Transportation Accessibility of Central Towns in Important Agricultural Heritage Systems Sites in Mountainous Areas and Its Impact on Local Economic Development: A Case Study of Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System,Yunnan

Transportation as a means to support industrial development can impact the economic development of important agricultural heritage sites. Because the central towns in mountainous areas have weak economic interactions with each other, an appropriate method is needed to evaluate their transportation accessibility. This paper takes the Honghe Hani Rice Terraced System (HHRTS) as a study area and develops a model to determine shortest time-distances from central towns in the study area to the nearest high-grade city as a way to evaluate transportation accessibility (TA). We then analyze the relationship between the accessibility of these towns and their economies. The study finds that the TA of the central towns in HHRTS is not good as a whole. More than 70% of the towns are more than 1 hour away from their nearest high-grade city. Of the four counties in the study area, Yuanyang County has the best traffic conditions, while Lvchun County has the worst traffic conditions. The central towns in the northern and middle regions have better TA than those in the west, southwest and east margin regions. The small-scale rural economy has little dependence on the transportation network, while secondary industries are obviously impacted by the transportation network. In the future, to support the integrated development of industries in HHRTS, traffic conditions in each town should be improved appropriately according to the industrial orientation of the town, but excessive investments to construct roads irrespective of eco-environmental impacts and economic benefits should be avoided. Especially in the case of ecologically vulnerable towns, the building high-grade roads should be banned.     

THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING VALUES IN THE TRANSFORMATION TO A MARKET ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY OF MOSCOW

Rapid progress of the market-oriented reform in Russia has led to the emergence of urban housing markets. The intraurban spatial differentiation in market valuation of housing suggests a conceptually new insight into the internal structure of the socialist city. This paper demonstrates that apartment prices in Moscow are largely determined by accessibility to the center of the city, social status of the neighborhood residents, and proximity to certain amenities such as recreational facilities or disamenities such as noxious industries.     

The Production of Investment Returns in Spatially Extensive Financial Markets

Investment returns are produced by combining financial assets with human capital, the decision-making protocols of investment houses, and the electronic infrastructure that supports the flow of information about investment. At the center of the production process stand senior managers; their power and authority in the production process is fundamental to the performance of investment organizations. This article provides a model of the production of investment returns in financial centers and spatially extensive financial markets. We begin with Coase's theory of the firm but go beyond models of the firm that represent commodity-producing industries. Having substantiated the model of investment management, it is applied to institutions that seek investment returns in geographically extensive financial markets. Operating in financial markets at a distance from home jurisdictions is an increasingly important aspect of investment management. Given recent turmoil in global financial markets, financial houses have sought higher rates of return from markets in which they have little direct experience. At issue is how different types of financial organizations (large and small, growing and declining) produce investment returns in this new environment.     

非均衡发展战略在干旱区县域城镇体系规划编制中的实践——以内蒙古阿拉善左旗为例

干旱区城镇体系的发展强烈受制于区域特有的自然地理、资源、土地类型等自然约束条件,它们是人口、产业和城镇发展布局的地理基础。干旱区城镇体系构建的优化模式选择,应充分考虑区域的自然、社会经济特征以及区域的范围大小。在城镇体系规划编制过程中充分贯彻非均衡发展思想,重点发展中心城市和开发区,构建合理的“集聚型城镇体系”是符合干旱区的最佳选择。结合阿拉善左旗县域城镇体系规划编制进行分析,提出其未来区域城镇体系的发展应该坚持非均衡发展与优势区位优先开发的道路,通过功能分区、“轴线”的打造、“极点”的快速壮大加快空间集中化进程。     

中国小城镇产业结构特征及影响因素研究

分析揭示了2015年中国小城镇产业结构特征与空间差异,并利用加权最小二乘法实证估计了中国小城镇非农产业占比的影响因素。研究得出中国小城镇非农产业占比呈正态分布,非农产业占比较高的区域主要集中在东部沿海、长江经济带和边境口岸地区。东部地区小城镇非农产业占比呈负偏态分布,中部地区呈正态分布,而西部和东北地区则呈现正偏态分布特征,产业结构相对落后。小城镇规模、所在县域经济发展水平与小城镇非农产业占比显著正相关。县域第二产业占比提高带来的拉动效应略高于第三产业,小城镇产业更多的是为县域第二产业发展提供配套支撑。地级城市（地区、自治州、盟）规模的扩大对辖区内小城镇产业结构升级产生的扩散效应强于虹吸效应。     

1980—2016年黄土高原地区人口和可达性异速标度分析

论文基于黄土高原地区乡镇1980、1990、2000、2010、2016年5期截面数据,利用位序—规模法则和异速标度律,分析了乡镇尺度人口和可达性规模结构、等级体系及异速标度演化关系。结果表明：① 人口规模以中小等级乡镇为主,60%的乡镇人口规模正增长,总体呈“南北高、中间低”分布格局;可达性水平总体呈明显上升趋势,空间上自东南向西北逐渐降低;河谷平原区人口规模和可达性均最大。② 人口和可达性均呈位次型分布,人口位序—规模具有明显双分形结构,由均衡向极化转变;可达性位序—规模以2000年为转折点由双分形演变为单分形,由低水平均衡转向更高水平均衡。③ 3006个乡镇整体以正异速生长为主,负异速生长为辅,黄土高塬沟壑区、河谷平原区内乡镇异速生长类型以人口增长正异速生长为主,黄土丘陵沟壑区、土石山区、沙地和沙漠区内乡镇以人口下降正异速生长为主,农灌区内乡镇异速生长以人口增长正异速一级和人口下降负异速一级为主。最后根据人口和可达性异速类型和空间分布特征,提出各分区发展的建议。     

京津冀地区制造业空间格局演化及其驱动因素

京津冀地区产业转移升级、协同发展和先进制造业深度融合发展战略对制造业产业集群的空间布局提出更高要求.论文基于2000-2013年京津冀地区规模以上工业企业微观数据,运用核密度分析法和面板数据回归模型等方法,探究京津冀地区制造业空间格局演化特征及其驱动因素.结果表明:①京津冀地区全部制造业总体格局相对稳定,高值区集聚于京...     

技术关联、交通可达性与企业生产率——基于公路和铁路的研究

企业是区域经济发展的微观基础。企业生产率增长会影响区域长期经济发展,因此有必要深入分析企业生产率变动的影响因素和内在机制。基于中国工业企业年度调查数据（ASIF）,通过两阶段回归模型（2SLS）探讨企业与区域产业环境间的技术关联对企业生产率的影响,并分析不同交通类型的区域可达性的调节作用差异。结果显示：① 企业与区域间的技术关联越高,企业的全要素生产率会越高。② 区域可达性能够调节技术关联与企业生产率间的关系,且异质性交通网络的调节效应不同。在公路可达性高的区域内,企业生产率受到企业与区域间技术关联的影响较强;相反,提升区域铁路可达性则主要表现为削弱技术关联对企业生产率的作用。③ 区域可达性的调节效应还存在产业和空间异质性。比起劳动密集型企业,资本、技术密集型企业的生产率与技术关联间的关系受区域可达性的影响更明显。对于不同区域,公路可达性会使东部企业的生产率更依赖技术关联,而中西部企业刚好相反;铁路可达性则能促使东部企业发生“突破性”的生产率变化,对中西部企业没有明显影响。     

基于熵权-TOPSIS的山区乡镇通达性研究——以重庆市石柱县为例

交通是支撑区域经济社会发展的基础之一,通达性则是反映交通设施水平的有效评价指标。本文以重庆市石柱县为例,选取空间数据和调研数据,引入熵权-TOPSIS模型构建集内外通达性和摩擦阻抗于一体的指标体系,客观分析山区乡镇的通达性,以期为交通合理规划提供参考。结果表明：①通达性指标对区域综合通达性影响程度为：交通设施技术(C₄)>摩擦阻抗(C₅)>等效道路密度(C₂)>乡镇内部连通度(C₁)>与省干道衔接度(C₃)。②贴近度变异系数达0.5410,说明样区交通通达性水平空间差异大。③通达性空间格局表现出以南宾、西沱、悦崃为极核点向外围扩散递减趋势;通达性空间分布表现为西高东低,高通达区主要分布在平缓区,低通达区主要分布在陡峭山区。④通达性良好区域呈“一环一轴”模式分布,呈显著主干道指向性。⑤样区乡镇通达性空间分布格局与经济发展水平和土地流转面积有较高趋同性。研究结果能为区域协调发展、交通合理规划提供良好的理论与实践指导。     

基于乡村人口转移和农村道路建设的空间贫困破解机理及其对策研究——以贵州省为例

贫困与地理环境之间交互耦合形成了空间贫困陷阱,本文在对贵州50个国家级贫困县乡村人口转移减贫效应和松桃、威宁、望谟3个典型县域贫困村贫困发生率与农村道路可达性指数空间耦合关系进行实证研究基础上,阐释了破解空间贫困的作用机理,并构建相应政策体系。结果表明：① 贵州国家级贫困县乡村户籍人口向县内城镇转移和县外转移具有显著的减贫效应,但县内城镇转移比县外转移减贫效应的作用力更大。② 松桃县、望谟县极度贫困、可达性较差型和深度贫困、可达性较差型贫困村所占比例在15%左右,威宁为10%左右,对该类型贫困村实施整村易地搬迁和村庄撤并;对具有自然历史文化特色资源的深度贫困、可达性中等型和一般贫困、可达性中等型贫困村应进一步扩展道路宽度,打通断头路,形成网络,增强通行能力。③ 应坚持以县城为中心的就地城镇化和发达地区中心城市、省会城市等异地城镇化并重,加强对转移劳动人口的技能培训,提升其城镇生存能力。继续加大对具有自然历史文化特色资源的保护类村庄的“通村、通组、通户”道路拓宽、硬化等措施,逐步完善自来水、宽带等较为薄弱的基础设施投入力度,推进贫困村基本公共服务均等化;通过发展山区“绿水青山”内生性和外生性产业,引导贫困人口提升自我发展能力。     

Employment change in Tasmanian manufacturing, 1980–1985: an enterprise‐based approach

Regionally‐based employment studies must place greater emphasis upon the specific processes taking place within and between firms which lead to employment change. The present study, using an enterprise‐based approach, examines employment change within Tasmania's manufacturing sector between 1980 and 1985. Restructuring taking place within the state's larger resource‐based firms is compared with the role of small indigenous firms in terms of their employment implications. Analysis suggests that future employment growth is least likely to come from the large resource‐based industries which, nevertheless, will continue to employ a major share of Tasmania's manufacturing workforce. Most employment growth since 1980 has come from the state's small indigenous firms which sell their products primarily within the local region. Given the limited Tasmanian market, the potential for continued employment growth within the indigenous firm sector largely depends on these firms’ improved export performances in mainland and overseas markets.     

佛山市产业专业化、多样化与经济韧性的关系研究

以2008年和2013年佛山市30个专业镇的数据为基础,分析其在经济冲击抵抗期的经济韧性。分析结果显示,佛山市专业镇在经济危机之后整体经济韧性恢复缓慢,专业化和相关多样化产业的发展不再有助于经济韧性的提升,而非相关多样化则相反。传统专业化的集聚优势式微,以低水平劳动密集型产业为主的专业化易于导致经济的脆弱性;相关多样化因技术含量低和协作关系弱的限制也无法发挥作用,虽然地方政府采取积极干预的手段,但效果并不明显;非相关多样化的发展则有利于培育新的产业结构,弥补受危机影响而流失的劳动力,维持地区的经济韧性。与既往研究相比,研究结果同样支持高度专业化区域经济脆弱性更大、稳健性更低的主流观点,但是传统观点一是多侧重于某个视角,并未将专业化与多样化进行对比分析;二是在多样化研究中并不区分相关多样化和非相关多样化的对经济韧性作用。结论认为,在专业镇持续转型的背景下,发展相关多样化产业不利于提高其经济韧性,而非相关多样化产业则是积极有利的,应该予以大力鼓励。专业镇作为珠三角经济发展的成功经验,其传统发展模式正面临着严峻的挑战,应积极探索建立新的多样化发展模式。     

从全球到地方:东莞家具产业的绿色化升级路径

地方产业链嵌入全球价值链带动绿色化升级的研究已开始成为经济地理学关注的研究话题。在梳理国内外产业绿色化升级研究基础上,构建发展中国家产业绿色化升级理论分析框架,以东莞市家具产业为案例,通过实地调研和半结构访谈法,分析东莞家具企业嵌入全球生产网络的发展历程,理清在全球化动力、国家和地方动力等两大驱动力的作用下,东莞家具产业绿色化升级的路径和动力机制。结果显示：全球动力、国家和地方动力影响下的家具产业绿色化升级路径有差异,全球动力推动的绿色化升级被锁定在有限范围内,并对本地出口企业造成“可持续采购挤压”,而国内绿色家具利基市场的形成和产业绿色化发展的制度环境对本地绿色化升级起关键作用。结论对理解中国制造业由外向型向内循环发展过程中产业绿色化升级有一定的实践意义。     

区域综合交通可达性评价——以安徽省为例

从安徽省省域、县域、省域内地区间的开放性、两种费用成本以及考虑区域社会经济因素的吸引机会六种角度评价安徽省城镇可达性,揭示了安徽省城镇不同指标下的可达性空间分异规律,并建立了一个综合可达性指数模型,进一步得到安徽省城镇的综合可达性空间格局。研究表明:安徽省城镇全域时间可达性格局大体是以合肥为中心向外沿伸展但并没有构成规则的同心圈层结构;局域时间可达性格局南北差异明显,南部和西南部可达性较差,北部较好;邻域分析中把城镇分为严重萎缩型、急剧扩张型、基本稳定型和上下浮动型四种;最短路径的费用成本空间分布上呈现内核为东北向月亮湾形的圈层;最小费用成本分析得到城镇可达性空间上有明显的铁路交通指向性;吸引机会指数则表明吸引机会高的城镇在空间上呈现人民币符号"￥"形;综合可达性指数略显城镇间南北对称,但在皖南山区不遵循此规律。最后,针对路网布局的一些弊端提出了相应的建议。     

TAIWANESE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND TRADE WITH THAILAND

Thailand has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and an important factor contributing to this phenomenal growth is foreign direct investment (FDI). Taiwan's investment in Thailand, led by small and medium sized companies in labour intensive and relatively low technology industries, has increased dramatically since 1986. While Western multinational companies have been interested in using FDI to expand their markets in the host country, Taiwanese FDI — in a pattern similar to Japanese FDI of the 1970s — has been taking place in selected developing countries to lower production costs and export manufactured products to third country markets. Taiwan's exports to Thailand have also shown a marked increase since the Taiwanese government allowed large scale FDI in 1986. Although small at the global scale, Taiwanese investment in Thailand has contributed to an increasingly integrated East Asian economy.     

关中经济带空间结构形态分形研究

分形理论的提出,为研究复杂的区域空间结构形态演变提供了有力的理论和方法。以分形理论为基础,以典型的西陇海兰新经济带东段——关中经济带为例,运用分形研究量化模型对其空间结构形态的分维值研究表明：该经济带空间结构形态也具有分形现象,而且交通网络分布的空间形态的稳定性远比城镇分布的空间形态的稳定性差;交通网络的复杂性和通达能力比较强;城镇节点分布相对比较集中;从点一轴到网络是关中经济带空间系统分维演化的一般趋势。     

THE EFFECTS OF POLITICAL TERRORISM ON THE RESIDENTIAL LOCATION OF THE POOR IN THE KINGSTON URBAN REGION,JAMAICA, WEST INDIES

Political terrorism is endemic in many large cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. From 1976 to the present, and particularly in 1979–1982, armed conflict between and within the two major political parties in Jamaica has profoundly affected residential location patterns of the urban poor. The Kingston Urban Region (population 719,000) has experienced dramatic movements in residential location. Between 1970 and 1985, out of a total exodus of 63,000 people from deteriorating war zones in the inner-city ghettos, at least 35,000 can be attributed directly to political terrorism. Such terrorism has also led to loss of housing and places of employment, overcrowding of other ghettos that have been spared or less seriously damaged, and a massive movement to locations up to 50 kilometers distant from the city center, in many cases to shanty and squatter settlements. The conflict has followed the exodus to the shanty towns, which are decreasingly secure and increasingly politicized. Transportation costs for some shanty town dwellers have reached as high as 44% of takehome pay. It is illogical that large areas of empty, blighted wasteland should exist within a kilometer of downtown while tens of thousands spend an ever increasing portion of their low incomes on commuting.     

Can community gardens and farmers' markets relieve food desert problems? A study of Edmonton,Canada

This article integrates community gardens and farmers' markets into a spatial analysis of food deserts in the City of Edmonton, Canada. Our results show that community gardens and farmers' markets can improve fresh food accessibility and help relieve food desert problems to some extent, especially for mature, inner-suburban neighborhoods. However, based on the minimum road network distance and high need indicators, four neighborhoods throughout the city can still be considered as food deserts even after farmers' markets and community gardens are taken into consideration. Regression results reveal that community gardens tend to cluster with supermarkets, so that neighborhoods that have poor access to supermarkets also tend to have limited access to community gardens.     

Stall markets in metropolitan Sydney

Stall markets on open air, suburban sites are an important new form of retailing in Sydney. The existing literature on petty commodity forms of production argues that stall markets are conserved in underdeveloped economies for a variety of reasons but the relevance of these ideas to the markets in many cities in advanced economies has not been considered. This paper identifies the basic types of stall markets in Sydney, establishes that these markets are not ephemeral and shows that they have characteristics and parameters which are similar to those of conventional shopping centres. Thus the way is open to compare stall markets with conventional retailing, to assess the role of stall markets in post‐industrial societies and to investigate the reasons for their recent appearance in Sydney.     

小城镇可持续发展的区域透视

小城镇可持续发展是当今可持续发展研究的重点领域之一，目前绝大部分研究仅仅局限于就小城镇论小城镇，笔者认为区域才是小城镇可持续发展的基础，是小城镇赖以生存的环境，小城镇是区域社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物，小城镇和它所在的区域是互相依存、互相促进的。只有当二者为互动关系时，才能促进小城镇可持续发展。笔者从理论与实证研究角度，阐述影响小城镇可持续发展的区域环境、区域经济、区域社会、区域与小城镇的整体性等因素，认为小城镇可持续发展是一个多层次、多因素的庞大的系统，推动其发展的包括内部环境与外部环境，并构建区域与小城镇可持续发展的“火箭”模型。