市江汉区城市网格化管理系统中的两类主体事件(占道经营和垃圾处理类)进行分析, 研究发现:占道经营事件的“热点”区域1-8 月总体呈减少趋势, 而垃圾处理事件的“热点”区域整体呈递增趋势;两类事件呈现明显的空间集聚, 其特征空间尺度都为1000 m左右。研究表明, 空间点模式分析方法能够为城市管理者提供一种针对城市事件空间集聚模式的直观的可视化分析手段, 以及对空间集聚程度的定量分析方法, 并可为进一步统计建模分析奠定基础。