沉积岩钾、氩分布与天然气氩同位素——以渤海湾、四川和鄂尔多斯盆地为例

本文对渤海湾盆地、四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地等天然气产区41个不同深度、不同时代和不同岩性的油气源岩和储集岩利用K-Ar年龄测定法进行K、Ar分析、表面年龄测定和粘土矿物分析,探讨了沉积岩中钾、氩的时代和区域分布特征及泥质岩钾含量与粘土矿物中伊利石含量的关系,并对泥质岩和碳酸盐岩的钾氩分布进行对比研究,指出了沉积岩钾丰度的时代演化旋回及其特点.并讨论了岩石中的钾氩来源及赋存状态以及天然气中氩的来源及其进入气藏的运移机理.     

氩同位素气源对比原理及应用条件

稀有气体氩及其同位互素组成在气源对比中越来越引起人们的重视。本文从理论和实践上对天然气中氩的来源，源岩中氩的赋存态和演化，进入天然气中的机制以及对天然气中氩同位素组成的影响进行了系统，根据前人的工作和近年来的研究，讨论了氩同位素在天然气地质学中的应用，指出了天然中氩内位素组成的控制因。强调源岩年齿对天然气氩同位素组成的控制作用以及储层时代效应和其它因素对氩同位素组成的影响，为进一步研究和利用氩同位     

氩的中子活化分析用于测定矿物、岩石的钾-氩年龄

测定含钾矿物或岩石的钾-氩地质年龄,要求精确分析样品的放射成因Ar^40的含量。目前广泛应用的是体积法和同位素稀释法。前者用麦氏压力计测定自样品析出的氩的总量,然后根据氩的同位素分析数据,扣除混入的非放射成因氩;后者采用稳定同位素稀释     

胜利油田天然气氩同位素特征

对胜利油田21个天然气样进行氩同位素组成分析,结合甲烷碳同位素组成特征和地质背景,阐明了天然气中40Ar/36Ar比值分布规律及其与源岩?储层的关系,进而讨论了天然气中空气氩和放射成因氩的分布规律,指出胜利油田存在着生物-热催化过渡带气?油田伴生气?煤型气和富CO₂气?它们具有各自的氩?碳同位素组成和演化特征?第三系和中生界自生自储天然气的40Ar/36Ar比值分别为335和564?通过数学分析,首次确定古生界和前震旦系新生古储天然气的储层时代效应系数分别为1.25和1.47?并认为前震旦系储层中天然气来自第三系,而储于古生界的天然气是约70%的第三系油型气和约30%的中生界煤型气混合的结果?与岩浆作用有关的无机CO₂和第三系有机成因烃类气混合形成平方王富CO₂气藏?     

氩同位素用于库车坳陷天然气主力气源岩判识

稀有气体是天然气中指示其地球化学特征的重要组分,放射成因氩( Arr)的年代积累效应广泛应用于同位素定年和天然气的气源对比.本文系统地讨论了 40Ar的形成机理及其运移进入气藏的过程,利用 40Ar的母体元素 K在煤和煤系泥岩中的丰度差异,分析了以煤和煤系泥岩为母源的天然气 40Ar/36Ar同位素组成上的不同,并利用这种差异对煤系中煤岩或煤系泥岩为源岩的天然气藏的主力源岩进行了判识,继而建立了利用氩同位素组成判识煤系烃源岩主力源岩的方法.利用此方法对塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠系-侏罗系煤与煤系泥岩互层的烃源岩进行了探讨, 数学计算结果表明该区主力源岩为煤系泥岩, 煤对天然气藏的贡献较小.     

西藏林子宗群火山岩氩-氩年代学研究

通过对西藏冈底斯南带林周盆地中 3个岩组样品的40 Ar 3 9Ar定年 ,初步建立了该剖面林子宗群火山岩形成的同位素年代时序格架 :底部典中组的下限年龄为 6 3.32± 0 .89Ma;中部年波组为 5 4.16± 0 .49Ma;上部帕那组下限年龄为 38.7± 0 .40Ma .。指出至少在林周盆地剖面 ,林子宗群火山岩的形成时代为早第三纪 ,而非晚白垩纪。     

辽宁后仙峪硼矿床氩-氩定年及其地质意义

辽吉硼矿带是世界级非金属成矿省,但其成矿时代研究薄弱,成因类型和构造环境认识分歧.本文报道新获得的后仙峪超大型硼镁矿床金云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄,并厘定成矿时代.主矿体金云母氩-氩坪年龄为884.4±8.9Ma(MSWD=0.47),正、反等时线年龄分别为885.0±7.5 Ma(MSWD=0.55)和885.8±7.3 Ma(MSWD=0.79),表明主成矿事件发生在885Ma左右,可能与Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件有关.矿体与闪长岩脉接触带蚀变岩的金云母氩-氩坪年龄为386.5±3.9Ma(MSWD=1.4),正、反等时线年龄分别为386.7±5.3 Ma(MSWD=2.6)和387.1±7.2 Ma(MSWD=3.9),代表成矿后局部改造事件的年龄,后期改造与早泥盆世岩浆作用有关.     

用钾-氩法求地质事件真实年龄的方法探讨

钾-氩法所测出的地质事件的表面年龄一般小于地质事件发生的真实年龄,其中很多没有地质意义。本文利用随机过程理论,在对地质体内⁴⁰Ar的逸散作用进行分析的基础上,推导出如下年龄计算公式: 在一定条件下,利用这些公式,可以据钾-氩法测试资料求出地质体形成时代t+t⁰、热扰动结束时代t⁰及热事件所持续的时期t’。据所导出的公式,对冀东迁西群地层的年龄进行讨论,求得2500Ma左右结束的那期热事件所持续的时期t’为4.76亿年,迁西群形成时代为3000—3300Ma。检验表明,公式有效。     

沉积岩中铀、钍、钾分布特征

沉积岩中铀、钍、钾的研究可以给人们带来沉积环境、物质来源、沉积层中稀有气体关系和地热状态等信息,对寻找沉积型自然放射性元素也是重要的基础工作。七十年代以来为开展含油气沉积盆地的铀、钍、钾分布特征的研究,我们先后建立了沉积岩中轴、钍、钾的γ-能谱测定法及化学量测方法。对我国几个含油气盆地各种沉积岩进行了铀、钍、钾的浓度测量,取得了一批基础数据。本文以陆相沉积为主,讨论了铀、钍、钾的分布特征,在此基础上进而探讨了它们的古环境意义,与有机质关系等地球化学问题。     

西大别南缘印支期吕王-高桥-永佳河构造混杂岩带的厘定及其构造意义

在西大别造山带的区调工作中,新识别出一系列中元古代末-新元古代的岩石-构造单元,它们沿着吕王-高桥-永佳河一线展布,并构成一条NNW-SEE向展布的构造混杂岩带.该混杂岩带主要由超镁铁质-镁铁质岩、硅泥质岩、石英质岩、大理岩、含碳陆源碎屑岩、双峰式火山岩以及卷入其中的榴辉岩等多种变质岩块(片)共同组成,并赋存于一套遭受了强烈剪切变形的泥质片岩之中.混杂岩带内各岩块(片)的原岩年龄跨度较大(>4亿年),分别集中在1 200～1 100 Ma和800～700 Ma之间.锆石记录的变质年龄和云母的冷却年龄则主要集中在240～200 Ma之间.结合接触关系、岩性组合、年代学及地球化学数据的综合研究认为,混杂岩带的物质来源既包括中元古代末-新元古代早期的弧-弧后盆地系统的沉积岩-火山岩-侵入岩;也包括叠置其上的新元古代中-晚期大陆裂解期的沉积岩-火成岩.这些不同时代、不同性质岩石在三叠纪不同程度地卷入了华南陆块北缘向华北陆块之下的俯冲,而后快速折返,最终沿着区域上折返断裂(桃花-七角山断裂)就位于西大别造山带之中,形成一条包含高压-超高压变质岩的三叠纪构造混杂岩带.混杂岩带内新厘定的中元古...     

Dating incipient metamorphism using 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and XRD modeling: a case study from the Swiss Alps

Six samples of a single carbonate-rich unit of the Swiss Préalpes, progressively metamorphosed from diagenesis to deep anchizone, yield ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar spectra with variably developed staircase patterns, consistent with mixtures of detrital mica and neocrystallized mixed-layer illite/smectite. The lowest temperature heating steps for different size fractions (2–6?μm and 6–20?μm) converge to ～40?Ma providing an imprecise, maximum age of regional metamorphism. A method is described for distinguishing and quantifying the amount of pre-existing detrital mica versus neoformed illite layer in the illite/smectite formed during Tertiary Alpine metamorphism by comparison of X-ray diffraction patterns with Newmod^© simulations. In the least metamorphosed samples the illite/smectite contains ～65% neoformed illite, and this illite accounts for approximately 17% of all dioctahedral phyllosilicate minerals in the rock (e.g., detrital mica and illite/smectite). In contrast, the illite/smectite from the more strongly metamorphosed samples contains >97% neoformed illite, which accounts for ～70% to >90% of all dioctahedral phyllosilicate minerals. Phyllosilicate morphologies viewed by scanning electron microscopy are consistent with these estimates. A process of dissolution/reprecipitation is inferred as a mechanism for the growth of the neoformed phyllosilicates. A plot of neoformed illite content versus ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar total fusion age yields a near-linear curve with an extrapolated age of 27?Ma for 100% neoformed dioctahedral phyllosilicates. This age is interpreted as the time of incipient metamorphism and is consistent with independent biostratigraphic constraints. Model ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectra constructed with the XRD simulation results correspond well to the experimental data and illustrate the changes in degassing properties of progressively metamorphosed mixtures of detrital mica and neoformed illite.     

Shock implantation of Martian atmospheric argon in four basaltic shergottites: A laser probe Ar/Ar investigation

Spatially resolved argon isotope measurements have been performed on neutron-irradiated samples of two Martian basalts (Los Angeles and Zagami) and two Martian olivine-phyric basalts (Dar al Gani (DaG) 476 and North West Africa (NWA) 1068). With a ∼50 μm diameter focused infrared laser beam, it has been possible to distinguish between argon isotopic signatures from host rock (matrix) minerals and localized shock melt products (pockets and veins). The concentrations of argon in analyzed phases from all four meteorites have been quantified using the measured J values, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ratios and K₂O wt% in each phase. Melt pockets contain, on average, 10 times more gas (7-24 ppb ⁴⁰Ar) than shock veins and matrix minerals (0.3-3 ppb ⁴⁰Ar). The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio of the Martian atmosphere, estimated from melt pocket argon extractions corrected for cosmogenic ³⁶Ar, is: Los Angeles (∼1852), Zagami (∼1744) and NWA 1068 (∼1403). In addition, Los Angeles shows evidence for variable mixing of two distinct trapped noble gas reservoirs: (1) Martian atmosphere in melt pockets, and (2) a trapped component, possibly Martian interior (⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar: 480-490) in matrix minerals. Average apparent ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages determined for matrix minerals in the four analyzed meteorites are 1290 Ma (Los Angeles), 692 Ma (Zagami), 515 Ma (NWA 1068) and 1427 Ma (DaG 476). These ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar apparent ages are substantially older than the ∼170-474 Ma radiometric ages given by other isotope dating techniques and reveal the presence of trapped ⁴⁰Ar. Cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages were measured using spallogenic ³⁶Ar and ³⁸Ar production. Los Angeles (3.1 ± 0.2 Ma), Zagami (2.9 ± 0.4 Ma) and NWA 1068 (2.0 ± 0.5 Ma) yielded ages within the range of previous determinations. DaG 476, however, yielded a young CRE age (0.7 ± 0.25 Ma), attributed to terrestrial alteration. The high spatial variation of argon indicates that the incorporation of Martian atmospheric argon into near-surface rocks is controlled by localized glass-bearing melts produced by shock processes. In particular, the larger (mm-size) melt pockets contain near end-member Martian atmospheric argon. Based on petrography, composition and argon isotopic data we conclude that the investigated melt pockets formed by localized in situ shock melting associated with ejection. Three processes may have led to atmosphere incorporation: (1) argon implantation due to atmospheric shock front collision with the Martian surface, (2) transformation of an atmosphere-filled cavity into a localized melt zone, and (3) shock implantation of atmosphere trapped in cracks, pores and fissures.     

自生伊利石40Ar/39Ar法定年技术及气藏成藏期的确定

为了确定天然气藏的成藏期,进行了自生伊利石的^40Ar／^39Ar法同位素定年实验．实验重点解决了自生伊利石的^40Ar／^39Ar法定年的几个技术难题：第一,粘土矿物的提纯,避免伊利石以外的含K矿物混入;第二,自生伊利石与碎屑伊利石的分离;第三,克服核反冲造成的Ar原子丢失．利用冷冻一加热循环碎样技术获得高纯度的粘土矿物;通过阶段加热得到的年龄谱可以区分自生伊利石与碎屑伊利石;利用“显微包裹”技术有效克服了核照射反冲问题．对鄂尔多斯盆地北部苏里格气田研究发现。二叠系储层中的伊利石有2种年龄图谱：一种只有自生伊利石的坪年龄;另一种图谱既有自生伊利石的坪年龄,也有碎屑伊利石的年龄,形成二阶式的图谱．通过自生伊利石的形成时间推断,天然气的最早充注时间晚于169～189Ma．实验的结果表明,冷冻加热循环碎样技术可以有效地避免伊利石以外的含K矿物混入．是获得高纯度粘土矿物的关键技术;自生伊利石^40Ar／^39Ar法定年技术可以用于确定天然气藏的成藏期.     

Limited mobility of argon in a metamorphic terrain

Excess ⁴⁰Ar in biotite from some relatively anhydrous charnockitic rocks in the Appalachian Piedmont indicates limited mobility of argon. Biotite from the Arden pluton of the granulite-facies Wilmington Complex apparently formed as a retrograde product at the expense of pyroxene and K-feldspar. Rb-Sr ages of biotite from all rocks are approximately 365 Myr. The same micas have apparent K-Ar ages which range from about 365–590 Myr, six of which clearly exceed the Sr isotope whole-rock date of 500 Myr. They contain variable amounts of excess⁴⁰Ar incorporated during crystallization or recrystallization of biotite at about 365 Myr ago. None of the other minerals appears to contain significant amounts of excess argon. The K-Ar apparent ages show strong, positive correlation with whole-rock K concentrations. These relations yield a correlation between excess argon in the biotite phase and rock potassium. This suggests that excess ⁴⁰Ar in biotite is of local derivation and is due to an imprint of the local argon activity. If the amount incorporated is roughly proportional to the prevailing argon partial pressure then substantial differences in p_Ar existed. Argon did not have a uniform chemical potential over large rock volumes. Analysis of closely spaced samples suggests different argon activity over the scale of less than 10m. This implies restricted transport of Ar and is probably due to very low effective permeability of the anhydrous assemblages.     

K－Ar测年法在确定沉积岩成岩时代中的应用——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

根据伊利石Ｋ－Ａｒ测年法研究，确定鄂尔多斯盆地存在两期与构造运动有关的成岩作用事件：即与早期燕山运动有关的侏罗纪（１７０—１６０Ｍａ）和与晚期加里东运动有关的志留－泥盆纪（４２０－３７０Ｍａ）成岩作用时代。为了揭示碎屑物质对Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄的影响和伊利石成岩作用的机制，本文提出了一个通过观察Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄随深度变化的趋势来进行判断的模式。在Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄小于地层时代的条件下，Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄与深度呈正相关，或者很相近的Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄与深度变化无关均标志着没有或很少有碎屑物质的影响；同时，前者指示逐渐埋藏条件下的成岩作用，而后者则反映短暂的热事件引起的成岩作用事件。     

柴达木西部南翼山构造地表混积岩岩石学特征及沉积环境讨论

南翼山构造地表狮子沟组发育混积岩,作为一种特殊类型的沉积岩,其研究具有一定的实际意义和科学价值。本文在野外观察和镜下鉴定的基础上,对南翼山混积岩样品进行了X衍射、主微量元素及碳氧同位素测试,分析了混积岩的岩石学特征,考虑到其成分和成因的复杂性,通过数据分析排除了多种干扰因素,最后利用有效指标综合判断了其沉积环境。结果显示：南翼山构造地表混积岩中陆源碎屑平均含量为58.7%,碳酸盐矿物含量为31.0%,属于碳酸盐质陆源碎屑岩,主要为钙质泥岩,其中碎屑矿物以细粉砂级石英为主,碳酸盐矿物主要为泥晶方解石,黏土矿物组合为伊利石和有序伊蒙混层,且三者呈均匀混合的特征。数据分析表明Ca、Na、Mn、Sr、Ba等元素主要来源于自生矿物,稀土元素及碳氧同位素组成未受成岩作用影响,可以作为判断沉积时水体盐度和氧化还原条件的指标。根据Sr/Cu比值和K2 O/Al 2O3比值,结合黏土矿物组合及伊利石结晶度和化学指数,判断地表混积岩沉积时为寒冷干旱的气候条件;Sr/Ba比值和Z值表明古水体介质为咸水环境;U/Th比值、自生U含量和Ce轻微负异常等指标综合判定其形成于弱氧化环境。以上研究表明,南翼山构造地表混积岩主要为陆源碎屑和碳酸盐矿物均匀混合的钙质泥岩,形成于寒冷干旱气候条件下的弱氧化咸水湖泊环境中。     

40Ar/39Ar age spectra of some undisturbed terrestrial samples

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectra and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar vs ³⁹Ar/³⁶Ar isochrons were determined by incremental heating for 11 terrestrial rocks and minerals whose geology indicates that they represent essentially undisturbed systems. The samples include muscovite, biotite, hornblende, sanidine, plagioclase, dacite, diabase and basalt and range in age from 40 to 1700 m.y. For each sample, the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ratios, corrected for atmospheric and neutron-generated argon isotopes, are the same for most of the gas fractions released and the age spectra, which show pronounced plateaus, thus are consistent with models previously proposed for undisturbed samples. Plateau ages and isochron ages calculated using plateau age fractions are concordant and appear to be meaningful estimates of the crystallization and cooling ages of these samples. Seemingly anomalous age spectrum points can be attributed entirely to small amounts of previously unrecognized argon loss and to gas fractions that contain too small (less than 2 per cent) a proportion of the ³⁹Ar released to be geologically significant. The use of a quantitative abscissa for age spectrum diagrams is recommended so that the size of each gas fraction is readily apparent. Increments containing less than about 4–5 per cent of the total ³⁹Ar released should be interpreted cautiously. Both the age spectrum and isochron methods of data reduction for incremental heating experiments are worthwhile, as each gives slightly different but complementary information about the sample from the same basic data. Use of a least-squares fit that allows for correlated errors is recommended for ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar vs ³⁹Ar/³⁶Ar isochrons. The results indicate that the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar incremental heating technique can be used to distinguish disturbed from undisturbed rock and mineral systems and will be a valuable geochronological tool in geologically complex terranes.     

柴北缘地区天然气40Ar/36Ar特征及其地质意义

测试并分析了柴北缘各油气田的14个天然气样品的氦、氩稀有气体同位素比值,并进行了气源对比。研究发现,柴北缘天然气40Ar/36Ar值分布在951～1712,平均1098,多数样品40Ar/36Ar较通常认为源于侏罗系的天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,研究认为本区不存在幔源高40Ar/36Ar流体的介入,储层年代效应也不可能造成天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,因此柴北缘天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,主要是由于源岩年代积累效应引起的。据估算,气源岩年龄分布范围为164.7～460.8Ma,平均为345.1Ma,可能多数来源于石炭系。这一认识得到了柴北缘广泛分布有石炭系源岩和已发现源于石炭系原油的支持。柴北缘石炭系天然气的发现预示了柴北缘石炭系是一个新的油气勘探层系,从而拓展了柴北缘天然气勘探领域。     

伊利石40Ar-39Ar年龄的统计分析与成藏期

为了确定鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田的成藏年代,通过提取砂岩储层中的黏土质填隙物,分离分级成 < 0.5、0.5~1.0、1.0~2.0μm的分样品,进行伊利石激光阶段加热40Ar-39Ar定年.等时线年龄是自生伊利石与碎屑伊利石的混合年龄.通过趋势分析和回归分析分别获得极小的趋势年龄和极小的回归年龄,该年龄比较接近自生伊利石年龄.测试结果表明,伊利石的等时线年龄介于160.9~232.0 Ma之间,为自生伊利石与碎屑伊利石的混合年龄.采用数理统计方法获得极小趋势年龄和极小回归年龄分别为151.7 Ma和152.4 Ma,该年龄比较接近自生伊利石年龄,代表了热流体活动和油气成藏时间.