The spatial ecology of deer–vehicle collisions

Deer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are a constant problem in North America that cost millions of dollars of damage and loss of human life. This study investigated the spatial relationship of DVCs for a county in western Indiana using nearest neighbor analysis, chi-square test of independence, and a landscape metric: the percentage of like adjacencies. The study was able to show that DVCs are not randomly located, and that habitat type and structure may play an important role in the location of DVCs.     

国土空间规划:生态环境类单幅总图的研制

生态环境类单幅总图是国土空间规划编制的重要内容,是落实生态环境空间管控,促进生态环境与社会经济协调发展,实现一张蓝图干到底的重要支撑。探讨空间规划生态单幅总图和环境单幅总图的编制要点与技术方法,并以福建省为例,研制生态环境空间战略目标、空间结构与重点任务。在案例研究中,制定了福建省“三屏、六廊、十四片区”的生态安全格局建设方案,以及空间差异化的环境管控方案,并在空间上落实了生态环境治理的重点区域和重大生态环境治理工程。通过探讨生态环境类单幅总图编制与生态环境类专项规划的关系,阐明省级规划指导市、县等下层级空间规划生态环境单幅总图编制的原则与方法,是落实空间规划对生态环境保护空间指引的创新与实践。     

Handbook of applied spatial analysis: software tools,methods and applications,edited by M.M. Fischer and A. Getis

With the rising oil prices, climate change, and the ever increasing burden of nutrition-related disease, food security is of growing research interest in academic disciplines spanning agronomy to epidemiology to urban planning. Some governments have developed progressive policies encouraging individuals to consume locally produced foods in order to support local economies, improve agricultural sustainability and community access to food, and to plan and prepare for adverse environmental impacts on food security. However, fundamental methods are lacking for conducting research on food security across these various disciplines. In this article, we first present a method to measure agricultural self-sufficiency, which we refer to as our self-sufficiency index (SSI) for the province of British Columbia, Canada. We then present a Bayesian autoregressive framework utilizing readily available agricultural data to develop predictive smoothing models for the SSI. We find that regional capital investment in agriculture and cropland acreage is the strong predictor of SSI. To accommodate spatial variability, we compare linear regression models with spatially correlated errors to less traditional spatially varying coefficient models, and find that the former class results in better model fit. The smoothed maps suggest that relatively strong self-sufficiency exists only in subset clusters in the Okanagan, Peace River, and lower mainland regions. In spite of policy to promote local food, the existing local agricultural system is insufficient to support a large-scale shift to local diets. Our approach to estimating neighborhood-based self-sufficiency with a predictive model can be extended for use in other regions where limited data are available to directly assess local agriculture and benefit from explicit consideration of spatial structure in the local food system.     

空间信息分析技术

在GIS技术日趋成熟和空间数据极大丰富的今天,通过分析空间数据探索空间过程机理正变得日益迫切。空间信息分析技术至少包括以下六个主要方面:(1)空间数据获取和预处理;(2)属性数据空间化和空间尺度转换;(3)空间信息探索分析;(4)地统计;(5)格数据分析;(6)复杂信息反演和预报。本文提出了解决具体应用问题一般的空间数据分析计算、结果解释和反馈程序。认为空间过程的一般共性和作为共同的研究对象,各种不同的方法技术最终可能导致空间数学(spatialmathematics)的产生,同时发展鲁棒的空间分析软件包对于普及空间数学是必要的。     

中国西部社会、经济与生态的协调发展时空变化

采用层次分析法（AHP）建立中国西部社会、经济与生态评价指标体系,并计算社会、经济与生态指数,对西部各地区社会、经济与生态进行综合分析评价。通过构建耦合协调模型,定量分析了社会、经济与生态两两之间的发展模式。结果表明：（1）1990-2010年,西部各地区经济持续增长,其中甘肃以东地区经济发展显著,社会水平与经济发展保持平行提高,生态水平基本保持静止,而西南地区生态水平明显高于西北地区,西北地区生态水平波动大。（2）社会系统与经济系统的发展模式互动趋势明显,社会进步相对于经济发展具有短暂滞后性;而生态系统反映较迟钝,生态与社会、生态与经济模式的发展趋势不明显,但与环境库兹涅茨倒“U”型曲线发展模式一致。（3）中国西部各地区经济、社会和生态系统之间的协调度均呈增长趋势,说明随时间的推移,各个系统之间耦合协调度趋于协调发展。但2005年和2010年的协调度增长不明显,个别地区经济生态协调度出现下降趋势,生态水平的下降造成协调度增长停滞。     

GIS and spatial analysis in the media

It is not uncommon to see maps and more advanced statistical or spatial analysis reported in the media. Geographical information systems (GIS) have no doubt facilitated access to and analysis of spatial information. This article is the outgrowth of contact by the Boston Globe and subsequent published articles examining structure fires and the location of fire stations in Massachusetts. The questions asked by the Boston Globe are important geographical ones regarding location specific urban/rural service provision issues, and to answer these questions requires the use of spatial analysis. This article focuses on the use of methods for answering the questions raised in the context of applying academic research, an issue that continues to be a challenge.     

中国贫困村测度与空间分布特征分析

农村贫困问题是中国全面建成小康社会的主要障碍之一。面向当前国家瞄准贫困村和贫困人口的精准脱贫战略需求,基于“十二五”期间全国贫困村“整村推进”项目村数据,构建村级多维贫困综合测度模型,并利用加权核密度模型、空间自相关方法等,从不同尺度、不同视角系统测度并分析了研究区贫困村的相对贫困特征。结果表明：① 贫困程度上,“十二五”期间贫困村呈中间大,两头小的“橄榄型”结构,省级、县级尺度下贫困深度与当地经济、区位、政策、自然环境等因素相关;② 空间分布上,全国贫困村分布呈现出东部和西北部稀疏、中部和西南部密集的“夹层”形空间异质性格局,同时存在多个不同量级、呈“星点”式分布的贫困核心;③ 中国贫困村的多维贫困存在较强的全局空间依赖性,局部呈现为高—高区与低—低区集中式分布、高—低区与低—高区离散夹杂式分布,且整体表现为西高东低的“阶梯状”格局。     

Metadata and provenance for spatial analysis: the case of spatial weights

Within a CyberGIS environment, the development of effective mechanisms to encode metadata for spatial analytical methods and to track the provenance of operations is a key requirement. Spatial weights are a fundamental element in a wide range of spatial analysis methods that deal with testing for and estimating models with spatial autocorrelation. They form the link between the data structure in a GIS and the spatial analysis methods. Over time, the number of formats for spatial weights implemented in software has proliferated, without any standard or easy interoperability. In this paper, we propose a flexible format that provides a way to ensure interoperability within a cyberinfrastructure environment. We illustrate the format with an application of a spatial weights web service, which is part of an evolving spatial analytical workbench. We describe an approach to embed provenance in spatial weights structures and illustrate the performance of the web service by means of a number of small experiments.     

空间数据分析与空间模型

虽然GIS已在各个领域得到广泛应用,但它相对较弱的空间分析功能正在限制其应用的广度和深度。文中系统论述了空间数据的基本特征,GIS中空间数据分析的基本需求,空间统计分析,空间数据探索分析以及空间模型,探讨了GIS与空间模型结合的必要性,结合途径以及结合中的问题与对策。     

基于空间聚类方法的京津冀城市群多层级空间结构研究

在京津冀协同发展战略背景下,以建设京津冀世界级城市群为引领,遵循城市发展规律,优化城市空间布局,明确京津冀城市群等级结构及其空间特征具有重要意义。本文以京津冀城市群156个区县为研究对象,从经济中心性、交通中心性、信息中心性、人口中心性4个角度,利用4种空间聚类方法进行5个等级的聚类分析,并基于克氏中心地理论对京津冀城市群等级划分结果进行空间结构分析。结果显示,自组织特征映射神经网络算法(SOM)较适合京津冀城市群的等级划分;京津冀城市群正从以北京城区为单核心的圈层空间结构向3条带型空间结构转变,其中京津都市发展走廊发育成熟,沿海都市发展带也初具规模,而包括雄安新区在内的京石都市发展带正在孕育。     

Testing spatial heterogeneity in geographically weighted principal components analysis

We propose a method to evaluate the existence of spatial variability in the covariance structure in a geographically weighted principal components analysis (GWPCA). The method, that is extensive to locally weighted principal components analysis, is based on performing a statistical hypothesis test using the eigenvectors of the PCA scores covariance matrix. The application of the method to simulated data shows that it has a greater statistical power than the current statistical test that uses the eigenvalues of the raw data covariance matrix. Finally, the method was applied to a real problem whose objective is to find spatial distribution patterns in a set of soil pollutants. The results show the utility of GWPCA versus PCA.     

中国干旱灾害评估与空间特征分析(英文)

Based on the monthly precipitation data for the period 1960-2008 from 616 rainfall stations and the phenology data of main grain crops,the spatial characteristics of drought hazard in China were investigated at a 10 km×10 km grid-cell scale using a GIS-based drought hazard assessment model,which was constructed by using 3-month Standard Pre-cipitation Index (SPI).Drought-prone areas and heavy drought centers were also identified in this study.The spatial distribution of drought hazard in China shows apparent east-west dif-ference,with the eastern part of China being far more hazardous than the western part.High hazard areas are common in the eastern and central parts of Inner Mongolian Plateau,the central part of Northeast China Plain,the northern part of Heilongjiang,the southeastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the central and southern parts of Loess Plateau,the southern part of North China Plain,the northern and southern parts of Yangtze River Plain,and Yun-nan-Guizhou Plateau.Furthermore,obvious differences in drought hazard were found both within and between different agricultural zonings.     

中国低碳城市评价与空间格局分析

城市是人类生产和消费活动最为集中的区域,带来了大量的能源消耗和碳排放,低碳城市受到国内外学者广泛探讨。本文从低碳开发、低碳经济、低碳环境、城市规模与能源消耗5个方面22个指标构建了低碳城市评价体系,引入遥感影像中的DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据集与PM2.5浓度反演影像;利用因子分析、聚类分析及空间相关性分析,将2006年及2010年284个地级及以上城市按照低碳水平分为低碳、相对低碳、相对高碳、高碳四类城市;根据驱动力分为环境主导型、居民主导型、城镇化主导型及产业主导型四种城市类型;空间上识别出京津冀、长三角、山东省及珠三角地区具有低碳城市发展集聚效应;低碳城市发展水平受城市行政等级、产业转型等因素影响。     

Some thoughts on inference in the analysis of spatial data

Statistical inference is important for all those who engage in the analysis of spatial data. The issue is becoming increasingly important given the explosion in the availability of spatial data and the proliferation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across different academic disciplines and application areas. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview of some of the concepts and controversies inherent in statistical inference in the hope of raising the level of awareness within the geographic information science community that different points of view exist when it comes to inference. We argue that the concept of statistical inference in spatial data analysis and spatial modelling is perhaps broader than many GIS users imagine. In particular, we argue that different types of inference exist and that process inference is just as valid as sample inference, even though the latter appears to dominate the GIS literature.     

基于GeoDA的哈大齐工业走廊GDP空间关联性

利用地理空间分析方法和空间分析软件,分析了哈大齐工业走廊2008年各县GDP空间分布状况,包括各县之间GDP水平的空间关联性、各县GDP水平与人口的空间关联性.研究发现:该时期内哈大齐工业走廊各县GDP水平在空间关联性上成正相关,相关系数较小,GDP空间分布并非表现出完全随机性,而是表现出空间相似值之间的空间聚集.GD...     

Emerging trends and research frontiers in spatial multicriteria analysis

ABSTRACT

A majority of research on Spatial Multicriteria Analysis (SMCA) has been spatially implicit. Typically, SMCA uses conventional (aspatial) multicriteria methods for analysing and solving spatial problems. This paper examines emerging trends and research frontiers related to the paradigm shift from spatially implicit to spatially explicit multicriteria analysis. The emerging trend in SMCA has been spatially explicit conceptualizations of multicriteria problems focused on multicriteria analysis with geographically varying outcomes and local multicriteria analysis. The research frontiers align with conceptual and structural elements of SMCA and pertain to, among others, theoretical frameworks, problem structuring, model parameter derivation, decision problem contextualization, scale representation, treatment of uncertainties, and the very meaning of decision support. The paper also identifies research directions and challenges associated with developing spatially explicit multicriteria methods and integrating concepts and approaches from two distinct fields: GIS and multicriteria analysis.     

沙漠化地区生态建设政策执行过程中的交易成本分析

将交易成本分析引入沙漠化地区生态建设政策分析过程,构建生态建设政策交易成本分析框架,确定交易成本计算方法,估算乌审旗退耕还林政策执行期间的交易成本为每年4 931.92元/hm²,中央政府直接提供的退耕还林补偿每年2 493.75元/hm²,农户支付的费用高达2 310.87元/hm²,占额外支付费用的94.74%。农户为退耕还林政策实施做出了重大贡献。生态政策的交易成本分析,将为生态建设政策的绩效评价提供一个新的角度,具有重要意义。