水布垭面板堆石坝的三维弹塑性数值分析研究

在建的清江水布垭面板堆石坝高达233 m,是目前同类坝型中最高的.采用MSC.Marc非线性有限元程序,发展了三维子模型法,对该坝进行了三维弹塑性有限元仿真分析,模拟了面板的分缝、坝体材料分区、填筑及蓄水过程,采用双屈服面弹塑性模型模拟堆石体的变形特征.根据数值分析的结果,对坝体和面板的应力变形分布规律进行了探讨.     

混凝土面板堆石坝的一种坝坡修整算法

基于混凝土面板堆石坝面板施工的实际情况,指出了通常混凝土面板堆石数值计算在模拟面板施工算法上的缺陷。提出了面板堆石坝竣工期上游坝坡修整力学问题,建立了一种适合平面问题和三维问题的统一坝坡修整算法,对任何采用接触模型模拟垫层料和混凝土面板受力特性的有限元计算模型,都具有普遍意义,并在有限元软件ABAQUS中实现了该算法。算例分析表明：该算法简洁和有效,能够保持良好的网格形态,使接触非线性计算收敛速度极大改善,并使蓄水状态下混凝土面板和坝体计算结果更趋于真实。同时,对考虑堆石料流变特性,研究施工阶段或蓄水后混凝土面板与垫层之间是否会发生“脱空”现象提供必要基础。     

堆石体流变对混凝土面板坝应力变形特性的影响

简要介绍了公伯峡水电站混凝土面板堆石坝坝内堆石料流变试验结果和流变计算模型。采用三维有限单元法对公伯峡水电站混凝土面板坝进行了模拟计算,对比了考虑堆石料流变和不考虑流变的计算结果,分析研究了堆石料流变特性对坝体变形以及对混凝土面板应力变形和周边缝位移的影响。     

面板堆石坝垂直缝破坏下三维渗流场有限元模拟

采用改进节点虚流量法求解无压稳定渗流场,并引入无厚度的裂缝模型对破坏的垂直缝渗流行为进行模拟,得到面板堆石坝裂缝渗流问题的有限元分析方法,并编制Fortran程序。以某混凝土面板堆石坝为例,计算了面板单一垂直缝破坏和多条垂直缝破坏条件下的三维渗流场,得到不同条件下渗流场的水头分布、浸润线以及渗漏量,系统分析了面板堆石坝在垂直缝破坏条件下的稳定渗流场规律和特点。结果表明,该方法能对渗流逸出点和浸润线进行准确定位,还能很好地模拟面板垂直缝破坏对坝区渗流场的影响,可以为面板堆石坝的接缝设计提供参考。     

混凝土面板堆石坝三维仿真分析

根据混凝土面板堆石坝的特点,提出了一种计算机数值和图形模拟方法,可以对混凝土面板堆石坝的整个施工过程和运行期进行三维非线性仿真计算分析和计算机图形模拟。     

流变效应对高混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形的影响

采用三维非线性有限单元法对牛牛混凝土面板堆石坝施工期和蓄水期的应力变形进行模拟计算,并结合沈珠江提出的指数型曲线流变模型,采用自行编制的有限元程序对大坝进行了三维流变分析,得到了坝体、面板在各个时期的应力和变形情况,以及堆石流变对坝体应力变形的影响;计算面板和周边缝位移时采用了三维子模型法,根据实际的坝体填筑、蓄水过程,对每一期面板浇筑之前的坝体上游面位移进行修正,并通过在面板与堆石体之间设置三维面-面摩擦接触单元,来有效模拟面板的应力、变形,为该坝的进一步优化设计提供了有益的建议。     

混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型及其应用

根据岩土材料Merchant、Bergers和Butterfield蠕变模型的基本形式,建立3种预测混凝土面板堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型。以蒲石河混凝土面板堆石坝为例,采用非线性有限元方法数值模拟堆石坝的顺序填筑过程。根据堆石坝沉降现场观测数据,采用回归分析方法确定3种沉降经验模型中的待定参数,确定堆石坝的蠕变沉降随时间的变化关系。工程实践应用结果表明,所提出的堆石坝蠕变沉降经验模型具有较高的拟合和预测精度,堆石坝的蠕变沉降除与时间有关之外,还与观测点的应力状态和位置以及堆石料的变形模量有关。     

基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演

采用现行的室内外试验方法确定的土石料动力参数与实际坝料的动力参数有何差异是人们关心的问题之一。提出了基于土石坝动力特性的坝料动力参数反演方法,并使用该方法反演了一个假想混凝土面板堆石坝的坝料动力参数,证明该方法是可行的,计算精度基本满足实际工程要求。利用紫坪铺面板堆石坝在汶川地震中的余震加速度响应信息,反演了坝料的最大动剪切模量系数K和指数n。结果表明,由室内动三轴试验得到的坝料最大动剪切模量系数K值偏小,建议进一步研究予以修正。     

基于扩展有限元法的大坝面板脱空三维模拟分析

混凝土面板与堆石体之间由于变形不协调导致的面板脱空是面板堆石坝工程中常见的现象,严重时可引起面板的开裂并威胁大坝的整体安全,非常有必要计算分析面板是否会出现脱空以及脱空值的大小。针对以往的计算方法难以在直观性、计算精度和容易实施之间取得平衡的现状,尝试将脱空视为物体内部不连续界面发生的相对位移,用扩展有限元法(XFEM)进行模拟分析。首先将一种复合式XFEM接触本构模型扩展到三维,实现在三维条件下XFEM对不连续界面发生张开和错动的表述,再通过一个滑块模型算例用自编程序和ABAQUS的接触力学方法进行模拟和对比,验证该三维界面接触算法的正确性,最后以天生桥面板堆石坝为算例计算了面板部位的脱空情况,并与实测值和对偶mortar方法的计算结果进行对比,验证该方法计算大型实际工程的能力。     

陡峻河谷高面板坝坝体与坝基接触效应

以新疆大石峡250 m级特高面板砂砾石坝为依托工程,采用大型接触面直剪试验确定了筑坝料与基岩的摩擦接触参数,建立了考虑坝体与坝基相互接触作用的面板坝三维数值模型,研究了摩擦接触效应对坝体、混凝土面板应力变形以及止水接缝三向变位的影响。结果表明：双曲线模型符合筑坝料与基岩之间剪应力与位移的非线性关系;若不考虑坝体与基岩的接触效应,坝体边界处变形梯度和主应力值计算值均偏小,导致判断该区域坝体开裂区范围偏小而拱效应被高估;蓄水期面板挠度和顺坡向应力受接触效应影响相对较小,而轴向位移和轴向应力受接触效应影响较大;周边缝变位受接触效应影响非常强烈,在高水头压力作用下,坝体局部可能出现相对基岩的滑移导致周边止水变形和坝肩竖缝张开量大幅增加。陡峻河谷筑坝若不考虑接触效应,计算结果是偏危险的。计算结果和Anchicaya 坝实测渗漏位置结果均表明,周边缝变位控制是陡峻河谷面板坝建设的关键。     

流变变形对高面板堆石坝面板脱空的影响分析

面板堆石坝尤其是高面板堆石坝的运行实践表明,堆石的流变现象比较显著。采用基于直接约束算法的接触力学分析方法模拟了混凝土面板和堆石体之间的接触关系。考虑堆石体的流变特性,并结合天生桥一级面板堆石坝的现场观测结 果,对高面板堆石坝中的面板脱空问题进行了有限元计算分析,研究了坝体流变变形对面板脱空和垫层亏坡问题的影响。     

Settlement behaviour of a concrete faced rock-fill dam

Settlement behaviour of a concrete faced rock-fill dam (CFRD), Kurtun dam, located in the East Black Sea Region, Turkey, is investigated. This is the first instrumented CRDF in the Country. Two dimensional plane strain finite element analyses were carried out to assess the total stresses and displacements in the dam both for construction and reservoir filling stages by using computer program PLAXIS. Predicted stresses and settlements are compared with those observed and overall the results are found to be in good agreement for the construction stage. Due to the relatively steep abutment slopes, cross-valley arching has a significant effect on stresses and displacements in the dam body. For the reservoir filling condition, it is seen that, predicted settlements are larger than the observed values, which indicates that during reservoir filling the rock-fill embankment responds more stiffly than it does during the construction stage. The hardening soil model is used to represent the non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent behaviour of rock-fill material. The model parameters are selected from the appropriate values in the literature investigating comparable cases.     

贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝三维非线性分析

利用堆石坝对地形条件适应性强的优势,将混凝土面板堆石坝设计建于条形山脊上,依天然坡面分别贴岩坡填筑堆石料,使原山体成为坝体一部分而形成的混凝土面板堆石坝,称之为贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝。利用目前应用较为广泛的邓肯E-B模型,基于ABAQUS提供的2次开发用户子程序,对某贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝施工填筑期和水库蓄水运行期的应力与变形进行模拟分析。计算结果表明,受地形和岩坡开挖形态的影响,贴坡型混凝土面板堆石坝的坝体变形规律与常规混凝土面板堆石坝有较大的不同,坝体沉降、水平位移以及面板的变形都较小;阶梯状的建基面凸角处有明显的应力集中,相应部位的应力水平较高。计算成果可为优化设计提供合理的建议和有效的措施。     

Effect of Construction Material on Dam Type Selection of the Büyük Karaçay Dam (Hatay, Turkey)

This paper covers the investigation of construction materials and selection of the dam type for the Büyük Karaçay Dam, which was planned to be constructed on Büyük Karaçay River 20 km to the SW of Hatay (Southern Turkey). The purposes of the dam are irrigation, domestic water supply, and producing energy. Auxiliary structures locations have been determined during the study of detailed geological maps of the dam axis and reservoir area. Quality, quantity and hauling distance of natural construction materials were effective to select different dam types. For engineering geological studies exploration boreholes were drilled at the dam site; pressuremeter tests were performed in order to determine bearing capacity and elasticity properties of rocks; pressured water tests were also performed to determine permeability of the dam site. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties of rocks were determined by the laboratory test. In the feasibility stage, the dam type was chosen as the central core rock-fill dam, depending on state of natural construction materials. In design stage dam type was changed as faced symmetrical hardfill dam. Finally, the dam type was revised again during the design stage as concrete face rockfill dam.     

堆石料湿化对混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形特性影响研究

心墙堆石坝的湿化变形已经为人们认识和重视,面板堆石坝由于上游有混凝土面板挡水,其湿化变形很少引起重视,但由湿化变形比较明显的堆石料填筑的坝体,在降雨过程中往往产生较大湿化变形,影响混凝土面板的工作性状。本文研究提出了大气降水引起堆石体达到一定饱和度情况下湿化变形的计算方法。进行了滩坑水电站混凝土面板堆石坝堆石料湿化变形试验,采用弹塑性平面有限单元法,分析研究了堆石料浸水湿化对坝体应力变形以及混凝土面板应力变形性状的影响。     

混凝土面板堆石坝中过渡区的渗流控制作用研究

在面板完好的条件下,面板堆石坝坝体的渗透稳定性很容易满足要求;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,过渡区的渗流控制作用对于大坝的渗透稳定性具有关键意义。结合水布垭大坝实例,通过层间系数的分析,认为必须通过试验研究过渡料对垫层料的反滤保护作用。通过反滤试验研究了水布垭全级配过渡料对垫层料的反滤效果和渗透变形规律,结合已发表的研究成果进行综合分析,探讨了过渡区的渗流控制作用机制：过渡料与主堆石区一起,可对坝体起到很好的排水作用;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,垫层料内部可能会发生颗粒迁移和内部结构调整,但在过渡料的反滤保护作用下可维持渗透稳定;初次遇到这种工况时,过渡区自身会有少量细粒流失,但其骨架将维持稳定,借助于主堆石区的支撑作用,过渡区将继续发挥其反滤和排水的双重作用。     

Evaluation of the overflow failure scenario and hydrograph of an embankment dam with a concrete upstream slope protection

The standard procedure in Quebec, Canada, for evaluating the failure of an embankment dam, per the Loi sur la sécurité des barrages, specifies a 30-min-long failure scenario with a breach width equal to four times the maximal height of the dam. We demonstrate a new method for evaluating the flood overtopping failure scenario for embankment dams with concrete upstream slope protection, using Toulnustouc dam for example computations. Our new methodology computes safety factors for a range of potential failure mechanisms taking into account geotechnical, hydraulic, and structural factors. We compile the results of our investigations of the various dam failure mechanisms and compare the corresponding dam failure hydrographs to the current hydrograph specified in the standard analysis procedures. Our investigations tend to invalidate the current standard procedures for evaluating the failure of rock-fill dams with concrete upstream faces, by indicating that the current standard procedures underestimate the peak failure discharge and overestimate the time to the peak discharge.     

Settlement and slaking problems in the world's fourth largest rock-fill dam, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey

The Ataturk Dam is the fourth largest clay cored rock-fill dam in the world. Located in southeastern Turkey, it is the centrepiece of a project called the Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP). The construction of the dam was finished in the short time of 3 years and 8 months in August 1990. As the reservoir level started to rise, settlement problems started to occur along the crest reaching considerable levels by May 1992 and the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section of the dam started to slake seriously. The elevation of the crest has fallen down to such an extent that now the upper part of the dam is being reconstructed to the original height of 549 m in order to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational. The settlement and slaking problems of the dam were investigated both in the field and the laboratory using soil and rock mechanical techniques. Standard proctor tests were run to determine the optimum moisture content at which the highest dry density (best compaction) is obtained during compaction of the impervious clay core. Consolidation tests were performed on undisturbed compacted clay core samples to determine if the field compaction of the clay core was done to the standards determined in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were run on the two different (sound aphanitic and weathered vesicular) basalts used in the rock-fill section of the dam to determine their unconfined compressive strengths. Slake durability tests were run on the same basalts to determine their durability under wetting and drying cycles. Petrographic and X-ray analysis were done so as to study the mineralogical contents of the two basalts and in turn, to determine the cause of rapid slaking of the vesicular textured weathered basalt. The consolidation test results show that, the field compaction of the impervious clay core of the dam was not done to the standards determined through the proctor tests in the laboratory. The unconfined compressive strength of the sound aphanitic basalt is more than ten times greater than the weathered vesicular basalt, and while the former has extremely high durability the latter only has medium durability. Because of nontronite (iron montmorillonite) and secondary calcite amygdules filling the vesicles, the weathered vesicular basalt used in the rock-fill section is slaking badly causing additional settlement and landslides both in the clay core which is already settling and the rock-fill section of the dam. With the continuing slaking, the present reconstruction of the crest up to the theoretically intended height of 549 m to maintain the 7 m freeboard and keep the dam operational seems only to be a temporary solution.     

地震强度对堆石坝变形的影响

采用基于状态相关的剪胀理论的临界状态砂土模型,以SUMDES2D为有限元平台,对直接建造在基岩上的心墙堆石坝进行了1组抗震性能计算,分析了坝体在不同的地震强度下的动力响应,以研究地震强度对土石坝变形机理的影响。计算结果表明,地震强度越大,地震所引发永久变形和局部变形就越大; 文中除了给出土石坝的总体位移及变形状况外,还提供了堆石坝在某些局部位置的应力路径和应力应变关系,探讨了不同地震强度下坝体破坏的内在机理。局部土单元的动力响应,揭示位于坝体上游坝坡马道附近单元由于密实度小,在应力不大的情况下就达到材料的临界状态,随着地震强度的增加,该部位由稳定逐步过渡到临界状态,而后沿着临界状态线发展,土单元由稳定逐步过渡到流动变形。