HF radio marine telex

The system of maritime mobile communications utilizing HF radio narrow-band direct-printing telegraph (HF marine telex) is expected to see expanded use during the next several years. Experience has shown the necessity for the system to embody both automatic error correction techniques and effective means of selective calling. Use of SITOR error correction has demonstrated that error rates in the order of10^{-5}is a realistic expectation. Two selective calling methods, the sequential single frequency code (SSFC) and the digital selective calling (SELCAL), have been adopted internationally, although the latter is still subject to final definition of technical characteristics. HF marine telex avoids most of the problems encountered with manual Morse radiotelegraph. It is tried and proven, efficient and economical. Equipment is readily available. Indications are for a rapid expansion of this system's use.     

海洋雷达探测技术综述

通过简要回顾半个世纪以来海洋雷达技术发展历程的特点和规律,结合海洋雷达技术发展现状,介绍海洋雷达涉及的关键技术并进行应用场景分析。总结我国海洋雷达技术近30 a来的发展及其与国际水平的主要差距,提出"十三五"期间我国海洋雷达技术优先发展项目的建议,即超视距雷达广域海洋监测技术、浮动/机动平台高分辨率海洋雷达技术、新体制微波海洋雷达技术以及海洋雷达数据管理与应用技术等。     

High-Capacity, Long-Range, Over Ocean Microwave Link Using the Evaporation Duct

This communication reports the first ever use of the over ocean evaporation duct to implement a high-capacity radio link from the Australian mainland to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), North Queensland, Australia. Conventional long-distance radio communication techniques such as high-frequency (HF) radio, satellite, or cell phone are either too slow or too expensive to operate continuously in this situation. A microwave radio link overcomes these problems but would generally not be viable due to the limited range possible with a standard line-of-sight microwave link. This communication shows that by properly choosing the antenna height and operating frequency though, it is possible to trap signals in the ocean evaporation duct and substantially extend the propagation range. A 78-km link that operates at a frequency of 10.6 GHz and provides a data rate of 10 Mb/s has been established to verify the technique. The communication also provides preliminary results of the measured performance of this link and a comparison with existing radio propagation models.      

Problems and prospects of creating a global land–ocean seismic network

The paper discussed the advantages and limitations of seismic signal detection on the ocean bottom. The need to create long-term seismic monitoring systems in areas of industrial development on the shelf and continental slope, as well as in areas with high seismic and tsunami hazards, is justified. The results of employing broadband bottom seismographs during expeditions of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IO RAS) are described. Autonomous broadband bottom seismographs with operational communication via satellite or radio channels are proposed for creating a global marine seismic network.     

The skilled radio officer: Key resource for at-sea maintainability

Large-scale fitting on ships of modern radiocommunication devices such as satellite, selective calling, and other equipment for communication and radionavigation, requires an assurance of availability for real-time continuous operation under the wide range of physical stresses encountered by maritime mobile units in the hostile ocean environment. Availability is a function of the reliability/maintainability of such apparatus. Since 100-percent reliability cannot be assured at this state of the technological art, the maintainability side of the formula must necessarily provide that the availability will be 100 percent, before the large capital-intensive vessels that constitute present-day merchant marine units, can depend on these modern sophisticated devices for their safety, navigation, and business telecommunications. Maintainability, in turn, results from the application of many resources (spares, test instruments, tools, technical documentation, technician personnel, etc.) for at-sea maintenance, both preventive and corrective. The key resource for the application of all the other is the technician, the skilled radio officer who must possess training and ability for in-depth analysis of malfunctions that arise, and practical maintenance and repair skills that are broad and adaptable enough to service the wide variety of new radio-electronic devices, as they are fitted. The development of such a technician-seafarer type, known as the radio-electronic officer, is discussed both historically and functionally; international actions that have been taken are delineated, and implications considered.     

An index to assess maritime importance in the European Atlantic economy

Successive marine policies set by the European Union identify the maritime sectors as crucial drivers for growth and jobs in the EU economy. The design of marine policies and the assessment of the importance of the maritime economy need empirical support that provides the basic data to help the decision-making process. This paper proposes a metric, in the form of a synthetic index, to measure and compare the importance of the maritime sectors in the European Atlantic area. The index scores can be used to assess the position of each Atlantic region so that it is possible to compare its performance to the rest of the area. The results show the relative weight of the maritime sectors in the European Atlantic regions and the high heterogeneity among them. Analyzing the maritime economy with this index can provide guidance for the design of economic policies to identify and revitalize the regions with greater potential for Blue Growth in the Atlantic area. This may help to put into perspective the importance of the maritime economy and can serve to improve the socio-economic dimension of the use of marine waters.     

Geodetic measurements in the ocean

This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.     

A novel concept for a satellite-based maritime search and rescue system

Search and rescue (SAR) for both airborne and maritime vehicles has been an area of intense investigation for many years. Current techniques include employment of small distress transmitters which provide signals that have only a limited interception capability. This can considerably increase the search time and reduce its effectiveness. With the increased availability-existing and planned-of both synchronous and nonsynchronous satellites, SAR investigations are being directed toward the application of satellites. The present paper introduces the concept of satellite-based maritime search and rescue system (SAMSARS). This is a proposed pseudonoise (PN) wide-band spread spectrum system that would operate at low power levels and coexist with operational communication satellite systems (voice or data) without mutual interference. The use of existing operational satellite spectrum, instead of a dedicated distress channel or special satellites, is a major feature of SAMSARS. Other important aspects are its capability of providing unique identification and distress information in minutes following activation of the distress transmitter and its inherent immunity to false alarms. SAMSARS can also provide position location directly when three satellites are mutually visible or indirectly, by taking advantage of a vessel's on-board derived navigation data. This paper presents concept elements such as message structure, transmitter and receiver block diagrams, and unique features of SAMSARS. The paper also presents an operational example, including sample link power budgets, and finally specifies areas for further investigation.     

Sailboat search and rescue experiment

An experiment to evaluate one satellite search and rescue concept was conducted for one month around the islands of Bahama, aboard a 33-ft sailboat. The sailboat was equipped with satellite data collection equipment which provided vessel communication with an earth station by means of a simple push-button distress alarm keyer. This low-power equipment transmitted boat identification, weather data, location, and simulated other vital distress information and required emergency assistance by means of the NASA NIMBUS 6 data collection satellite at UHF. In addition, the experiment evaluated the NIMBUS Doppler positioning technique for distress application by providing 114 positions derived from the satellite, and 75 percent of these were within 2 nmi of actual locations. Experiment coordination was accomplished by voice link through ATS-3. The experiment demonstrated the potential ability of satellite systems to provide reliable distress alert and position.     

我国海上试验场建设总体设想

海上试验场的建成可为海洋科学研究、海上技术装备的研发、测试、评价等提供科学有效的试验环境,并可获取长期连续、要素完备的数据资料。可为海洋调查观测技术装备的现场试验和定标检验、海洋观测监测方法研究、海洋学数学模型检验、水下通讯和组网试验、水下传感器网络试验、卫星遥感器在轨现场定标和检验以及军事海洋学研究等科学活动提供技术服务平台。对于快速提升我国海洋技术装备和海洋科学研究水平,实现科技兴海战略具有重要意义。     

The FCC-Regulation of the marine radio service

The regulation of the national marine radio service is performed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This paper discusses the evolution of the Commission, the impact of national and international factors on regulatory matters, and the administration processes which describe the procedures for promulgating rules and regulations. The competitive pressures for the available radio spectrum, effects of existing precedents, and the impact of new technology on the rule making process is described with particular emphasis on automated VHF radiotelephone systems being developed for maritime use. The introduction of this service is considered in terms of the problems posed vis-a-vis compatibility requirements, signaling techniques, frequency utilization, impact on existing stations, and system considerations.     

The Spanish approach to marine spatial planning. Marine Strategy Framework Directive vs. EU Integrated Maritime Policy

The coming into effect of the Directive 2008/56/EC (Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)) will induce European Union member States to create mechanisms for managing maritime space in order to comply with the goals set out in this binding legislation. This leads one to think that marine spatial planning in various countries in the EU will be directed at complying with the Directive's environmental goals, as is the case in Spain, rather than undertaking proactive planning for developing the maritime sectors. To put the case of Spain into perspective, a review is conducted of the initiatives taken, especially in Europe and the European Union, exploring the correlations between the main focuses of the maritime sectors and the planning systems. The analysis of the Spanish initiative demonstrates how the maritime economy model and geopolitical factors explain the planning options for the marine environment. In other respects, with the coming into effect of the MSFD, a dual institutional course for marine spatial planning seems to be opening up in the EU: Integrated Maritime Policy vs. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.     

Prospects for satellite imagery of insular features and surrounding marine habitats in the South China Sea

This paper investigates the extent to which remote sensing data can contribute to the management of two parallel crises in the South China Sea (SCS); first the ongoing disputes related to islands and related maritime boundaries and second the degradation of the marine environment and the decrease in fish stocks. It demonstrates that remote sensing surveys are the only means to lawfully collect independent and verifiable geographic data on the disputed features without the need to consult all the claimants and thereby add to regional frictions and tensions. These surveys can contribute to the determination of whether these features are submerged or above water at high tide and what their physical characteristics are. This would inform the application of the Law of the Sea and help determine entitlements to maritime zones and thus access to resources. The other category of uses for remote sensing surveys which is explored is the identification and classification of marine habitats and the building of a biogeographic platform. This paper shows the limits created by unavoidable uncertainties in the interpretation of satellite imagery. However, many benefits outweigh the downsides: the potential for national and regional marine spatial planning, for the prioritization of marine environments in need of management, for the implementation by the States bordering the SCS of the international treaties which they have ratified and for ecological monitoring.     

Maritime safety for fishing boat operations and avoidable hijacking in Taiwan

Taiwanese fishing boats have been hijacked many times this year. Trouble at sea can usually be attributed to communication problems, inappropriate management and an unfair salary system. The majority of boats hijacked are high sea (long-line) fishing boats. Although fishery authorities ask the fishing boats to set up vessel monitoring systems (VMSs), this precaution has not been sufficient. There is a further need for improved management by the fishing boat owner and for an improved employment policy for seamen. The issue of maritime security is not new, but it remains a major concern and continues to be a threat to Taiwan and other countries. To date, there have been many cases of hijacking in the South China Sea. This paper analyzes the reasons for the hijackings and provides potential strategies to prevent future incidents.     

Application research of narrow band Internet of things buoy and surface hydrodynamics monitoring

This paper applies the narrow band Internet of things communication technology to develop a wireless network equipment and communication system, which can quickly set up a network with a radius of 100 km on water surface. A disposable micro buoy based on narrow-band Internet of things and Beidou positioning function is also developed and used to collect surface hydrodynamic data online. In addition, a web-based public service platform is designed for the analysis and visualization of the data collected by buoys. Combined with the satellite remote sensing data, the study carries a series of marine experiments and studies such as sediment deposition tracking and garbage floating tracking.     

中国海洋科学技术发展70年

本文聚焦海洋调查、海洋科学研究和海洋技术与装备3个方面,梳理和总结了新中国成立70年来取得的具有里程碑意义和国内外影响力的海洋科技成果,说明了海洋科技实力的大幅度提升,对于中国经济社会发展以及海洋强国建设起到了关键支撑作用。     

Measuring the maritime economy: Spain in the European Atlantic Arc

Despite the importance of the socio-economic dimension of the use of marine waters, there has been little research in the field until recently, when interest has grown in the concept of ‘blue growth'. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap with a socio-economic assessment of the main maritime sectors, focused on the Spanish part of the European Atlantic Arc. To this end, it first proposes a theoretical structure for the maritime economy and then collects and classifies comparable and reliable maritime socio-economic indicators. The data obtained allows us to assess the size of the Spanish maritime sector and the position of the Spanish Maritime Cluster in the wider context of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic, as well as discuss the appropriateness of a strategy of forming clusters at the national level vs. a transnational approach. The results indicate differences between regions in the European Atlantic Arc that complicate the development of integrated policies to stimulate blue growth. Extending our knowledge of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic Arc will make it possible to design strategies that address the real issues, increasing the likelihood of these being effective.     

海洋观测仪器管理初探

随着海洋强国战略的深入实施,国家在海洋调查研究方面的资金投入逐步加强,涉海研究单位中海洋观测仪器设备的保有量大幅度增长。与此同时,由于海洋观测仪器设备使用场景的特殊性,仪器设备损坏甚至丢失的情况时有发生,给仪器设备管理工作提出了新的挑战。文章以物理海洋学相关海洋观测仪器为例,对海洋观测仪器设备进行分类,论述其特殊性,探索建立符合海洋观测仪器设备特性的管理机制,进一步提高资产管理的科学性,更好地服务于教学、科研需要。     

基于GPRS/GPS的海上移动目标监测系统设计

提出了一种运用GPRS/GPS技术实现海上移动目标监控及位置测量的系统设计方案,介绍了监测系统的结构组成及工作原理,阐述了系统嵌入式平台搭建、GPS定位数据获取以及利用GPRS无线通信技术实现远距离数据传输的方案设计与实现,并提出了对海上移动目标异常状况的判断和处理方法。该方案能够满足海上移动目标远程监控及位置测量的要求,并可以有效地降低成本,便于在实际中进行推广和应用。     

国产深海准实时传输潜标系统设计

基于海洋环境安全保障、海洋环境预报和海洋科学研究的需要,开展国产深海准实时传输潜标系统的设计,重点进行锚泊系统水动力分析、观测设备工作同步性、准实时通讯系统安全可靠和系统低功耗等整体技术设计;开展轻型感应耦合传输缆制作、大深度感应耦合传输和智能收放通讯等数据实时通讯技术的研究;进行适用于准实时传输潜标系统的多种类国产设备的稳定性和可靠性优化、规模化集成和系统化的应用示范,形成半潜升降式准实时通讯潜标与浮子式准实时通讯潜标各1套。所设计的准实时传输潜标系统集成了1台抗污染CTD、19台感应耦合CTD、8台感应耦合T、4台感应耦合传输的ADCP、2台单点海流计和6台感应耦合数据传输仪,并配有2套声学释放器;潜标系统本体设计含有3个水下流线型浮体、1套通讯浮子、1套准实时卫星通讯装置(半潜式水下绞车或海面浮子)和1套锚泊缆系,可实现深达2000mm的剖面温盐深和海流等海洋要素的高频率、多要素、多层次的长期连续观测和数据准实时传输,以便对科学问题解决和海洋环境安全保障等提供及时的数据支撑。