新疆博格达山西缘米泉地区构造解析与建模

新疆博格达山西缘米泉地区油气地质条件优越,但构造变形复杂,地震资料品质较差,准确落实地下地质构造是油气勘探取得突破的关键。该区地表露头出露良好,地震、非地震(MT)和钻井等资料丰富,为落实地下地质构造提供了良好的资料基础。通过对该区地表地质、地震、非地震、钻井和测井等资料的综合研究与应用分析,结合对前人构造解析与建模理论成果和主要技术方法的总结,形成了针对山前冲断带复杂构造变形区以断层相关褶皱构造解析为核心、多因素约束的综合构造解析与建模技术,建立了米泉地区多层次逆冲推覆构造模型。这项技术应用于构造特别复杂地区低成像品质地震资料的构造解释,可有效降低地震资料解释的多解性。     

二代小波变换在重力场源分离中的应用

野外采集的重力数据是地下各类地质体重力场的叠加反映,如何有效地分离深源场和浅源场是重力资料处理中的一项重要内容。基于二代小波变换基本理论,在一维的基础上,给出了二维Haar预测算子的构造方法,并利用密度模型正演模拟,证明了二代小波变换实现多尺度分解的有效性,并以苏北某地区重力数据为例,应用二代小波变换开展浅部和深部重力异常场的分离。结果表明,该方法简单实用,在重力数据的场源分离中可以发挥重要的作用,对研究区域性断裂构造特征、划分构造单元、圈定隆坳格局等方面的地质问题具有参考价值。     

基于遥感影像变化检测的城区暗浜自动识别方法——以安庆市为例

沟塘河渠可能由于各种原因被填埋而形成暗浜,对城市的工程建设造成质量隐患。相比于传统的探测暗浜的方法,如物探、微动探测技术,遥感监测具有监测范围广、效率高、可重复观测等优势。利用遥感图像变化检测方法提取安庆市城区暗浜空间位置与范围,基于面向对象的图像分析方法,分别对多时相影像进行先分割,进而利用SVM算法进行监督分类,得到研究区的多时相影像土地覆盖分类结果。基于2期图像分类结果,进行变化检测分析,提取暗浜的空间分布与范围,并选择典型区域利用微动探测进行实地验证。提出的城区暗浜提取方法能够为城市工程建设与城市规划提供决策支持,并且为实施物探划定出靶区或重点区域,提高物探工作效率。     

内蒙古阿龙山区域地质填图中的重磁联合人机交互解释

在了解阿龙山地区地质资料、物性资料研究以及布格重力、航磁数据常规处理结果的基础上,在加入一些先验地质信息约束的条件下,进行了重、磁联合人机交互正演模拟,求解地下地质体的模型.最终的模拟结果较详细地给出了地下地质体的分布特征,并推断出地下岩性特征及构造展布的规律,为区域地质填图提供了参考依据.     

Thermo-mechanical Stability Analysis for a Multi-level Radioactive Waste Disposal Concept

To dispose of the spent fuels generated from the Korean nuclear power plants in an underground repository, a large area of about 4 km² is required. This could be a constraint for selecting an adequate repository site and it is required to investigate the possibility of a multi-level repository design. In this study different parameters related to the multi-level repository design such as the level distance, waste type disposed of at each level, and the time interval between the operations at the levels, were investigated using the three-dimensional code, FLAC3D. For obtaining more reliable results, rock properties measured from deep boreholes were used. From the analysis, it was possible to conclude that a multi-level repository concept could be an attractive alternative to reduce the underground area as well as to dispose of the spent fuels from Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactors at different levels with different time schedules.     

Hypogeal geological survey in the “Grotta del Re Tiberio” natural cave (Apennines, Italy): a valid tool for reconstructing the structural setting

As karst systems are natural windows to the underground, speleology, combined with geological surveys, can be useful tools for helping understand the geological evolution of karst areas. In order to enhance the reconstruction of the structural setting in a gypsum karst area (Vena del Gesso, Romagna Apennines), a detailed analysis has been carried out on hypogeal data. Structural features (faults, fractures, tectonic foliations, bedding) have been mapped in the ”Grotta del Re Tiberio” cave, in the nearby gypsum quarry tunnels and open pit benches. Five fracture systems and six fault systems have been identified. The fault systems have been further analyzed through stereographic projections and geometric-kinematic evaluations in order to reconstruct the relative chronology of these structures. This analysis led to the detection of two deformation phases. The results permitted linking of the hypogeal data with the surface data both at a local and regional scale. At the local scale, fracture data collected in the underground have been compared with previous authors’ surface data coming from the quarry area. The two data sets show a very good correspondence, as every underground fracture system matches with one of the surface fracture system. Moreover, in the cave, a larger number of fractures belonging to each system could be mapped. At the regional scale, the two deformation phases detected can be integrated in the structural setting of the study area, thereby enhancing the tectonic interpretation of the area (e.g., structures belonging to a new deformation phase, not reported before, have been identified underground). The structural detailed hypogeal survey has, thus, provided very useful data, both by integrating the existing information and revealing new data not detected at the surface. In particular, some small structures (e.g., displacement markers and short fractures) are better preserved in the hypogeal environment than on the surface where the outcropping gypsum is more exposed to dissolution and recrystallization. The hypogeal geological survey, therefore, can be considered a powerful tool for integrating the surface and log data in order to enhance the reconstruction of the deformational history and to get a three-dimensional model of the bedrock in karst areas.     

Underground excavation shape optimization considering material nonlinearities

The shape of an underground opening is a major factor influencing the stability of the underground excavation. Obtaining an optimized shape is significant in civil and mining engineering applications for increasing stability and reducing costs. This paper presents an updated method for finding the optimal shape of an underground excavation using the latest bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) techniques considering material nonlinearities. Recent development in the BESO applications to underground excavation is discussed through illustrated examples. Details are given of the BESO method used to finding the optimal shape based on the global stiffness. The methodology of the stiffness based optimization techniques is described with examples of applications to underground excavation. Applications to underground void structures, such as cavern and tunnel, as well as underground solid structure such mine pillar are demonstrated. It is concluded that stiffness based optimization techniques are applicable to underground excavations and practical shape of an excavation can be generated as a result of the BESO application.     

Relationship of geological and geothermal field properties: Midcontinent area, USA, an example

Quantitative approaches to data analysis in the last decade have become important in basin modeling and mineral-resource estimation. The interrelation of geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geohydrological variables is important in adjusting a model to a real-world situation. Revealing the interdependences of variables can contribute in understanding the processes interacting in sedimentary basins. It is reasonably simple to compare spatial data of the same type but more difficult if different properties are involved. Statistical techniques, such as cluster analysis or principal components analysis, or some algebraic approaches can be used to ascertain the relations of standardized spatial data. In this example, structural configuration on five different stratigraphic horizons, one total sediment thickness map, and four maps of geothermal data were copared. As expected, the structural maps are highly related because all had undergone about the same deformation with differing degrees of intensity. The temperature gradients derived (1) from shallow borehole logging measurements under equilibrium conditions with the surrounding rock, and (2) from non-equilibrium bottom-hole temperatures (BHT) from deeper depths are mainly independent of each other. This was expected and confirmed also for the two temperature maps at 1000 ft which were constructed using both types of gradient values. Thus, it is evident that the use of a 2-point (BHT and surface temperature) straightline calculation of a mean temperature gradient gives different information about the geothermal regime than using gradients from temperatures logged under equilibrium conditions. Nevertheless, it is useful to determine to what a degree the larger dataset of nonequilibrium temperatures could reflect quantitative relationships to geologic conditions. Comparing all maps of geothermal information vs. the structural and the sediment thickness maps, it was determined that all correlations are moderately negative or slightly positive. These results are clearly shown by the cluster analysis and the principal components. Considering a close relationship between temperature and thermal conductivity of the sediments as observed for most of the Midcontinent area and relatively homogeneous heat-flow density conditions for the study area these results support the following assumptions: (1) undifferentiated geothermal gradients, computed from temperatures of different depth intervals and differing sediment properties, cannot contribute to an improved understanding of the temperature structure and its controls within the sedimentary cover, and (2) the quantitative approach of revealing such relations needs refined datasets of temperature information valid for the different depth levels or stratigraphic units.     

海水入侵对地铁地下结构侵蚀性的统计分析

地下水的腐蚀性严重影响地铁的安全运营,正确评价地下水的腐蚀性是解决问题的关键。以深圳地铁11号线为例,对全线30个工点627个地下水水质分析样本进行统计,得到整条线路地下水腐蚀强弱分布状态。结合线路通过区的填海和海水侵入背景进行分析,得出如下结论:具有典型的海水侵入背景下的地下水侵蚀性与海水侵入(包括填海区)范围密切相关,地铁地下结构宜按干湿交替环境进行钢筋腐蚀等级判别。该研究为滨海城市海水入侵区地铁线路地下水腐蚀性评价提供指导。     

表层岩溶裂隙带土壤地表流失/地下漏失室内模拟实验

以表层岩溶裂隙带为研究对象,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,通过控制降雨强度、坡度、裂隙宽度、裂隙产状,研究其对土壤地表流失、地下漏失的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤地表流失主要受降雨强度和坡度的影响,土壤地表流失量随降雨强度的增大而增大、随坡度的增大而增大,30°坡面土壤地表流失量最高。（2）土壤地下漏失主要受裂隙宽度、产状和坡度的影响,对降雨强度的响应不明显;土壤地下漏失量与裂隙宽度大小呈正相关关系,裂隙走向与坡面走向呈30°时最容易发生土壤地下漏失;坡度与土壤地下漏失的发生呈负相关关系;伴随降雨,土壤地下漏失速率变化幅度较大,漏失速率先增加后减小直至停止。无落水洞、漏斗等管道的岩溶坡面土壤流失的主要形式是地表流失,而土壤地下漏失的主要通道是落水洞、漏斗等大型岩溶管道,土壤地下漏失对土壤流失的总贡献率小于5%。     

A hierarchical analysis for rock engineering using artificial neural networks

Summary Rock behavior, such as the stability of underground openings, is controlled by many different factors which have varying levels of influence. It is very difficult to identify the relative effect of each factor with traditional methods, such as structural analysis and statistical approaches. This paper introduces a hierarchical analytical method based on the application of neural networks which reveals the different degrees of importance of these factors so as to recognize the key factors. This makes it possible to focus on the key factors and do rock engineering more efficiently. An example is given applying this approach to an underground opening.     

湖北某抽水蓄能电站建设中地下河系统多元信息综合分析评价

岩溶发育特征是岩溶区水电工程建设中必须查明的水文地质条件,岩溶渗漏问题更是工程建设成败的关键。湖北某抽水蓄能电站上水库位于岩溶洼地区,工程区地下水系统边界不清、条件不明,可能面临严重的岩溶渗漏问题,本次研究将区域构造分析、地貌成因识别、地下河追踪溯源、微动态自动化监测等多种技术手段有机结合,提取多元信息综合分析,对工程区地下河系统进行了有效识别。结果表明：上水库周边不存在隔水层及阻水构造,子良坪背斜控制了地下水系统的基本格局;地下河岩溶管道具有单支管道状结构特征,南北向岩溶管道不发育,上水库存在向南西侧发生管道式渗漏的风险;上水库内垂向溶蚀作用强烈,建议进行库底土工膜全库盆防渗处理,工程蓄水后应防范可能发生的不均匀沉降和岩溶塌陷问题。     

一种基于测井信息的山前挤压构造区地应力分析新方法

中国西部前陆盆地主要以挤压构造应力为主,地表与地下构造异常复杂。在油气的勘探与开发过程中既需要精细的地应力研究与预测,也需要简单易行、经济实用的近似方法。本文通过对稳定构造地区与挤压构造区地球物理测井信息的深度域特征进行分析和对比,提出了一种基于测井信息来计算最大岩石主应力的近似方法:统计模型法。应用该方法对塔里木盆地库车山前挤压应力区进行了实际计算,其结果与实验结果相符,还分析了岩石的最大主应力方向,据此对山前挤压区地应力分布与油气藏分布的关系进行了探索。     

桑树坪矿煤与瓦斯突出点预测敏感指标研究

煤与瓦斯突出是一种极其复杂的动力现象,准确预测煤与瓦斯突出对煤矿安全生产尤为重要。根据井下实测的大量数据,采用现场数据统计分析并结合数值分析研究,确定了韩城桑树坪煤矿煤与瓦斯突出点预测的敏感指标是钻屑解吸指标K1,而钻屑量指标S_max和瓦斯涌出初速度指标q在研究区敏感性不明显。     

西南某岩溶区地下水系统示踪试验与解析

以西南某典型岩溶区为例,解析示踪试验在岩溶管道连通性以及获取水文地质参数中的应用。选择落水洞为投放点,分别从落水洞西侧和东侧寻找地下水出露点作为接收点,判别落水洞地下径流的实际去向以及落水洞与接收点之间的水力联系。结合Qtracer2软件对示踪试验成果进行定量解析,确定示踪剂回收率、地下水平均流速、最快流速,估算出岩溶管道结构特征和水文地质参数。结果表明：落水洞与接收点JS01、JS03之间不存在直接水力联系;落水洞与接收点JS02存在水力联系且岩溶管道极为发育,含水介质不均匀,地下水运移路径较为通畅,为典型的紊流流态;落水洞地下径流的主要方向是由西向东,但在丰水期雨量较大期间,接收点JS04能够接收到荧光素钠,说明丰水期水位上涨后两者间会有水力联系,导致部分水量向落水洞西侧排泄。     

山东省日照市蓝色经济区工程建设适宜性评价

本文以山东省日照市蓝色经济区为研究区, 通过野外地质调查和室内综合分析, 选取场地稳定性、工程地质条件、地下水条件, 地形排水条件、地质灾害及其他因素6个一级评价因子, 构造活动、场地土类型、建筑场地类别等13个二级评价因子, 利用专家-层次分析定权法进行区内工程建设适宜性评价, 得到了相应工程建设评价分区图。评价结果表明, 日照市场地工程建设适宜性总体较好, 大部分地区适宜进行高层建筑工程建设, 占84.50%; 地下空间开发利用条件优越, 全区多数地区属于城市地下空间建设适宜区, 适宜性差及不适宜区主要分布在付疃河两岸附近和海岸附近、大型高速公路和铁路沿线一带区域及城区; 轨道交通建设适宜性良好, 小部分不适宜区主要集中在付疃河下游夹仓和小古镇一带及其沿海地区。评价结果可有效地服务于该地区规划布局、建设发展和工程选址, 具有重要的理论和实践指导意义。     

Sensitivity analysis of support safety factor for predicting the effects of contributing parameters on roof falls in underground coal mines

Roof falls accounted for 18.18% of all fatal accidents in Indian coal mines, contributing about 35.29% of all fatal accidents in below-ground operations in 2005. The support safety factor, always preferred in support planning and design of underground coal mines, may be an important predictor for roof falls. In this paper, geotechnical data were collected from 14 roof fall incident places in an underground coal mine, located in the Eastern India, which has bord and pillar method of workings. The mean value of probabilistic support safety factor for the case study mine was found to be 1.24. However, the probability, of the estimated support safety factor of less than or equal to one, was found to be 0.246. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of the contributing parameters on support safety factor and the likelihood of the roof fall. The multi-variate regression analysis was carried out for the data generated by Monte Carlo method to correlate the contributing factors to support safety factor. It ranked gallery width as the first parameter to control the support safety factor.     

柴北缘冷湖地区构造建模和构造分析

通过采用先进的地质解释软件,对柴北缘冷湖地区的三维地震资料进行解释,建立起该区域新生代的三维构造模型。研究区新生代构造主要是由断层F2活动引起的断层相关背斜,发育3条主要断层F2、F5和F6,均具有右行走滑冲断的性质。结合区域地质资料及断层F2的几何学和运动学特征,认为该断层和它的相关背斜为油气的二次运移和聚集提供了较好的通道和构造圈闭。     

基于小波分析的磁测数据处理流程及解释方法

对某地区高精度磁测数据,为了有效分析地下场源的异常特征,作者采用小波分析方法对磁异常进行多尺度分析,获取不同深度层次的场源信息,结合平面、剖面资料的反演处理解释,利用2.5维模型反演建立了地下场源的地球物理模型.通过分析,认为小波多尺度分析可以更好的揭示深部场源的赋存信息,计算精度可靠,较传统的延拓、滤波等方法有更高的分辨率.     

气候变化和人类活动对华北平原水资源影响分析

华北平原是我国粮食的重要产地.地下水资源是该地区的主要供水水源,在开采量增加和气候变化的影响下,水资源问题制约着该地区的发展.特别是近些年来降水量减少、气温呈上升趋势,使本来就少的水资源更削弱了补给资源.通过对降水、蒸发、地表径流、地下水流场变化、地下水资源的系列变化分析,认为降水量减少、气温升高、人类治水工程和开采地下水等因素是造成本地区水资源减少的重要原因.