近百年中国四季降水量异常的空间分布特征

根据１８８０年以来的降水量观测记录及史料,建立了我国１１０°Ｅ以东３５个站１８８０～１９９６年完整的四季降水量序列．文中给出了建立序列的方法和四季降水量异常的空间分布特征．由ＲＥＯＦ分析表明,四季的特征向量十分相似．把１８８０～１９９６年四季的降水量级别合在一起作ＲＥＯＦ分析,得到６个降水变化集中区,为全年降水异常分析及预测提供了基本资料．     

基于《翁同龢日记》天气记录重建的北京1860～1897年的降水量

私人日记中的天气记录是重建历史时期高分辨率降水量序列的重要资料.通过摘录、整理《翁同龢日记》中晴、雨(雪)记录,统计了逐月降水日数,并利用降水量与降水日数之间的转换方程,重建了北京1860～1897年的夏季和年降水量.将重建的降水量与当时的器测降水量和依据“晴雨录”重建的降水量进行对比,综合这3种资料重新估算了北京18...     

1957～2004年中国不同强度级别降水的变化趋势特征

利用1957～2004年我国506个测站的逐日降水观测资料,分析我国8个区域年降水量、年降水频率和平均降水强度的趋势变化,根据百分位的分布,分析不同强度级别降水量和降水频率的趋势变化,以及频率和强度变化分别对降水量趋势的贡献.结果表明,年降水量、降水频率和平均降水强度均存在明显的区域变化特征.针对不同强度级别降水量和降水频率的趋势分析表明,极强降水量的趋势变化最为明显,频率变化在各强度级别均有体现,降水量的趋势变化主要由强降水量的变化引起,降水频率变化对降水量趋势的贡献远大于强度变化,趋势变化主要由频率的趋势产生.     

运城市降水集中度和集中期的时空特征分析

利用运城市9个气象站1960—2014年逐候降水资料,运用线性趋势、MannKendall曲线、相关系数和合成分析等方法探讨了运城市近55 a来年降水量、降水集中度(PCD)和集中期(PCP)的时空特征。结果表明:时间上,年降水量呈减少趋势,变化倾向率为-7.94 mm/10 a;PCD年际变化显著,在0.30~0.72,多年平均为0.53;PCP多年平均41.63候,最早与最晚相差13候。空间上,年降水量区域差异明显,由东南向西北递减;PCD从西南向东北递增,有2个大值和2个小值中心,PCP呈现"南早北晚"形势。PCD、PCP与年降水量、汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量之间都存在正相关,表明汛期降水量、月最大降水量、候最大降水量和日最大降水量越大的年份,PCD值就越大,降水就越集中,出现洪涝灾害的可能性就越大;降水集中期出现的越晚。     

1961～2018年长白山区不同等级降水时空变化特征

在全球气候变化影响下,长白山区的降水量发生着显著的变化,降水强度也发生着不同程度的变化。明确长白山区不同等级降水的降水量和降水天数的变化趋势对于揭示长白山区水资源演变规律具有重要意义。本研究基于长白山区气象观测站点的逐日降水数据,选取不同等级降水指标,分析了1961～2018年长白山区不同等级降水时空变化特征。结果表明:近60年,长白山区年均降水量呈现不显著的下降趋势（?0.31 mm/a）,降水天数呈现显著的下降趋势（?0.16 mm/a）,平均降水强度呈现不显著的上升趋势。不同等级降水变化主要体现为:小雨、中雨和大雨年均降水量和降水天数呈现下降趋势,而暴雨年均降水量和降水天数呈现不显著的增加趋势。长白山区年均降水量和降水天数的减少主要受小雨、中雨和大雨降水量和降水天数的减少影响。不同季节降水变化方面,长白山区春冬季降水量呈增加趋势,夏季和秋季降水量和降水天数均呈下降趋势。     

湖南省汛期降水结构演变特征分析

利用1980—2018年湖南省汛期96个地面气象观测站逐小时降水资料,以降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率作为重要指标,分析湖南省汛期降水结构的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)随历时增长,降水事件发生频率呈幂函数规律减小,降水量贡献率则呈线性增加趋势。短历时降水事件发生频率高,降水量贡献率低;长历时降水事件发生频率低,但降水量贡献率高,是汛期降水主体。短历时降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率湘南高于湘北,而长历时降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率湘北高于湘南。(2)近10 a短历时降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率都呈线性增加趋势,而长历时降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率则呈下降趋势。(3)各量级降水事件发生频率随降水量等级增加呈幂函数规律减小,降水量贡献率则随降水量等级增加呈线性上升趋势。暴雨虽然发生频率低,但是汛期降水的贡献主体。小到中雨降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率大致表现为湘南高于湘北;而大到暴雨降水事件发生频率和降水量贡献率湘北高于湘南。(4)小到大雨降水事件发生频率年际变化不显著,暴雨等级降水事件发生频率呈显著增加趋势。小雨降水事件降水量贡献率年际变化不显著,但是中雨和大雨等级降水事件降水量贡献率呈显著下降趋势,暴雨等级降水事件降水量贡献率呈显著上升趋势。     

浚县35年降水气候特征分析

利用浚县1963－1997年降水资料，分析了浚县35年来年降水量以及春、夏、秋、冬降水量变化特征，结果表明：年降水量呈减少趋势；春季降水有增加趋势且降水百分率呈波动增加趋势，夏季降水减少、降水百分率呈波动变化且较稳定，秋季降水减少且降水百分率波动较大，冬季降水有增加趋势且降水百分率波动不大。     

2种不同型号降水现象仪观测降水性能的评估分析

【目的】为评估DSG1型和DSG5型国产降水现象仪在测量降水方面的性能。【方法】挑选鲁南地区降水过程、强度和持续时间较一致且相邻2个国家气象观测站不同型号的降水现象仪和自动气象站2017年9月—2020年8月5年降水观测资料,对比分析了这两种不同型号降水现象仪和自动气象站观测降水的差异。【结果】（1）两种降水现象仪和自动气象站观测的降水时间基本相同,但DSG1型和DSG5型比自动气象站分别偏多约2.2%、3.7%;（2）两种降水现象仪分钟降水量、小时降水量和日降水量都比自动气象站偏小;（3）在中等降水强度及以下,两种降水现象仪观测的降水量大小基本一致,但降水强度较大时,降水量大小不一致且分散;（4）两种降水现象仪与自动气象站的分钟、小时和日降水量差值百分比均值变化不同,说明其在测量降水方面性能略有差异。【结论】由于测量原理和时间及空间分辨率不同于自动气象站雨量计,这两种降水现象仪在观测业务中有着良好的表现,对降水开始和结束时刻记录的更早更准确。     

南极长城站气温、风和降水变化特征分析

利用南极长城站1985—2014年所获取的地面常规气象观测资料,对其气温、风和降水变化特征进行分析,结果表明:长城站年平均气温为-2.2℃,气候变化趋势率为0.079℃/10a,近30a长城站气温升高了0.24℃,秋季气温增速最大。年平均风速为7.3m/s,最多风向为ESE;大风天气多,年平均大风日数为133d,冬季大风日数(13d)较其它季节多,春季平均风速(7.9m/s)较其它季节大,大风主要风向集中出现在N—W、S—E两个方向区间。降水主要以雪和雨夹雪为主;月平均降水量45.5mm,降水日数为25d,降水日数无显著的季节性变化;夏季降水量呈减少趋势,其它三季降水量呈增多趋势;年降水量为546.5mm,年降水日数为296d,降水量变化趋势与以往结论相左,近30a长城站的降水量呈增多趋势,气候变化趋势率为41.8mm/10a。     

暴雨强度公式的图解法

对１９６３－１９８７年４－１０月降水量自记记录进行分析，从中每年挑选４次高强度降水，通过降水资料的频率调整用图解法编制暴雨强度公式。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.