The Bjerkreim-Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Rogaland, SW Norway: Evidence from marginal rocks for a jotunite parent magma

The Late-Proterozoic Bjerkreim-Sokndal Layered Intrusion (BKSK) consists of andesine anorthosite, leuconorite, troctolite, norite, gabbronorite, jotunite, mangerite, quartz mangerite and charnockite. The sequence of appearance of cumulus minerals and their compositions suggest a parent magma that was evolved, had plagioclase (±olivine) on the liquidus, was sufficiently TiO₂-rich for hemo-ilmenite to crystallise early, and low in CaO and CaO/Al₂O₃compared to basalts as reflected by the sodic plagioclases and the delayed appearance of cumulus augite. Fine- to medium-grained jotunites found along the northern contact of the BKSK consist of plagioclase (An_45–53), inverted pigeonite (Mg# = 55-50), sparse augite (Mg# = 69-59), Fe-Ti oxides, K-feldspar, quartz and apatite. They are basic to intermediate rocks with relatively high FeO^total, high TiO₂, low MgO/MgO + FeO, moderate Al₂O₃ and low CaO and normative diopside. The jotunites have compositions that are consistent with the parental magma for the lower part of the BKSK Layered Series, and are interpreted as being marginal chills. Similar, but slightly more differentiated, jotunite magmas were subsequently emplaced into the BKSK and the surrounding region as broad dykes and small plutons. Jotunite is a minor rock type in most massif-type anorthosite provinces but may have an important petrological significance.     

Fluid evolution during metamorphism of the Otago Schist, New Zealand: (I) Evidence from fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusion salinities from quartz veins in the Otago Schist, New Zealand, range from 1.0 to 7.3 wt% NaCl eq. in the Torlesse terrane, and from 0.4 to 3.1 wt% NaCl eq. in the Caples terrane. Homogenization temperatures from these inclusions range from 124 to 350  °C, with modal values for individual samples ranging from 163 to 229  °C, but coexisting, low-salinity inclusions exhibiting metastable ice melting show a narrower range of T  _h from 86 to 170  °C with modes from 116 to 141  °C. These data have been used in conjunction with chlorite chemistry to suggest trapping conditions of ≈350–400  °C and 4.1–6.0  kbar for inclusions showing metastable melting from lower greenschist facies rocks, with the densities of many other inclusions reset at lower pressures during exhumation of the schist. The fluid inclusion salinities and Br/Cl ratios from veins from the Torlesse terrane are comparable to those of modern sea-water, and this suggests direct derivation of the vein fluid from the original sedimentary pore fluid. Some modification of the fluid may have taken place as a result of interaction with halogen-bearing minerals and dehydration and hydration reactions. The salinity of fluids in the Caples terrane is uniformly lower than that of modern sea-water, and this is interpreted as a result of the dilution of the pore fluid by dehydration of clays and zeolites. The contrast between the two terranes may be a result of the original sedimentary provenance, as the Torlesse terrane consists mainly of quartzofeldspathic sediments, whilst the Caples terrane consists of andesitic volcanogenic sediments and metabasites which are more prone to hydration during diagenesis, and hence may provide more fluid via dehydration at higher grades.     

Calculated fluid evolution path versus fluid inclusion data in the COHN system as exemplified by metamorphic rocks from Rogaland, south-west Norway

Abstract Fluid evolution paths in the COHN system can be calculated for metamorphic rocks if there are relevant data regarding the mineral assemblages present, and regarding the oxidation and nitrodation states throughout the entire P-T loop. The compositions of fluid inclusions observed in granulitic rocks from Rogaland (south-west Norway) are compared with theoretical fluid compositions and molar volumes. The fluid parameters are calculated using a P-T path based on mineral assemblages, which are represented by rocks within the pigeonite-in isograd and by rocks near the orthopyroxene-in isograd surrounding an intrusive anorthosite massif. The oxygen and nitrogen fugacities are assumed to be buffered by the coexisting Fe-Ti oxides and Cr-carlsbergite, respectively. Many features of the natural fluid inclusions, including (1) the occurrence of CO₂-N₂-rich graphite-absent fluid inclusions near peak M2 metamorphic conditions (927° C and 400 MPa), (2) the non-existence of intermediate ternary CO₂-CH₄-N₂ compositions and (3) the low-molar-volume CO₂-rich fluid inclusions (36–42 cm³ mol^?1), are reproduced in the calculated fluid system. The observed CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions with minor N₂ (5 mol%) should also include a large proportion of H₂O according to the calculations. The absence of H₂O from these natural high-molar-volume CO₂-CH₄-rich inclusions and the occurrence of natural CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions are both assumed to result from preferential leakage of H₂O. This has been previously experimentally demonstrated for H₂O-CO₂-rich fluid inclusions, and has also been theoretically predicted. Fluid-deficient conditions may explain the relatively high molar volumes, but cannot be used to explain the occurrence of CH₄-N₂-rich inclusions and the absence of H₂O.     

Fluid inclusions in quartz from deep-seated granitic intrusions,south Norway

H₂O, CO₂, and H₂OCO₂ inclusions were observed in quatz from deep-seated granitic intrusions belonging to the Precambrian Farsund plutonic complex, south Norway. These inclusions represent solidus and/or sub-solidus fluids that were present in these rocks at some period between the initial melt and the present. Early CO₂ and H₂OCO₂ inclusions with about 20 mole% CO₂ contain up to 10 mole% CH₄ in the CO₂ phase and have densities from 0.96 to 0.85 g/cc. These inclusions are considered to most nearly approximate solidus vapour phases and suggest conditions of final solidification of the magma at 5 to 6 Kb and 700°C to 800°C. The H₂O inclusions have salinities between 2 and 60 wt%; the majority contain 5 to 20 equivalent wt.% NaCl and have densities from 1.05 to 0.85 g/cc. Microthermometry indicates that other cations such as K⁺, Ca²⁺ and / or Mg²⁺ are present in these aqueous fluids. The H₂O inclusions primarily represent fluids present at a post-magmatic stage of fracturing and healing of these rocks during uplift.     

Low-density CO2-rich fluid inclusions from charnockites of southwestern Madurai Granulite Block, southern India; implications on graphite mineralization

Characterization of fluid inclusions in graphite-bearing charnockites from the southwestern part of the Madurai Granulite Block in southern India reveals a probable relation with the formation and break down of graphite during the high-grade metamorphism. The first-generation monophase pure CO₂ inclusions, the composition of which is confirmed by laser Raman spectroscopy, recorded moderate density (0.77–0.87 g/cc) corresponding to low tapping pressure (around 2 kb) than that of the peak granulite-facies metamorphism. The precipitation of graphite, as inferred from graphite inclusions and δ¹³C values of the graphite from the outcrops, is interpreted as the cause of this lowering of fluid density. An intermediate generation of pseudosecondary inclusions resulted from the re-equilibration or modification of the first-generation fluids and the CO₂ formed is interpreted to be the oxidation product from graphite. The youngest generation of fluids which caused widespread retrogression of the granulites is a low-temperature (350 °C) high-saline (32.4–52.0 wt% NaCl equivalent) brine. Carbon isotope data on the graphite from the charnockites show δ¹³C values ranging from −11.3 to −19.9‰, suggesting a possibility of mixing of carbon sources, relating to earlier biogenic and later CO₂ fluid influx. Combining the information gathered from petrologic, fluid inclusion and carbon stable isotope data, we model the fluid evolution in the massive charnockites of the southwestern Madurai Granulite Block.     

Carbonic metamorphism of charnockites in the southwestern Indian Shield: A fluid inclusion study

Forming the southwestern segment of the Precambrian granulite facies terrain of the Indian shield, the Kerala region largely comprises charnockites, khondalites and migmatitic gneisses. Fluid inclusions in quartz from the charnockites show distinct distribution patterns consistent with three generations of inclusions. The early monophase type records entrapment of high-density CO₂-rich fluid (0.95–1.0 g cm⁻³). A subsequent monophase type with lower-density CO₂-rich fluid (0.65–0.75 g cm⁻³) coexists with CO₂H₂O inclusions having an average degree of filling of 0.2 (H₂O = 20%; CO₂ = 80%). Late aqueous biphase inclusions show coexistence with a second category of CO₂H₂O inclusions showing a degree of filling of 0.6 (H₂O = 60%; CO₂ = 40%). The CO₂-isochores for early carbonic inclusions yield a pressure range of 4.6–6.1 kbar at granulite facies temperatures of 650–800°C, depicting the entrapment of fluids present during or close to the peak metamorphic stage. A definite sequence of fluid evolution is traceable for the subsequent stages. Thus, the coexisting CO₂ and CO₂H₂O inclusions were entrapped at 510°C and 2.2 kbar, marking the waning of carbonic regime and the beginning of aqueous regime. At 330°C and 0.4 kbar, fluid unmixing occurred, leading to the simultaneous entrapment of mixed CO₂H₂O and H₂O inclusions along rehealed microfractures. The data presented indicate that the metamorphic fluids evolved from early high-density carbonic through mixed carbonic-aqueous to late aqueous types. The dry granulite mineral assemblage of charnockites is a result of metamorphic equilibration under water-deficient and high-P_CO2 conditions.     

新疆北部弧-盆转化体系下铁氧化物-铜-金矿床的流体演化特征:来自卤族元素和稀有气体同位素的证据

东准噶尔北缘和东天山雅满苏带是中国新疆北部地区两个重要的晚古生代铁氧化物-铜-金矿化潜力区,以老山口、乔夏哈拉和黑尖山矿床作为典型矿床代表。研究表明两区域的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床均产出于盆地闭合的弧盆转化体系下,且具有明显的铁、铜-金两阶段矿化。卤族元素和稀有气体同位素作为可靠的流体示踪剂,被应用于探究这一特定构造环境下的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床的流体演化和矿床成因。结果显示老山口、乔夏哈拉和黑尖山矿床的成矿流体具有明显的混合流体端员特征:(1)岩浆流体端员,主要参与黑尖山矿床磁铁矿阶段,I/Cl、Br/Cl和⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值分别为(16.3~18.0)×10^-6、(1.03~1.06)×10^-3和352~437;(2)海水表源蒸发成因盐卤水端员,主要参与老山口矿床铜-金矿化阶段,I/Cl、Br/Cl和⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值分别为(77.1~87.7)×10^-6、(1.53~1.80)×10^-3和672~883;(3)蒸发岩溶解或者深度水-岩反应成因的盐卤水/沉积岩地层水端员,主要参与到老山口、乔夏哈拉矿床的磁铁矿阶段以及黑尖山、乔夏哈拉矿床的铜-金矿化阶段,综合I/Cl、Br/Cl和⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar比值分别为(477~26 301)×10^-6、(0.39~1.28)×10^-3和288~510。明显的多阶段矿化和铜-金矿化阶段以非岩浆富Ca高盐度卤水为主的特征与世界范围内的IOCG型矿床极为相似,表明新疆北部的铁氧化物-铜-金矿床应为IOCG型矿床。     

The petrogenesis of massif anorthosites: a Nd and Sr isotopic investigation of the Proterozoic of Rogaland/Vest-Agder,SW Norway

Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotopic analyses of charnockitic migmatite, augen gneiss, anorthosite-leuconorite and two acid plutons from the Rogaland and Vest-Agder districts of southwest Norway constrain their crustal residence ages, origin and evolution. The charnockitic migmatites, which are a major component of the metamorphic basement complex, represent the oldest and largest episode of accretion, in which new crust was derived 1.5–1.9 Ga ago from a mantle source of depleted Nd isotopic composition. The basement complex was intruded by a number of large anorthositic to granitic plutons during and after the Sveconorwegian orogenic period. Samples from the ca. 1050 Ma old, synorogenic Håland anorthosite-leuconorite massif exhibit substantial variation of initial _Nd of +2.1 to +4.4 at an anorthosite locality and –0.5 to +2.3 at a leuconorite locality, but display significant variation of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio only between the localities (anorthosite mean=0.70369, leuconorite mean=0.70560). A model is proposed whereby the anorthosite and leuconorite were derived by major crustal contamination of, and fractional crystallization from, a picritic magma derived from isotopically-depleted mantle. Two younger acid intrusions, the 950 Ma old Lyngdal granodiorite and the 930 Ma old Farsund charnockite, both have initial Sr and Nd isotope ratios consistent with massive contamination of depleted-mantle-derived magma by old continental crustal material.     

Fluid regime and origin of gold-bearing rodingites from the Karabash alpine-type ultrabasic massif,Southern Ural

The rodingites of the Karabash Massif are distinguished by the presence of native cupriferous gold. This zonal hydrothermal-metasomatic complex was formed in three stages. The inner zone of rodingite proper is made up of chlorite-andradite-diopside rocks of stage 1, which are cut by diopside veinlets of stage 2 and calcite veinlets of stage 3. The intermediate zone consists of chloritolites, which give way to the antigorite and chrysotile-lizardite serpentinites of the outer zone. Thermometric and cryometric studies and gas chromatography showed that the gold-bearing rodingites of stages 1 and 2 were formed at t = 420–470°C, P = 2–3 kbar, and \(X_{CO_2 } \) = 0.001–0.02, i.e., under conditions typical of rodingite formation. The final stage was accompanied by a decrease in P-T parameters (0.5–1.0 kbar and 230–310°C) and an increase in \(X_{CO_2 } \) up to 0.04. The rodingite-forming fluid was extremely rich in water (\(X_{H_2 O} \) = 0.942–0.981) and contained hydrogen as the major gas component (\(X_{H_2 } \) = 0.012–0.023); its composition was essentially chloride-magnesium with minor amounts of CaCl₂ and FeCl₂ and a low salinity of 2.6–8.0 wt % NaCl equiv. The rodingite minerals showed the following isotopic characteristics (‰): δ¹⁸O from 5.5 to 6.6 and δD from 42.8 to ?44.3 for chlorite, δ¹⁸0 from 2.0 to 3.8 for andradite, δ¹⁸O from 6.0 to 6.6 for diopside, and δ¹⁸O from 10.6 to 11.4 and δ¹³C from 0.1 to ?1.8 for calcite. The chloritolite is characterized by δ¹⁸O from 5.9 to 6.6 and δD from ?49.8 to ?64.4; the antigorite serpentinite shows δ¹⁸O=6.5 and δD=?65.2; and the antigoritized chrysotile-lizardite serpentinite shows δ¹⁸O from 6.8 to 6.9 and δD from ?127 to ?128. The calculated isotopic composition of fluid in equilibrium with various rocks suggested its metamorphic origin. It was formed from the water released during dehydration of oceanic serpentinites, from the components of ultrabasic and basic magmatic rocks, and, at the final stage, from marine carbon.     

Fluid evolution during metamorphism at increasing pressure: carbonic- and nitrogen-bearing fluid inclusions in granulites from Øksfjord,north Norwegian Caledonides

Three successive metamorphic stages M1, M2 and M3 have been distinguished in polymetamorphic granulite facies quartz-feldspathic gneisses from the Seiland Igneous Province, Caledonides of northern Norway. An early period of contact metamorphism (M1; 750–950°C, ca. 5 kbar) was followed by cooling, accompanied by strong shearing and recrystallization at intermediate-P granulite facies conditions (M2; 700–750°C, 5–6kbar). High-P granulite facies (M3; ca. 700°C, 7–8 kbar) is related to recrystallization in narrow ductile shear zones and secondary growth on M2 minerals. On the basis of composition, fluid inclusions in cordierite, quartz and garnet can be divided into three major types: (1) CO₂ inclusions; (2) mixed CO₂–N₂ inclusions; (3) N₂ inclusions. Fluid chronology and mineral assemblages suggest that the earliest inclusions consist of pure CO₂ and were trapped at the M1 contact metamorphic episode. A carbonic fluid was also present during the intermediate-P granulite facies M2 metamorphism. The CO₂-rich inclusions in M2 garnet can be divided into two generations, an early lower-density and a late higher-density, with isochores crosscutting the P-T box of M2 and M3, respectively. The nitrogen-rich fluids were introduced at a late stage in the fluid evolution during the high-P M3 event. The mixed CO₂–N₂ inclusions, with density characteristics compatible with M3 conditions, are probably produced from intersection between pre-existing pure CO₂ inclusions and N₂ fluids introduced during M3. The fluid inclusion data agree with the P-T evolution established from mineral assemblages and mineral chemistry.     

Fe-Ti deposits in Rogaland anorthosites (South Norway): geochemical characteristics and problems of interpretation

The Rogaland anorthosite province (S. Norway) contains numerous Fe-Ti oxide deposits, including the second most important ilmenite deposit in the world, the Tellnes deposit. The largest deposits are located in the Åna-Sira anorthosite massif. Others occur in the Håland-Helleren anorthosite massif, particularly along the deformed contact with the Egersund-Ogna massif, where they were previously considered formed by metasomatic processes. All deposits are now regarded as magmatic. The structure, mineralogy and geochemistry of 11 selected Fe-Ti deposits (Tellnes, Storgangen, Blåfjell, Laksedal, Kydlandsvatn, Kagnuden, Rødemyr, Hestnes, Eigerøy, Svånes, and Jerneld) are discussed in light of recent models proposed for the origin of Rogaland anorthosites and related rocks. Massif-type anorthosites result from the diapiric uprise of a plagioclase crystal mush which crystallized along a large P–T interval. Except for Tellnes, which is related to a post-deformation dyke, the Fe-Ti deposits in anorthosite massifs have been deformed by this movement during and after their crystallization. The differentiation process of the jotunitic parental magma has built up cumulates in the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered intrusion and liquids in the Tellnes dyke and other jotunitic intrusions. Ilmenite is a liquidus mineral immediately after plagioclase in the sequence of crystallization of these jotunites, its interstitial character in the rocks resulting from subsolidus recrystallization. Ilmenite can thus accumulate early in the evolution of jotunitic magmas. This feature, together with high contents in Cr, V, Mg and Ni, links the Jerneld, Blåfjell and Svånes deposits (type?1) to the early evolution of a jotunitic magma. In the Bjerkreim-Sokndal intrusion, magnetite can appear with ilmenite at the very beginning of the sequence of crystallization, but normally crystallizes after orthopyroxene and before clinopyroxene and apatite. The early appearance of magnetite is a characteristic feature of type 2 deposits (Tellnes, Storgangen, Kydlandsvatn, Rødemyr I) and suggests conditions similar to the early magnetite cumulates in the Bjerkreim-Sokndal intrusion. Evidence of layering further favours gravity-controlled sorting processes to concentrate the oxides. Large-scale subsolidus segregation of the oxides due to high-temperature deformation can further concentrate these minerals in silicate-absent meter-sized masses. Type 3 deposits (Rødemyr II, Kagnuden, Hestnes and Eigerøy) could be derived from the more evolved stages of differentiation, as indicated by high REE in apatite, high Ti and Zn in magnetite and relatively low Cr, V, Mg, Ni contents in both oxides. The Cr content in both oxide minerals is however higher than in the equivalent cumulates of the Bjerkreim-Sokndal intrusion. Although immiscibility as the mechanism of enrichment leading to silicate-absent oxide-apatite veins, as in Hestnes and Eigerøy, cannot be precluded, there is no direct evidence in the veins, nor has any structural or geochemical evidence of immiscibility ever been found in jotunite dykes and Fe-Ti-P-rich rocks. Further investigations on the influence of subsolidus exchange of elements between the two oxides are needed to improve the use of trace elements as differentiation indexes.     

Polyphase zircon in ultrahigh-temperature granulites (Rogaland, SW Norway): constraints for Pb diffusion in zircon

SHRIMP U–Pb ages have been obtained for zircon in granitic gneisses from the aureole of the Rogaland anorthosite–norite intrusive complex, both from the ultrahigh temperature (UHT; >900 °C pigeonite‐in) zone and from outside the hypersthene‐in isograd. Magmatic and metamorphic segments of composite zircon were characterised on the basis of electron backscattered electron and cathodoluminescence images plus trace element analysis. A sample from outside the UHT zone has magmatic cores with an age of 1034 ± 7 Ma (2σ, n = 8) and 1052 ± 5 Ma (1σ, n = 1) overgrown by M1 metamorphic rims giving ages between 1020 ± 7 and 1007 ± 5 Ma. In contrast, samples from the UHT zone exhibit four major age groups: (1) magmatic cores yielding ages over 1500 Ma (2) magmatic cores giving ages of 1034 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4) and 1056 ± 10 Ma (1σ, n = 1) (3) metamorphic overgrowths ranging in age between 1017 ± 6 Ma and 992 ± 7 Ma (1σ) corresponding to the regional M1 Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism, and (4) overgrowths corresponding to M2 UHT contact metamorphism giving values of 922 ± 14 Ma (2σ, n = 6). Recrystallized areas in zircon from both areas define a further age group at 974 ± 13 Ma (2σ, n = 4). This study presents the first evidence from Rogaland for new growth of zircon resulting from UHT contact metamorphism. More importantly, it shows the survival of magmatic and regional metamorphic zircon relics in rocks that experienced a thermal overprint of c. 950 °C for at least 1 Myr. Magmatic and different metamorphic zones in the same zircon are sharply bounded and preserve original crystallization age information, a result inconsistent with some experimental data on Pb diffusion in zircon which predict measurable Pb diffusion under such conditions. The implication is that resetting of zircon ages by diffusion during M2 was negligible in these dry granulite facies rocks. Imaging and Th/U–Y systematics indicate that the main processes affecting zircon were dissolution‐reprecipitation in a closed system and solid‐state recrystallization during and soon after M1.     

Fluid composition and evolution in coesite-bearing rocks (Dora-Maira massif,Western Alps): implications for element recycling during subduction

Fluid inclusions and F, Cl concentration of hydrous minerals were analysed in the coesite-pyrope quartzite, the interlayered jadeite quartzite and their country-rock gneiss from the Dora-Maira massif using a combination of microthermometry, Raman spectrometry, synchrotron X-ray microfiuorescence and electron microprobe analysis. Three populations of fluid inclusions were recognized texturally and can be related to distinct metamorphic stages. A low-salinity aqueous fluid occurs in the retrogressed country gneiss and as late secondary inclusions in jadeite quartzite and chloritized pyrope. An earlier secondary population is found in matrix quartz of the jadeite- and pyro-pe-quartzites. This population can be related to the early decompression and so to incipient breakdown of garnet into phlogopite-bearing assemblages. The inclusion fluid is highly saline (up to 84 wt% equivalent NaCl) and contains Na, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn as major cations. In pyrope quartzite, additional K was found in these brines, which locally coexist with CO₂-rich inclusions. The oldest fluid inclusions are preserved in kyanite grains included in fresh pyrope and in pyrope itself. In pyrope, all inclusions have decrepitated and contain magnesite, an Mg-phosphate, sheet-silicate(s), a chloride and an opaque phase, with no fluid preser ved. In contrast, the kyanite inclusions in pyrope preserve primary H₂O-CO₂ low-salinity fluid inclusions, probably owing to the low compressibility of the kyanite inclusions and host garnet. In spite of in-situ re-equilibration, these inclusions can be interpreted as relics of the dehydration fluid that attended pyrope growth. These correlations between textural and chemical fluid inclusion data and metamorphic stages are consistent with the fluid composition calculated from the halogen content of different generations of phlogopite and biotite. The preservation of different fluid compositions, both in time and space, is evidence for local control and possibly origin of the fluids, in agreement with isotopic data. These results, in particular the absence of CO₂ in the jadeite quartzite, are best interpreted in terms of a fluid-melt system evolution. With increasing metamorphism, partitioning of H₂O, Na, Ca, Fe and heavy metals into melt (jadeite quartzite) and Mg, Na/K, F, CO₂ and P(?) into a residual aqueous fluid can account for depletion in Na, Ca and Fe of the pyrope quartzite. During the retrograde path, a _{H 2 O} rose as melt crystallized, generating the two populations of hypersaline and water-rich fluids that were highly reactive to pyrope. The process of fluid-melt interaction envisioned here coupled with models of melt extraction in subduction zones provides an attractive opportunity for the instantaneous ( < 1 Ma) and selective transport of elements between a downgoing slab and the overlying mantle wedge.     

Fluid inclusions in high-pressure granulites of the Pan-African belt in Tanzania (Uluguru Mts): a record of prograde to retrograde fluid evolution

The high-pressure granulites of the Uluguru Mountains are part of the Pan-African belt of Tanzania, the metamorphic evolution of which is characterized by an anticlockwise P-T path. Mineral assemblages that represent distinct metamorphic stages are selected for fluid inclusion studies in order to deduce the fluid evolution in metapelites and pyroxene granulites from the prograde to the retrograde stage. Fluid inclusion data improve the petrologically derived P-T path and confirm the anticlockwise evolution. Fluid inclusions in quartz enclosed in garnet porphyroblasts in metapelites preserve prograde fluids of CO₂–N₂ composition and later-trapped pure CO₂. During isochoric heating at temperatures near the peak of metamorphism, deformation and recrystallization led to fluid homogenization yielding N₂-poor CO₂ composition in the metapelites. Near-peak CO₂–N₂ fluid inclusions in quartz of metapelites and CO₂ inclusions in garnet-pyroxene granulites are characterized by perfect negative crystal shape. Garnet formed in veins and as coronas around orthopyroxene represent the near-isochoric/isobaric cooling stage which is characterized by high-density CO₂-rich fluid inclusions. Up to 15 mol% N₂ in some primary CO₂ inclusions in corona garnet indicate small-scale fluid heterogeneity during the static garnet growth. The fact that high-density fluid inclusions are preserved, suggests a shallow dP/dT slope of the uplift path. Nevertheless, some fluid inclusions decrepitated or re-equilibrated and low-density CO₂ inclusions were trapped in the garnet-pyroxene granulite while N₂–CH₄ inclusions formed in the metapelites. Different fluid compositions in metapelite and metabasite argue for an internal control of the fluid composition by phase equilibria. In shear zones where the pyroxene granulite was transformed into scapolite-biotite schist, CO₂–N₂ and low-density N₂–CH₄ fluid inclusions indicate several stages of tectonic activity and suggest fluid influx from the nearby metapelites. High- and low-salinity aqueous inclusions observed beside CO₂ inclusions in garnet-pyroxene granulites, in vein quartz and shear zones could be of high-grade origin but are mainly re-equilibrated or re-trapped along healed microfractures during lower-grade stages. Received: 21 May 1997 / Accepted: 6 October 1997     

In situ U–Pb dating of zircon formed from retrograde garnet breakdown during decompression in Rogaland, SW Norway

Regionally metamorphosed metapelites from Rogaland, SW Norway, contain zircon formed during the decompression reaction garnet + sillimanite + quartz → cordierite. The zircon, which occurs as inclusions in cordierite coronas around garnet, is texturally, chemically and isotopically distinct from older zircon in other textural settings in the matrix. A SHRIMP U–Pb age of 955 ± 8 Ma based on analyses in thin section on the decompression zircon from the cordierite coronas, therefore dates a point on the retrograde path, estimated from garnet–cordierite equilibria to be 5.6 kbar, 710 °C. This population was under‐represented in conventional SHRIMP analyses of individual zircon in a mono‐mineralic grain mount and, in the absence of a textural context, its significance unknown. The dominant age identified from SHRIMP analyses of the grain mount, in combination with analyses from matrix zircon in thin section, was 1035 ± 9 Ma. Based on the lack of consistent textural relationships with any specific minerals in thin section, as well as rare earth element chemistry, the 1035‐Ma population is interpreted to represent zircon growth during incipient migmatization of the rocks at 6–8 kbar and c. 700 °C. This is consistent with previous estimates for the age of regional M₁ metamorphism during the Sveconorwegian Orogeny. The most important outcome of this study is the successful analysis of zircon grains in a specific, well‐constrained reaction texture. Not only does this allow a precise point on the regional P–T path to be dated, but it also emphasizes the possibility of zircon formation during the retrograde component of a typical metamorphic cycle.     

Fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada and the evolution of diamond-forming fluids

The analysis of micro-inclusions in fibrous diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada revealed the presence of high density fluids (HDFs) that span a continuous compositional range between carbonatitic and saline end-members. The carbonatitic end-member is rich in Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ba and carbonate; the saline one is rich in K, Cl and water. In molar proportions, the composition of the saline end-member is: K₃₈Na_7.7Ca_1.8Mg_1.6Fe_1.5Ba_1.9SiO_3.1Cl₄₆(CO₃)_5.5(H₂O)₅₆ and that of the carbonatitic end member is: K₁₅Na₂₁Ca_6.7Mg_8.1Fe_6.2Ba_5.7Si_4.8Ti_1.4Al_1.9O₁₇Cl₂₉(CO₃)₂₉(H₂O)₂₉. The micro-inclusions in one diamond span a narrow range between a silicic end-member (rich in Si, K and water) and a carbonatitic one (rich in Mg, Ca, Fe and carbonate). Its average composition is: K₂₆Na_5.5Ca_13.8Mg_8.3Fe_9.6Ba_0.9P_2.5Si₂₅Ti_1.6Al_3.8Cl_2.5O₈₁(CO₃)₂₉(H₂O)₇₈. Thus, the Diavik diamonds span most of the known compositional range for fluids trapped in diamonds. Based on these data and previous analyses of fluids trapped in diamonds, we discuss possible models for the evolution of diamond-forming fluids. The most plausible model is where carbonatitic-HDFs are parental to all the other compositions. They evolve by fractionation of divalentions- and alkali-carbonates and by immiscible separation into saline- and silicic-HDFs. Each phase continues to evolve separately, crystallizing carbonates, diamond, and accessory silicates, phosphates, halides and more of the immiscible phase. Other processes, like the mixing of evolved fluids with fresh parental carbonatitic fluids, or metasomatic interactions with the wallrock also play a role in the evolution of the HDFs. We also propose that the parental carbonatitic-HDF evolves through fractional crystallization of an alkali-rich, low degree melt that is similar to the high pressure parental melts of kimberlites or lamproites.     

The fluid phase evolution during the formation of carbonatite of the Guli massif: Evidence from the isotope (C,N, Ar) data

The first data on variations of the isotope composition and element ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and argon in carbonatites of different generations and ultrabasic rocks of the Guli massif obtained by the method of step crushing are reported. It is shown that early carbonatite differs significantly from the later ones by the concentration of highly volatile components, as well as by the isotope compositions of carbon (CO₂), argon, and hydrogen (H₂O). The data obtained allow us to conclude that the mantle component predominated in the fluid at the early stages of formation of rocks of the Guli massif, whereas the late stages of carbonatite formation were characterized by an additional fluid source, which introduced atmospheric argon, and most likely a high portion of carbon dioxide with isotopically heavy carbon.