黄河流域近50年降水变化趋势分析

本文简要分析了黄河流域降水空间分布规律,用非参数检验方法（Mann-Kendall法）对流域内77个气象站近50年的降水资料进行了年月降水序列趋势检验,并用线性回归方法与其进行了比较。结果表明,对于年降水序列,有65个气象台站呈现下降趋势,典型月（包括1月、4月、7月、10月）中4月、7月和10月对年降水下降趋势贡献较大,但其趋势空间分布情况存在差异。对于所有月降水序列,全年4⁵月以及7¹2月降水呈现下降趋势。而其趋势空间分布,黄河上游北纬35°以南地区除7⁹月外其余月份降水呈现增长趋势。渭河上游及呼和浩特地区降水趋势随月份时有变化,流域内其他地区降水则呈减少趋势。对比两种方法,Mann-Kendall方法在冬季（12月至次年2月）的检验结果中无变化趋势气象站数明显多于线性回归方法,且后者估计出的趋势变化幅度略大于Mann-Kendall方法所估计出的结果。     

Variations and trends of the freezing and thaw- ing index along the Qinghai-Xizang Railway for 1966?2004

Annual freezing and thawing index of 7 meteorological stations along the Qing-hai-Xizang Railway were calculated based on daily maximum and minimum temperature records for 1966?2004. Trends of annual freezing and thawing index were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and a simple linear regression method. The results show that: 1) The mean annual freezing indices range from 95 to 2300℃·d and the mean annual thawing indi-ces range from 630 to 3250℃·d. The mean annual freezing index of the 7 stations exhibited decreasing trends with decreasing rate of ?16.6– ?59.1℃·d /10a. The mean annual thawing index of these 7 stations showed increasing trends with the related decreasing rate is 19.83–45.6℃·d /10a. 2) The MK trend test indicated the significant decreasing trends (sig-nificant at < 0.05 significant level) in the annual freezing index for most stations except for Golmud. The significant increasing trends can be observed in the annual thawing index for 4 stations except Golmud and Tuotuohe. Golmud was the only station with no trends in both annual freezing and annual thawing index.     

青藏铁路沿线1966-2004年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势

利用日气温观测值计算了青藏铁路沿线7 个主要气象站1966-2004 年的年冻结与融化指数,分析了这些指数的统计与分布特征,并应用两种趋势检验方法：非参数Mann-Kendall 检验法和简单线性回归法分析了这些台站年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势。结果表明,青藏铁路沿线多年平均冻结指数大致分布在95~2300 ^oC·日之间, 多年平均融化指数大致在630~3250 ^oC·日之间。7 个站点的冻结指数均呈减少趋势,其线性倾向率分布在-16.6~-59.1 ^oC·日/10a 之间;融化指数均呈增加趋势,其线性倾向率分布在19.8~45.6 ^oC·日/10a 之间。MK 趋势检验的结果显示,除格尔木表现出微弱的减少趋势外,其他站点都呈现了0.05 水平 下的显著减少趋势;年融化指数除格尔木和沱沱河表现出弱增加趋势外,其他5 个台站都显示出了0.05 水平下的显著增加趋势。简单线性回归方法得到的趋势结果与MK 趋势检验结果相一致。     

海河流域气象和水文降水资料对比分析及时空变异

选用海河流域上国家气象局30个气象站1958-2007年共50年的日降水资料,以及水文部门248个雨量站1995-2004年共10年的资料,采用线性回归、5年滑动平均、Mann-Kendall趋势分析、Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验、Z检验和F检验等方法,在充分考虑两套降水资料优势的基础上,分析了海河流域降水的时空变化特征。发现：(1) 海河流域气象站和雨量站的年降水量基本都符合正态分布,其均值和方差在统计意义上相等;两套资料的相关程度较高,气象站日降水资料可以用来延长水文站资料;(2) 在1958-2007年,除春季降水量略有增加外,海河流域的降水整体上呈减少趋势,夏季和全年减少趋势非常明显,而且1980年后呈加速减少;(3) 海河流域夏季和全年的降水分布形势相似,以太行山和燕山为界,分为山前多雨带、山前平原区少雨带以及山后少雨带,而且降水从南向北,从沿海到内陆逐渐减少;冬季水汽含量最少,基本上呈南多北少的分布;春秋季的分布特征相似,表现为冬夏季的过渡状态。近50年来,五台山地区和太行山前的部分地区降水减少趋势明显。     

Temporal and spatial trends of precipitation and river flow in the Yangtze River Basin, 1961–2000

The suspected impact of climate warming on precipitation distribution is examined in the Yangtze River Basin. Daily precipitation data for 147 meteorological stations from 1961–2000 and monthly discharge data for three stations in the basin have been analyzed for temporal and spatial trends. The methods used include the Mann–Kendall test and simple regression analysis. The results show (1) a significant positive trend in summer precipitation at many stations especially for June and July, with the summer precipitation maxima in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin in the 1990s; (2) a positive trend in rainstorm frequency that is the main contributor to increased summer precipitation in the basin; and (3) a significant positive trend in flood discharges in the middle and lower basin related to the spatial patterns and temporal trends of both precipitation and individual rainstorms in the last 40 years. The rainstorms have aggravated floods in the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin in recent decades. The observed trends in precipitation and rainstorms are possibly caused by variations of atmospheric circulation (weakened summer monsoon) under climate warming.     

广东全省性年气候变化的定量分析

利用广东的年气候要素资料,采用经验正交函数分解,周期回归等方法,并计算相关系数,持续性比等,统计分析了广东全省性气候变化的时空特征,年际持续特点及其与热带海气变化的关系。     

河西走廊57年来气温和降水时空变化特征

采用滑动平均、线性回归等趋势分析方法以及Mann-Kendall、Pettitt 和累积距平三种突变检验方法对河西走廊地区1955-2011 年的气温和降水两个指标进行研究, 从而揭示该地区气候变化的事实及趋势。研究显示河西走廊地区的气温在过去57 年呈显著上升趋势, 升温率是IPCC第四次报告中近50 年变暖率的两倍, 达0.27℃/10a, 并且在1986 年发生增温突变;四季气温中, 冬季气温升高对年气温上升贡献最大。河西走廊年降水量在研究时段内呈显著增加趋势, 降水增率为3.95 mm/10a, 但各个流域增加趋势并不显著;雨季降水量呈不显著的增加趋势, 其年际变化与年降水量一致, 雨季降水增量对年降水量增加贡献率大;河西走廊年降水量未发生突变, 雨季降水量在1968 年发生增加突变。河西走廊温度升高, 降水量增加, 总体向暖湿化发展, 这种变化对该地区水资源脆弱性的影响需要进一步研究。     

1960-2010年中国西南地区0 ℃层高度变化特征

使用西南地区1960-2010 年14 探空站高空气象资料和对应的14 个地面观测站的5 个气温要素和2 个降水要素资料,通过Mann-Kendall 检验,线性趋势法、相关分析法及R/S 分析方法,分析了西南地区0 ℃层高度的时间变化特征和空间分布情况以及0 ℃层高度与气温、降水、海拔的相关性分析,并预测了0 ℃层高度未来变化趋势及持续性强度。结果表明:(1) 西南地区0 ℃层高度年代际变化表现为自20 世纪70 年代后突然降低之后逐渐升高的趋势,各季节年代际变化也不尽相同;(2) 西南地区0 ℃层高度在年际变化方面,在全年、秋季和冬季处于上升趋势,以冬季变化趋势最为明显且通过了显著性检验,春季和夏季处于不明显的下降趋势;(3) 西南地区0 ℃层高度的空间分布表现为由南向北逐渐降低的趋势,夏季较为均匀,从年际变化空间分布来看,年、季节变化空间差异也比较明显;(4) 西南地区各气温和降水要素表现出非常明显的空间差异,与降水各要素相比较,气温各要素与0 ℃层高度相关性更显著;从0 ℃层高度与海拔高度相关性来看,夏季0 ℃层高度与海拔高度相关性最好,而与其他季节及年的相关性不明显。(5) 未来趋势预测表明,西南地区年、季节0 ℃层高度变化趋势与过去一致,并且大部分站点保持较强的持续性。     

1966-2004年青藏铁路沿线年冻结与融化指数的变化趋势

Annual freezing and thawing index of 7 meteorological stations along the Qing- hai-Xizang Railway were calculated based on daily maximum and minimum temperature records for 1966-2004. Trends of annual freezing and thawing index were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test and a simple linear regression method. The results show that： 1） The mean annual freezing indices range from 95 to 2300℃·d and the mean annual thawing indices range from 630 to 3250℃·d. The mean annual freezing index of the 7 stations exhibited decreasing trends with decreasing rate of -16.6- -59.1 ℃·d/10a. The mean annual thawing index of these 7 stations showed increasing trends with the related decreasing rate is 19.83-45.6℃·d/10a. 2） The MK trend test indicated the significant decreasing trends （significant at 〈 0.05 significant level） in the annual freezing index for most stations except for Golmud. The significant increasing trends can be observed in the annual thawing index for 4 stations except Golmud and Tuotuohe. Golmud was the only station with no trends in both annual freezing and annual thawing index.     

Spatio-temporal changes in agricultural hydrothermal conditions in China from 1951 to 2010

Based on the daily observation data of 824 meteorological stations during 1951- 2010 released by the National Meteorological Information Center, this paper evaluated the changes in the heat and moisture conditions of crop growth. An average value of ten years was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation in the agricultural hydrothermal conditions within a 1 km² grid. Next, the inter-annual changing trend was simulated by regression analysis of the agricultural hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that the contour lines for temperature and accumulated temperatures (the daily mean temperature ≥0°C) increased significantly in most parts of China, and that the temperature contour lines had all moved northwards over the past 60 years. At the same time, the annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, though more than half of the meteorological stations did not pass the significance test. However, the mean temperatures in the hottest month and the coldest month exhibited a decreasing trend from 1951 to 2010. In addition, the 0°C contour line gradually moved from the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River Basin to the Yellow River Basin. All these changes would have a significant impact on the distribution of crops and farming systems. Although the mechanisms influencing the interactive temperature and precipitation changes on crops were complex and hard to distinguish, the fact remained that these changes would directly cause corresponding changes in crop characteristics.     

北京地区长序列季节尺度降水研究

本文采用线性回归,11年滑动平均,Mann-Kendall,连续Morlet小波分析等方法对北京地区286年长降水序列在季节尺度上进行了趋势与周期分析。分析结果表明：（1）在过去的将近300年,北京地区四季除了冬季之外降水呈上升趋势;（2）夏季降水和年降水的上升趋势在17世纪80年代后上升的非常明显并且在很长的一段时间是显著的;（3）夏季降水和年降水的突变点发生分别发生在1764和1768年,这之后北京夏季降水和年降水从下降趋势变为上升趋势;（4）四季降水表现出不尽相同的周期特征。130–170年, 80–95年, 75–95年和 55–65年被认为是春夏秋冬四季降水的最主要周期;（5）153年,85年,83年,59年分别为北京地区春夏秋冬四季降水的第一主周期;（6）夏季降水与年降水变化阶段基本相似,夏季降水完全控制年降水;根据两者85年第一主周期判断北京地区在2009–2030年这个时段正处于一个少降水期。     

Spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation in Haihe River basin, 1958–2007

The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations (WS) of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges (RG) of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958–2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995–2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958–2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.     

1960—2011年甘肃河东地区极端降水变化

选取甘肃河东地区13个气象站点1960—2011年的日降水资料,运用气候线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析、反距离加权法和R/S方法,分析了甘肃河东地区极端降水的时空分布,并预测了未来变化趋势。结果表明:（1）河东地区近52年持续干旱日数呈显著增加趋势,而其余极端降水指标呈减少趋势,其中只有中雨日数通过了显著性检验;各极端降水指标在河东季风区和河东高寒区存在明显差异;在河东季风区,中雨日数、R95极端降水量和降水强度显著减少,而持续干旱日数显著增加;在河东高寒区持续降水日数显著减少。（2）空间分布上,除持续干旱日数大多数区域增加外,其余极端降水指标大部分区域减少,减少区域集中在河东中部和河东东南部。（3）极端降水指标主要以20年和5～8年的周期为主,在不同的时间序列信号强弱不同\.（4）中雨日数、持续干旱日数、R95极端降水量、降水强度在20世纪70年代发生趋势性突变,持续降水日数和最大5天降水量在80年代转折性突变。（5）除中雨日数、持续降水日数在河东高寒区未来发展不稳定外,其它各指标在各区域未来表现出持续性,与过去变化趋势一致。     

河南省旬降水量的标度不变性分析

利用河南省107个气象观测站1961-2012年逐旬降水量资料,分析了河南省旬降水量的时空变化特征,并利用去趋势波动分析方法探讨了河南省旬降水量的标度不变性。结果表明:(1)河南省逐旬平均降水量及其站间均方差52 a平均为20.6 mm和15.4 mm,其概率分布均不服从正态分布,为正偏态分布。(2)河南省逐旬降水量及其站间均方差的累积离差均具有阶段性变化特征,在阶段内均具有极为显著的线性变化趋势,能够通过信度为0.001极显著水平的检验。(3)河南省逐站旬降水量的标度指数均在0.5以下,表明时间序列具有非持久性。河南省旬降水量标度指数空间变异性较小,具有正态分布的特征。     

近40年来渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲气候变化特征分析

利用库车、沙雅、新和气象站1961～2000年日照、气温、降水和蒸发观测资料,分析渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲近40年来日照、气温、降水和蒸发量年际变化、季节变化及特征.结果显示:近40年来年均日照总体呈减少趋势,减少倾向率为31.64 h/10a,减少幅度从大到小依次为冬、夏、秋和春季;近40年来年均气温总体呈增加趋势,增长倾向率约0.17℃/10a,年内冬、秋两季呈上升趋势,春、夏两季呈下降趋势;近40年来年降水量总体呈增长趋势,增长倾向率约10.16 mm/10a,年内除秋季外,夏、春、冬季降水均呈增长趋势;近40年来年蒸发量总体呈减少趋势,减少倾向率约149 mm/10a,年内蒸发量减少幅度从大到小依次为夏、春、秋和冬季.     

近55年淮河上中游流域气候要素多时间尺度演变特征及关联性分析

选取1960~2014年淮河上中游流域19个气象站点的月降水量、气温和日照时数等数据,采用气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall、Morlet小波和相关系数法,对流域年和四季降水、气温和日照时数的变化趋势、多时间尺度演变特征以及相关性进行了研究。结果表明：① 降水在年和四季线性变化趋势不显著;气温除夏季不显著外,年和春、秋、冬季变暖趋势显著;日照时数除春季不显著外,年和夏、秋、冬季节变短趋势显著;② 降水、气温、日照时数在年和四季分别表现出多个时间尺度的相对丰枯、冷暖和长短交替特征;第一主周期尺度及其相应的平均变化周期在年和四季有的较接近有的相差较大,第一主要平均周期介于2~10 a之间;③ 气温的复相关系数均小于降水和日照时数;除冬季气温复相关系数较小外,其他季节各要素均较大。降水-日照的偏相关系数绝对值在年和四季均最大。降水-日照时数、降水-气温大部分情况呈反相关系,冬季气温和日照时数在主周期尺度28 a下呈同相变化。     

1960～1997年新疆北部降水序列的趋势探测

利用非参数统计检验法（Mann-Kendall法）分析了新疆北部地区13个气象台站1961-1997近40年降水序列的趋势。因季节性差异，对1月、4月、7月、10月的降水序列也进行了分析。结果表明，1961-1997年新疆北部地区年降水序列大致存在增加的趋势，但不是很普遍；多数测站的年降水序列无趋势。以4月、10月为代表的春秋季降水量没有趋势存在；在少数测站以1月为代表的冬季降水序列出现了上升趋势，说明1961-1997年间新疆北部冬降水量有一定量的增加；3个测站在以7月以代表的13个夏季降水序列中出现了上升趋势，还有一个测站出现了下降趋势，说明新疆北部地区夏季降水在1961-1997年间有少量的增加，并且降水变化趋势存在一定的地区差异。     

近47a塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区气候变化

根据新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠周边12个气象台站1961—2007年的历史气候资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波、Mann-Kendall突变检测和自然正交分解(EOF)等方法,对近47a的年平均气温、降水量、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度等气候要素的基本变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:①年平均气温呈升高趋势,降水量呈增多趋势,年潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度总体呈减小趋势。受其综合影响,气候总体呈较明显的暖湿化趋势。但20世纪90年代初、中期以来,在气温持续上升的同时,潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度呈增大之势,即气候出现了"暖干化"的迹象,该现象值得关注。②突变检测表明,年平均气温在1970年发生了突变性的升高,降水量在1981年发生了突变性的增多,而潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度在1981年发生了突变性的减小。③气温、降水、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度分别存在准3a、8a的年际尺度和16～23a的年代际尺度的周期性变化。④12站的年平均气温、降水量、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度等4要素的最主要空间分布特征均是同向变化。     

Water level changes in Polish lakes during 1976–2010

The paper presents the analysis of tendencies in water level changes in 32 lakes in Poland during 1976–2010. Series of monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation and air temperature for 9 meteorological stations were also studied. The trend analysis for all of the studied series of water levels in lakes showed high spatial and temporal variability. Series of annual water levels in the case of 6 lakes showed statistically significant increasing tendencies, and in 7 lakes, significant decreasing trends. Series of annual amplitudes in the majority of lakes (22) showed a decreasing trend, but they were statistically significant only in three cases. The tendencies for air temperature fluctuations are more statistically significant than precipitation. The key role in determining water level changes is played by local factors, particularly including human economic activity, obscuring the effect of natural factors on water level changes. The paper describes cases of changes in water levels in lakes under anthropopressure related to among others: agricultural irrigations, hydropower infrastructure, water transfers, navigation, or mining.     

近60年昆明市气候变化特征分析

利用线性倾向率、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验(MTT法)和小波分析等数理统计分析方法,分析昆明市近60 a气候变化趋势和气候突变特征。结果显示:近60 a昆明市气候变化呈气温升高、降水量略微减少的暖干化趋势;气温上升率0.24℃/10 a,降水量下降率3.89 mm/10 a;干季增温强于雨季,而雨季降雨量下降趋势明显;2001~2010年是近60 a来昆明气温最高、降水量最少的10 a;昆明市气温变化包含5~10、10~15 a左右周期,其降水量变化有10~15 a左右的周期变化特征。