北冰洋陆架的划界现状

北冰洋面积约1 300×10⁴ km²,周边国家对200 M（海里）大陆架及专属经济区的划界现状及对200 M外大陆架的诉求,对于我们参与北极科考具有十分重要的参考意义。大陆架与专属经济区的划界,美国与苏联已签署协定,美国国会已批准,但前苏联和俄罗斯未批准,这直接导致两国的海域争议不断。俄罗斯与挪威也已签署协议。美国与加拿大之间未签署协议,争议区超过7 000 M²。丹麦与加拿大已签署协议,完成划界,但存在汉斯岛的主权争议。挪威与丹麦及挪威与冰岛已完成划界。根据《联合国海洋法公约》第76条规定,北冰洋周边国家拥有确定北冰洋200 M外大陆架的权利。俄罗斯和挪威已提交200 M外大陆架划界方案,挪威对南森海盆西部的划界方案已得到大陆架界限委员会原则同意,但俄罗斯方案仍有很大的争议。作为《斯瓦尔巴条约》的签署国,斯瓦尔巴协定区,我们有权进入;因美国没有签署《联合国海洋法公约》,阿拉斯加北部大陆架及200 M外的楚科奇海台,都是我们进行科考的选择。此外,也可以通过国际合作,参与不同海域的科考和研究。     

印度洋通道及其对中国地缘环境影响

印度洋通道是中国获取能源和其他资源、出口工业产品并同南亚、西亚、非洲和欧洲国家交流合作的生命线。随着中美关系和中国周边地缘态势的深刻变化,中国需要积极谋划逐渐降低对传统的南海—马六甲海峡通道的依赖,建设新的印度洋通道,从而降低自身的地缘环境风险,并由此优化国内经济发展布局,推动西南沿边地区进一步开发与开放,并提升中国同印度洋沿岸国家和地区的交流与合作水平。本研究从通道的定义和特征出发,梳理了现有及潜在的印度洋通道,比较分析了各条通道的战略意义、前景及地缘环境影响,从而为中国的印度洋战略构建和“一带一路”倡议推进提供新的视角和见解。     

南极特别保护区的现状与展望

通过梳理南极条约协商会议(ATCM)形成的相关文件,概述了南极特别保护区设立的发展和南极特别保护区管理计划(草案)的编写与批准流程。对已批准设立的67个南极特别保护区进行统计分析发现,目前保护区总面积超过2700平方千米,分别由13个南极条约协商国提请设立,其中,美国、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、智利等国提出的占绝大多数;1966年和1985年为保护区设立的两个高峰年份。这些保护区主要以动植物、动植物栖息地或者生态系统为保护内容、以科学价值为保护目标。此外,简要地分析保护区建设的现状、问题和未来发展,介绍我国的南极特别保护区申报工作。     

The Politics of Eminent Domain: From False Choices to Community Benefits

Large-scale urban redevelopment projects catalyze moments of peril and opportunity. In the wake of the United States Supreme Court's Kelo v. New London decision affirming economic development as a public use under the takings clause of the Constitution, these perils and opportunities have again become a site of major contestation. An unusual alliance of libertarian property-rights ideologues and civil-rights organizations has joined forces to challenge the use of eminent domain in urban economic development. In this article, I analyze the history of these alliances and their implicit reinforcement of deeply reactionary constructions of property. I conclude with an evaluation of two emergent models—community benefit agreements and community equity shares—that provide promising community tools for alternatives to homeowner rule and neoliberal urban renewal.     

The Past,Present, and Future of Geodemographic Research in the United States and United Kingdom

This article presents an extensive comparative review of the emergence and application of geodemographics in both the United States and United Kingdom, situating them as an extension of earlier empirically driven models of urban socio-spatial structure. The empirical and theoretical basis for this generalization technique is also considered. Findings demonstrate critical differences in both the application and development of geodemographics between the United States and United Kingdom resulting from their diverging histories, variable data economies, and availability of academic or free classifications. Finally, current methodological research is reviewed, linking this discussion prospectively to the changing spatial data economy in both the United States and United Kingdom.     

南海制图的中美对比分析——基于批判制图学视角

运用文本分析,从中美关于南海制图的特点及差异着手,探讨了中美制图所表达的南海领域化过程以及地图对于领域化实践的作用。研究发现：1）中美制图中南海海域范围、岛礁地名及海疆边界表达的演变,是国家权力影响制图的表现。2）中美南海制图差异源于维护国家核心利益的需求：中国通过制图（再）领域化,对内加强南海海域管控,强化国民海权意识,对外宣示南海主权;美国通过制图（去）再领域化,强调南海的公海和多国属性。3）地图作为领域化工具,能够在国际舞台上讲述中国人的南海故事,也能清晰表达中国对南海诸岛和附近水域拥有主权的一贯和明确立场。应从地图维权、地图创新、地图宣传等方面加强对南海的领域化表达,使地图在南海海洋国土治理中发挥更重要的作用。     

北极地区200海里外大陆架划界法律问题研究

随着北极冰盖的融化,开采北极蕴藏丰富的石油、矿产资源越来越具有现实可行性,北极地区200海里外大陆架划界问题日益成为各国关注的热点.分析北极地区200海里外大陆架划界的国际法基础、主要法律问题以及学界对解决该问题的建议,认为200海里外大陆架划界不可能通过某一特定程序一次性解决,而是现有国际法框架内各国共同参与、区分不...     

Anglo‐American Electoral Geography: Same Roots and Same Goals,but Different Means and Ends?*

Electoral geographers in the United States and the United Kingdom have similar goals but pursue these through different means. In part, these reflect differences between the two countries' electoral and political systems, but they also reflect different methodological strategies and desired ends. Drawing on the U.K. experience, this article identifies areas for possible expansion in studies of the electoral geography of the United States, which are expressed as five challenges.     

BRAZILIAN IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION*

ABSTRACT. In the late 1980s more than 1 million Brazilians left Brazil without returning. Today an estimated 2 million Brazilians live abroad, 1.2 million of them in the United States. In this article I show that Brazilians migrate for a variety of reasons, including the geographical imagination. Why are so many Brazilians leaving for the United States? What are their geographical imaginations, and how are they described in their migration process? Using primary and secondary data and multiple methods, I address these questions by providing insights into Brazilian migrants' place perceptions, experiences, and reasons for migrating, focusing on the geographical imagination. Those migrants who end up returning to Brazil are more likely to cite financial and curiosity reasons for having migrated. A web of transnational religious and social networks sustains those immigrants who remain in the United States. Reasons for migrating are not economic alone; rather, they are based on interrelated and complex factors that range from adventure to curiosity, the cultural influence of the United States, family members, education, and escape.     

A SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY OF NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES TORNADOES

This study documents the spatial and temporal characteristics of northeast United States tornadoes and the synoptic patterns associated with their development. Daily 1200 UTC surface pressure, 500 mb height and 850 mb temperature data are used in a compositing analysis to indicate the general conditions on tornado-producing days during four quasi-seasonal periods. Temporally, two-thirds of all northeast tornadoes occur between the hours of 1800 UTC and 0000 UTC. Annually, greater than 75% occur during the four-month period from May through August. During the period of study (1950 through 1986) the region had an average of 30 tornado occurrences per year. Spatially, three preferred areas of tornadic development are identified across the northeast region. These areas include western and southeastern Pennsylvania and north-central Massachusetts. The general synoptic patterns associated with tornadic events in the northeast United States remain consistent throughout the year. The composite analyses indicate that the presence of a strong surface low pressure system moving through the Great Lakes, coupled with significant upper-level divergence associated with a vigorous shortwave feature and a cold frontal boundary, are the synoptic features most common during the initiation of tornadic storms in this region. [Key words: synoptic climatology, tornadoes, northeastern United States.]     

CIRCULATION PATTERNS AND TEMPERATURE FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH EXTENSIVE SNOW COVER ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

Weekly snow cover areas, derived from the NOAA/NESS Northern Hemisphere Digitized Snow and Ice Cover Data Base, were correlated with weekly temperature anomalies across the United States and with weekly 700-mb geopotential heights over the North American sector. The correlations were computed for snow cover across the entire North American continent as well as the western and eastern United States for the winters 1966–67 through 1979–80. Extensive snow cover is associated with negative temperature anomalies across most of the continental United States. The strongest relationship occurs along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian border to the central Great Plains and reflects the southward movement of cold arctic air masses toward the Gulf of Mexico. An anomalous trough over the western part of North America is responsible for extensive snow cover in the winter. The surface storm track is displaced southward during winters with heavy snow cover, with cyclones occurring more frequently in the southern Plains and southeastern United States. Moist Gulf of Mexico air advected northward by the southerly flow aloft is an important prerequisite condition for the occurrence of extensive snow cover in the eastern United States during the first half of winter.     

中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系时空演化

利用全球新闻媒体数据库对中美及中国周边海洋国家的事件关注度和事件影响力进行测算,刻画中美及中国周边海洋国家间地缘政治关系的阶段演变特征,通过社会网络分析法探索不同阶段中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系的网络特征及热点国家.研究发现:①1991-2018年中美及中国周边海洋国家地缘政治关系演变划分2个阶段:第一阶段(19...     

“The city is an apartment house”: property,improvement and dispossession in early twentieth-century Halifax,Nova Scotia

In early twentieth-century Halifax, municipal policies of property taxation and assessment became an important object of political discussion and contestation. Central to these political contests was a particular, theoretically informed distinction between “land” and “improvements.” This distinction would ultimately ground a set of changes in municipal taxation and assessment (introduced between 1914 and 1918) and would help to constitute a new and consequential logic of state action within property relations. Drawing on the literature on property “enactment,” this article examines how early twentieth-century struggles over municipal taxation and assessment reshaped the prevailing understanding of real property in the city of Halifax. Consistent with existing research, I demonstrate how a new perspective on property—including a new distinction between land and improvements—gradually came into being through a series of performances, practices and material devices. Embedded within this new perspective, crucially, was a specific logic of dispossession, a new and calculative rationale for the expropriation and redevelopment of the city’s “underimproved” land. While the literature on property enactment has quite often investigated practices of dispossession, I point out that its analysis of dispossession’s logic or rationale has tended to be confined to a single property theorist, John Locke, and his justifiably famous distinction between land and improvements. Emphasizing the rather different, post-Lockean conception of property that emerged in early twentieth-century Halifax, I suggest that more attention ought to be paid to the multiple and varying logics of dispossession that are liable to be contained within prevailing property enactments.     

Sweet Auburn: Constructing Atlanta's Auburn Avenue as a Heritage Tourist Destination

Utilizing redevelopment plans created by Central Atlanta Progress, this study explores the process of constructing a heritage tourist landscape on Atlanta's Auburn Avenue. Once home to the wealthiest African American community in the United States, Auburn Avenue went through a period of economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, planners for the City of Atlanta focused on redeveloping the Auburn Avenue corridor. At that time, Central Atlanta Progress began to update plans to convert Auburn Avenue into the United States' premier African American tourist destination. Utilizing those plans, this article argues that the city's redevelopment vision ties into particular aspects of African American identity, which link to neoliberal economic policies in an effort to turn Auburn Avenue into a "culturetainment" district. This vision is juxtaposed against the reaction of community residents who seek an alternative redevelopment vision.     

移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响研究

基于中国对美国各州的移民和直接投资数据,运用重心模型分析得出：美国华人移民的人口重心和集聚重心均向东北方向移动,中国对美国直接投资的重心变化区域也位于美国东、中部地区,二者在空间上的重叠性和耦合性日益增强。进而运用灰色关联法实证华人移民对中国在美国直接投资的影响处于中等水平,且影响长期稳定。     

基于城市夜间灯光数据的中美两国城市位序规模分布对比

工业革命以来,人类开启了大规模的城市化进程。城市随着交通和通讯技术的发展不断突破原有的规模限制,城市规模不断变大。以人口为指标的城市规模分布服从齐普夫法则。不同城市化发展阶段,其城市位序规模分布存在差异。城市夜间灯光数据一般可用来衡量城市的经济活动、建成区面积、人口密度、发展水平等。本文以同源的城市夜间灯光数据代表城市规模,在国家尺度和省州尺度研究中美两国城市规模位序分布,并比较其异同。研究表明,在国家尺度,2013-2016年间,中美两国城市规模均变得集聚,而中国城市规模分布比美国更为分散,齐普夫指数相差约0.1。在省州尺度,不同省州的城市规模分布存在差异,中国和美国分别有44%和84%的省份或州的齐普夫指数大于1,中国城市规模分布分散型省份占一半以上,而美国的集中型的州则占有84%,总体而言,中国城市的规模分布更为分散。中美两国高位序城市实际值远低于拟合值,理论上仍然具备很大的发展潜力。中国高位序城市需要进一步提高城市经济活动的聚集程度,使得城市规模体系更趋完善与成熟。     

中国对美国州层面直接投资时空演变与驱动因素探究——以得克萨斯州为例

改革开放以来,中国的外商直接投资经历了从“引进来”到“走出去”的发展历程。2016与2017年,中国对外直接投资（COFDI）流量与存量先后跃升至全球第二位,由外商直接投资吸收国转变为世界主要对外直接投资国之一。在中美双方经贸合作伙伴关系持续深入背景下,美国已成为中国对外直接投资首位东道国。投资是落于具体地域的,不同尺度地域投资环境的差异性是导致中国对美直接投资时空分异的重要原因。立足于中国（投资母国）视角,以美国州内各选区为研究地域尺度,利用空间自相关等方法,对美国典型州——得克萨斯州的中国对外直接投资的时空格局与演变特征进行了探讨,同时引入面板数据计量模型对COFDI在得州内各选区间投资驱动因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：(1)得州内COFDI存量持续增长,但阶段性特征明显;(2)得州内COFDI以国有企业并购为主,且主要集中在能源产业;(3)COFDI州内集聚程度较弱,局部选区间多呈现出相异属性集聚特征;(4)市场规模、劳工人数、交通通达性、华人移民数对COFDI具有正向促进作用,劳动成本、教育水平、税率、经济密度对COFDI具有不同程度的负向作用。研究结果可为中国政府、跨国企业在...     

Knowledge,Innovation and Economic Growth: The Theory and Practice of Learning Regions. Frans Boekema,Kevin Morgan,Silvia Bakkers,and Roel Rutten,eds.; Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries. Edesio Fernandes and Ann Varley,eds.

In the Susette Kelo et al. v. City of New London, Connecticut, et al. decision of 2005, a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court held that the use of eminent domain by the New London Development Corporation, a nonprofit organization charged with redeveloping a depressed site in New London, Connecticut, was not a violation of the Fifth Amendment, which prevents the taking of private property for "public use" without just compensation. Unlike prior eminent domain decisions, the immediate beneficiaries in Kelo were private interests: the public benefit was simply the localized trickle-down effects of economic redevelopment. This short commentary argues that Kelo offers an instructive window into the contradictory geographies of property under urban neoliberalism. While neoliberal redevelopment frequently invokes and mobilizes private property, it may also dispossess owners and rework entitlements in the name of "highest and best use," as in New London. The social geographies of dispossession, however, are not equitable: smaller and otherwise marginalized interests may suffer disproportionately, despite ideological assurances to the contrary.     

The Atlas and Encyclopedia Habit

Abstract

The Great Salt Lake of Utah is presently the object of a Supreme Court dispute between the State of Utah and the United States government, Mineral salts, estimated in value at many billions of dollars, are available for extraction, and major companies have already begun operations on lands exposed by a falling lake level. Decision as to the ownership of these relicted lands depends upon the classification of the lake as a “navigable waterway” and a determination of the mean shoreline; however, the lake fluctuations are erratic, temporary, and to a large extent manmade, and Federal efforts to establish a valid shoreline have been unsuccessful. The state claims a meander line, lying approximately 4,205 feet above sea level, as the legal boundary of the lake. Based on past legal precedents, the decision could favor the State.     

环印度洋区域国家地缘经济格局分析

环印度洋区域不仅关乎中国贸易与能源安全,同时也涵盖“一带一路”倡议合作的部分区域.为便于中国更好地开展与环印度洋区域国家之间的贸易合作,需要定量考察环印度洋区域的地缘经济格局,掌握域内外大国在该区域的地缘经济竞争情况.首先基于有序聚类方法将1992-2017年环印度洋区域国家的商品贸易数据划分为4个阶段,然后探究环印度...