Migration of recharge waters downgradient from the Santa Catalina Mountains into the Tucson basin aquifer, Arizona, USA

 Aquifers in the arid alluvial basins of the southwestern U.S. are recharged predominantly by infiltration from streams and playas within the basins and by water entering along the margins of the basins. The Tucson basin of southeastern Arizona is such a basin. The Santa Catalina Mountains form the northern boundary of this basin and receive more than twice as much precipitation (ca. 700 mm/year) as does the basin itself (ca. 300 mm/year). In this study environmental isotopes were employed to investigate the migration of precipitation basinward through shallow joints and fractures. Water samples were obtained from springs and runoff in the Santa Catalina Mountains and from wells in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains. Stable isotopes (δD and δ¹⁸O) and thermonuclear-bomb-produced tritium enabled qualitative characterization of flow paths and flow velocities. Stable-isotope measurements show no direct altitude effect. Tritium values indicate that although a few springs and wells discharge pre-bomb water, most springs discharge waters from the 1960s or later. Received, February 1997 · Revised, September 1997 · Accepted, September 1997     

Groundwater capture processes under a seasonal variation in natural recharge and discharge

 "Capture" is the increase in recharge and the decrease in discharge that occurs when pumping is imposed on an aquifer system that was in a previous state of approximate dynamic equilibrium. Regional groundwater models are usually used to calculate capture in a two-step procedure. A steady-state solution provides an initial-head configuration, a set of flows through the boundaries for the modeled region, and the initial basis for the capture calculation. The transient solutions provide the total change in flows through the boundaries. A difference between the transient and steady-state solutions renders the capture calculation. When seasonality is a modeling issue, the use of a single initial hydraulic head and a single set of boundary flows leads to miscalculations of capture. Instead, an initial condition for each season should be used. This approach may be accomplished by determining steady oscillatory solutions, which vary through the seasons but repeat from year to year. A regional groundwater model previously developed for a portion of the San Pedro River basin, Arizona, USA, is modified to illustrate the effect that different initial conditions have on transient solutions and on capture calculations. Received, September 1996 · Revised, October 1997 · Accepted, October 1997     

The role of the Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists in the management and protection of Spain's groundwater resources

 Spain is a relatively large European country (ca. 500,000 km²) with extensive semiarid areas in which there exists a large number of good aquifers. In some areas, these aquifers are intensively developed and are the most important sources of fresh water. Nevertheless, groundwater development and protection has rarely been duly considered by the Spanish Water Administration, despite the pressure to remedy this situation by various groups of experts, some of them members of the Water Administration. The Spanish Committee of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) has been very active during the last decade in promoting activities to spread groundwater science, technology, and management in Spain and outside, mostly in Latin America, and in trying to orient water policy toward issues of groundwater. These activities include mainly the organization of technical and scientific meetings on current topics such as groundwater in the new Water Act, overexploitation, groundwater in water-resources planning, groundwater pollution, natural-recharge estimation and others. The impact of these activities on the recent water policy of Spain seems significant, and the experience gained may be applicable to other countries. Received, February 1997 · Revised, July 1997 · Accepted, July 1997     

城市化对呼和浩特市潜水补给影响研究

城市化对地下水补给的影响已严重干扰了区域地下水均衡,引发了各种生态环境问题。在呼和浩特市自然地理及水文地质调查的基础上,运用GIS并结合地下水均衡计算的方法,探究城区扩张下以呼和浩特市为中心的研究区潜水补给量的变化。结果表明：从1986—2014年,研究区城镇面积扩大了约358倍。在城市化引起的地下水开采量增大、土地利用方式改变、景观河改造等因素影响下,研究区潜水疏干面积从119 1 km2扩大到10476 km2,年侧向补给量减少9 06115×104 m3;降水入渗补给量减少84385×104 m3;农灌水回渗补给量减少27944×104m3;河道渗漏补给量减少8638×104m3;城市供水管网漏失入渗量增加1 752×104m3。对比1986年和2014年,研究区潜水补给量从13 22501×104 m3减少至4 70703×104 m3,减少了644%,其中减少比例最大的是侧向补给量和降水入渗补给量。城市化使呼和浩特市潜水补给量大大缩减,迫切需要合理规划城市发展和地下水资源开采。     

Results from the Big Spring basin water quality monitoring and demonstration projects,Iowa, USA

Agricultural practices, hydrology, and water quality of the 267-km² Big Spring groundwater drainage basin in Clayton County, Iowa, have been monitored since 1981. Land use is agricultural; nitrate-nitrogen (-N) and herbicides are the resulting contaminants in groundwater and surface water. Ordovician Galena Group carbonate rocks comprise the main aquifer in the basin. Recharge to this karstic aquifer is by infiltration, augmented by sinkhole-captured runoff. Groundwater is discharged at Big Spring, where quantity and quality of the discharge are monitored. Monitoring has shown a threefold increase in groundwater nitrate-N concentrations from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The nitrate-N discharged from the basin typically is equivalent to over one-third of the nitrogen fertilizer applied, with larger losses during wetter years. Atrazine is present in groundwater all year; however, contaminant concentrations in the groundwater respond directly to recharge events, and unique chemical signatures of infiltration versus runoff recharge are detectable in the discharge from Big Spring. Education and demonstration efforts have reduced nitrogen fertilizer application rates by one-third since 1981. Relating declines in nitrate and pesticide concentrations to inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticides at Big Spring is problematic. Annual recharge has varied five-fold during monitoring, overshadowing any water-quality improvements resulting from incrementally decreased inputs. Electronic Publication     

引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水补给效果浅析

南水北调是国家级的重大水利工程,调水效果最终依赖于接收调水地区对调水的具体利用,引水补源工程是南水北调工程在邹平市的具体利用。为评价引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水的补给效果,在分析邹平市引水补源工程实施后黛溪河流域地下水资源的各个补给项的基础上,采用水均衡法计算各个地下水补给量,确定了黛溪河流域引水补源的总补给量。将总补给量视为本区地下水可开采资源量,将地下水可开采资源量与本区用水所需的地下水开采量相比较,对本区地下水资源可开采潜力进行了评价,论证了引水补源工程可有效缓解区内地下水超采问题。另外,还充分利用年地下水动态和多年地下水位动态变化等监测资料,揭示了引水补源工程对区内地下水的有效补充作用,为区内合理开发利用地下水资源提供了依据。     

Analysis of the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on groundwater recharge in Daixi River Basin

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a major national water conservancy project, but the effect of the water transfer depends on the utilization of water in the receiving areas. Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project is a specific utilization of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Zouping City. In order to analyze the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on groundwater recharge in Daixi River Basin, the authors adopted the water balance method to calculate the groundwater recharge and total recharge of water diversion sources, based on the analysis of the groundwater recharge items in Daixi River Basin after carrying out this project. The total recharge is regarded as the amount of exploitable groundwater resources. The exploitable potential of groundwater resources in this area is evaluated by the comparison of the amount of exploitable groundwater resources and the actual amount of groundwater exploitation, and the effect of Water Diversion and Source Supplement Project on the over-exploitation of groundwater on the remission area was also demonstrated. Besides, the effective replenishment effect of this project on the groundwater in the study area was also revealed based on the annual groundwater and multi-year groundwater level dynamic monitoring data, which provides some reference for the rational development and utilization of groundwater resources in this region.     

Urbanization and the groundwater budget, metropolitan Seoul area, Korea

The city of Seoul is home to more than 10 million people in an area of 605 km². Groundwater is abstracted for public water supply and industrial use, and to drain underground facilities and construction sites. Though most tap water is supplied from the Han River, the quantity and quality of groundwater is of great concern to Seoul's citizens, because the use of groundwater for drinking water is continuously increasing. This study identifies the major factors affecting the urban water budget and quality of groundwater in the Seoul area and estimates the urban water budget. These factors include leakage from the municipal water-supply system and sewer systems, precipitation infiltration, water-level fluctuations of the Han River, the subway pumping system, and domestic pumping. The balance between groundwater recharge and discharge is near equilibrium. However, the quality of groundwater and ability to control contaminant fluxes are impeded by sewage infiltration, abandoned landfills, waste dumps, and abandoned wells. Electronic Publication     

冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理

为研究冻结-冻融过程中水分运移机理,在天山北麓平原通过人为控制潜水不同埋深条件下的模拟试验和田间土壤水分运移观测试验,分析了土壤水势分布和土壤含水量分布特征,发现冻结过程不同潜水埋深条件下的土壤水分运移机理、土壤水与潜水之间的相互转化关系有明显差异.在冻结过程中,潜水浅埋条件下,冻结层下界面与潜水面之间土壤水分运移状态呈上渗型,土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时引起潜水蒸发损耗使潜水位下降,表现出地下水向土壤水转化的基本特征.潜水深埋区,土壤水分运移状态呈上渗-入渗型,同样土壤水向冻结层下界面处运移、积累,同时潜水得到一定的入渗补给并使潜水位上升,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融过程中对于不同潜水埋深,由原来各自的土壤水分运移状态均逐渐转变为入渗型,形成潜水入渗补给,表现为土壤水向地下水转化的特征.冻融期是土壤水资源、地下水资源形成的重要时期,对于干旱少雨的西北地区而言,冻融水的形成、运移和入渗补给地下水具有重要的生态环境意义.     

Groundwater Recharge and Mixing in Arid and Semiarid Regions: Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

A sound understanding of groundwater recharged from various sources occurring at different time scales is crucial for water management in arid and semi-arid river basins. Groundwater recharge sources and their geochemical evolution are investigated for the Heihe River Basin(HRB) in northwest China on the basis of a comprehensive compilation of geochemical and isotopic data. Geochemical massbalance modeling indicates that mountain-block recharge accounts for a small fraction(generally less than 5%) of the shallow and deep groundwater sustaining the oasis, whereas infiltration of rivers and irrigation water contribute most of the groundwater recharge. Dedolomitization is the primary process responsible for the changes in groundwater chemical and carbon isotope compositions from the piedmont to the groundwater discharge zone, where the dedolomitization is very likely enhanced by modern agricultural activities affecting the shallow groundwater quality. Analysis of radioactive isotopes suggests that these primary recharge sources occur at two different time scales. Radiocarbon-derived groundwater age profiles indicate a recharge rate of approximately 12 mm/year, which probably occurred during 2000–7000 years B.P., corresponding to the mid-Holocene humid period. The recharge of young groundwater on the tritium-dated time scale is much higher, about 360 mm/year in the oasis region. Infiltration from irrigation canals and irrigation return flow are the primary contributors to the increased young groundwater recharge. This study suggests that groundwater chemistry in the HRB has been influenced by the complex interaction between natural and human-induced geochemical processes and that anthropogenic effects have played a more significant role in terms of both groundwater quantity and quality.     

北京市永定河地下水库水资源储蓄能力研究

北京市永定河冲洪积扇中上部,具备建设地下水库的基本条件。本文在确定永定河地下水库水资源人工补给方式的基础上,分析了各方式的入渗能力,提出了地下水库的人工补给方案,利用地下水数值模拟的预测结果和有效储水率计算公式,首次研究了地下水库的储水能力,分析了永定河地下水库的水资源补给效果。结果表明,永定河地下水库水资源人工补给能力最大可达18．93m^3／s,回灌地表水2．42×108m^3的情况下地下水位最大回升32m,地下水储存量增加2．09×108m^3,回灌后1年和5年的有效蓄水率分别为78．6％和46．8％,北京永定河地下水库具有较好水资源回灌能力、储存能力,地下水人工调蓄能够起到明显的效果。     

雨水花园集中入渗对地下水水位与水质的影响

作为低影响开发（Low Impact Developmet, LID）措施之一,城市雨水花园集中入渗雨水径流可增加对城区地下水的补给。根据一现场监测试验,研究了长期（监测期3年）及短期（降雨3天内）雨水花园入渗点及对照点地下水位与水质的变化,分析了集中入渗的效果和影响范围。结果表明:① 雨水花园对入渗区地下水位产生了显著影响（α=0.01）;② 氨氮（NH₄-N）在3年及雨后3日的观测值均显著小于对照值;总氮（TN）指标在短期增加显著,长期均值增加不显著。③ 硝态氮（NO₃-N）浓度在降雨后有所升高,但不显著,几个观测点浓度有增有减;总磷（TP）浓度的短期值和长期均值有增有减。对于类似研究区地下水位在2~3 m的情况,集中入渗雨水径流可有效补给地下水,对氮素影响明显,对磷影响有限。     

Impact of stormwater infiltration basins on groundwater quality, Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia

Twelve bores were sunk adjacent to three stormwater infiltration basins in the Perth metropolitan area to examine the impact of runoff from a light industrial area, a medium-density residential area, and a major arterial road on groundwater quality, and to examine the hydrological response of the aquifer to runoff recharge. Automatic and manual water level monitoring between April and November 1990 indicated that groundwater levels responded within minutes to recharge from the infiltration basins. Peak water levels of up to 2.5 m above rest levels occurred 6–24 h after the commencement of ponding in the infiltration basins. There was a marked reduction in salinity and increase in dissolved oxygen concentrations in the upper part of the aquifer downgradient of the infiltration basins. Concentrations of toxic metals, nutrients, pesticides, and phenolic compounds in groundwater near the infiltration basins were low and generally well within Australian drinking water guidelines. However, sediment in the base of an infiltration basin draining a major road contained in excess of 3500 ppm of lead. Phthalates, which are US EPA priority pollutants, were detected in all but one bore near the infiltration basins. Their detection may be a sampling artifact, but they may also be derived from the plastic litter that accumulates in the infiltration basins. The concentration of iron in groundwater near the infiltration basins appears to be controlled by dissolved oxygen concentrations, with high iron concentrations occurring where dissolved oxygen concentrations are low. Pumping bores located near infiltration basins may suffer from iron encrustation problems caused by the mixing of shallow, oxygenated groundwater with water containing higher concentrations of iron from deeper in the aquifer.     

Hydrochemical and isotope characteristics of spring water discharging from Qiushe Loess Section in Lingtai,northwestern China and their implication to groundwater recharge

The loess plateau in northwestern China with an area of 640 000km~2, which has developed the loess deposits with a thickness up to 200m in typical areas, is regarded as a huge carbon stock like the karst area in southwestern China, and plays an important role in regional(even global) carbon cycle. But the spring discharging from loess is poorly known compared with karst spring so far. The objective of this study is to ascertain the characteristics and origin of spring at Qiushe Village, Lingtai County, Gansu Province by hydro-chemical and isotopic methods. The results show that the springs including LGQ, HMQ, YYQ and CZQ are the depression spring and belong to the same shallow aquifer with the well water JZJ. There are not distinct seasonal/diurnal-scale variations on the hydro-chemical characteristics of the spring water(LGQ, HMQ, YYQ, CZQ) and groundwater(JZJ). The hydro-chemical type of groundwater is Ca·Mg-HCO_3. The D and O isotope ratios indicate that the precipitation is the main recharge source of groundwater in study area. And the results of tritium(TU) and Cl concentration suggest that the recharge cycle of groundwater may be more than 60 yrs. Our study shows that the water cycle in loess plateau including rainfall, infiltration, recharge and discharge exerts a continuous impact on carbon stock in loess, which should be paid more attention to in future research on the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate.     

Plan for a groundwater monitoring network in Taiwan

 In Taiwan, rapid economic growth, rising standards of living, and an altered societal structure have in recent years put severe demands on water supplies. Because of its stable quantity and quality, groundwater has long been a reliable source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial users, but the establishment of a management program that integrates groundwater and surface-water use has been hampered by the lack of groundwater data. In 1992, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) initiated a program entitled "Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan in Taiwan." Under this program, basic groundwater data, including water-level and water-quality data, are being collected, and a reliable database is being established for the purpose of managing total water resources. This paper introduces the goals, implementation stages, and scope of that plan. The plan calls for constructing 517 hydrogeologic survey stations and 990 groundwater monitoring wells within 17 years. Under this program, water-level fluctuations are continuously monitored, whereas water-quality samples are taken for analysis only at the initial drilling stage and, subsequently, at the time when a monitoring well is being serviced. In 1996, the DWR and the Water Resources Planning Commission were merged to form today's Water Resources Bureau. Received, July 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, January 1998     

降水量与地下水补给量的关系分析

降水入渗补给是地下水的主要补给源，研究降水与地下水的关系，主要是分析由于降水垂直入渗引起的地下水位的变化。本文主要通过对降水入渗机理、影响水入渗的因素、降水入渗补给量计算的研究，分析降水量与地下水补给量的关系。     

美国Sand Hills地区地下水数值模拟及水量平衡分析

利用地下水数值模型MODFLOW和非饱和带水平衡模型对处于半干旱半湿润沙丘地区(Sand Hills)地下水位进行了模拟,并分析了含水层补排水量,河流与地下水补排关系,以及区域水平衡过程。揭示了独特沙丘地形和土壤特性对地下水补排量的影响。模拟结果表明,入渗率大、非饱和带厚的沙丘有利于降水入渗补给,减少了地下水蒸散发损失。加上下覆含水层具有良好的地下水储水空间,是该地区储存丰富的地下水量,以维持河流稳定流量,供给众多湖泊和湿地的原因。该研究对我国地下水资源评价和生态环境脆弱地区水资源保护具有指导意义。     

Estimation of groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method, Pingtung Plain, Taiwan

 Due to rapid economic growth in the Pingtung Plain of Taiwan, the use of groundwater resources has changed dramatically. Over-pumping of the groundwater reservoir, which lowers hydraulic heads in the aquifers, is not only affecting the coastal area negatively but has serious consequences for agriculture throughout the plain. In order to determine the safe yield of the aquifer underlying the plain, a reliable estimate of groundwater recharge is desirable. In the present study, for the first time, the chloride mass-balance method is adopted to estimate groundwater recharge in the plain. Four sites in the central part were chosen to facilitate the estimations using the ion-chromatograph and Thiessen polygon-weighting methods. Based on the measured and calculated results, in all sites, including the mountain and river boundaries, recharge to the groundwater is probably 15% of the annual rainfall, excluding recharge from additional irrigation water. This information can improve the accuracy of future groundwater-simulation and management models in the plain. Received, April 1996 Revised, March 1997, November 1997 Accepted, March 1998