土钉支护稳定分析的模拟退火-随机投点耦合算法

充分地考虑土钉支护的特殊性,建立了一个比较精确的基于一般破裂面的土钉支护稳定性分析方法。对土钉支护内部稳定分析和外部稳定分析分别建立其优化数值分析模型;然后导入模拟退火算法和随机投点法,结合两者的特长建立了一种可有效求解该模型的耦合算法,并编制了相应的计算程序;通过工程实例证明了基于一般破裂面的土钉支护稳定性分析方法的有效性,并得出了若干对土钉支护稳定分析具有参考意义的结论。     

深基坑土钉支护的模糊可靠度分析

介绍了土钉支护体各种破坏模式下失效隶属函数的建立方法,并用模糊可靠度理论对实际基坑边坡工程的土钉支护体进行了可靠度分析,计算过程中部分数据采用了计算机仿真的方法,分析结果与实际相符,表明模糊可靠度理论对基坑土钉支护体进行分析具有一定现实意义。     

北京地区基坑支护技术的发展与工程实践

北京地区土体具有非饱和土特点,基坑失稳多与水的影响有关。基坑支护方法多采用不同支护形式的组合,新技术进展主要集中在锚固技术方面,土钉支护计算一般为内部稳定控制。土钉端部与面板的连接构造极为重要,与预应力锚杆结合形成的复合土钉是一种可靠有效的支护形式,对于多支锚体系,应通过实测数据的积累,建立符合当地实际的土压力修正模型;荷载分散型锚杆可大幅度提高锚杆的锚固效率,荷载分散型锚杆的张拉宜采取等荷载同步张拉方法,可拆芯式锚杆技术是避免地权法律纠纷的有力手段。     

基坑土钉支护可靠性分析优化算法

针对基坑工程中岩土参数存在随机性和变异性的特点,基于响应面重构法、遗传算法和禁忌搜索方法研究了土钉墙边坡可靠性分析方法。考虑土钉的加固作用,建立了适用于土钉墙边坡任意形状滑面安全系数计算的改进Morgenstern-Price法。基于响应面原理,将改进Morgenstern-Price法取代传统响应面法中的有限单元法来随机抽样构造响应面函数,建立了一种近似的土钉墙边坡可靠度计算方法。以土体的抗剪强度指标 、 为随机变量,提出了一种能同时确定土钉墙边坡最小可靠度指标 及相应最危险滑面的全局优化计算方法--土钉墙可靠性分析自适应禁忌搜索遗传算法（ATSGA）。结合算例,分别以土钉墙边坡的最小可靠度指标和最小中值安全系数为目标函数,采用ATSGA法搜索其相应的最危险滑动面,结果表明,二者相差较大。     

土钉支护边坡动力模型的建立及地震响应分析

参照上部结构抗震设计的方法,对土钉支护边坡的抗震设计提出了3个水准的抗震设防要求和两阶段设计法。综合考虑输入地震波的特性、边坡土体特性、坡高因素,以及土体边坡在水平地震激励下,其位移响应主要为剪切型变形,建立了土钉支护边坡地震动力简化模型。该模型将同一水平层不稳定土体、稳定土体在水平地震作用下运动趋势假想为同步,两者之间相互作用很小,因此,取不稳定土体和面板为研究对象。由于面板很柔,其运动随着土体的运动而变化,其刚度只考虑剪切刚度,将土钉处理成弹性支座,建立了土钉支护边坡振动方程,求解了在简谐地震作用下土钉支护边坡动力响应的解析解,通过该模型可以得到滑移面附近土钉轴力动力响应和土钉支护边坡的弹性动位移响应。最后,结合案例进行了分析,比较了按此分析方法与用ADINA按弹性有限元方法计算的结果,两者吻合较好。故这种方法可用于土钉支护边坡的第1阶段的抗震分析与设计。     

基于三维有限元分析的土钉支护结构优化设计研究

通过建立三维有限元模型，对土钉支护的变形和受力性能进行分析，得出土钉力的合理分布。在此基础上，考虑土钉支护的水平位移，采用遗传算法＋复合形法，对土钉支护的结构优化设计进行研究，建立了土钉支护结构的优化设计数学模型，并编制了相应的计算程序。通过算例分析，并与基于极限平衡分析的优化结果相比较，得出合理的土钉支护结构设计的参考结论。     

土钉支护结构优化设计的有限元分析

考虑土钉-土体的相互作用,建立三维有限元模型,分析计算土钉支护结构的内力和位移,提出了变形控制和应力控制相结合的优化设计方法。采用遗传算法,以应力和位移为约束条件,以工程造价为目标函数,建立了土钉支护结构的优化设计数学模型,并编制了相应的计算程序,通过算例分析,并基于规范法的优化设计结果相比较,得出本文的设计方法更为合理的参考结论。     

土钉墙整体稳定可靠性分析

文章基于布莱依耶夫边坡刚体破坏模型理论,将影响土钉墙内部稳定的主要参数作为随机变量,建立极限平衡方程,利用蒙特卡罗法分析土钉墙内部稳定性可靠度,讨论了各随机变量的变异性对土钉墙内部稳定性的影响.     

土钉和桩锚组合式支护体系受力和变形的数值模拟

针对深基坑的土钉和桩锚组合式支护体系,通过数值计算分析基坑开挖过程对支护体系结构的位移、应力及稳定安全系数等的影响,分析基坑开挖过程引起的地层变形规律。对2种基坑支护方案进行计算,其一为采用2道土钉加上1道锚杆的土钉与桩锚组合式结构,其二为采用4道土钉加上3道锚杆的土钉与桩锚组合式结构。根据计算结果,对不同支护方案下基坑的支护效果进行了对比研究,进而分析支护方案的可行性,最后将现场实际采用的支护方案与实测结果进行了比较。     

土钉支护结构变形与稳定性关系探讨

土钉支护因其施工简单、造价低、工期短和施工技术成熟等优点,在工程中得到广泛应用,但目前其设计计算理论缺乏,且现行规范给出的变形允许值存在不足,如现行土钉规范（规程）仅是简单地规定一个变形允许值,没有结合基坑的特点、支护类型、周边环境等因素来规定,更没有将基坑的变形与基坑稳定联系起来综合确定其监测指标预警值等,因此,导致这种性价比很好的支护技术有减少应用的趋势。利用变模量强度折减法对土钉支护变形和稳定关系进行了探讨性研究,经大量的计算分析,给出了土钉支护的变形与稳定统一判定指标--位高比 ,且计算发现,同一种土质、同一稳定系数K对应的不同高度H的位高比几乎相等。给出了一定强度和一定深度土钉支护位移预警值和最大位移允许值,利用给出的表格,可直接确定其位移预警值和最大位移允许值,便于工程师应用,也为实际土钉支护结构确定变形预警值提供了参考。提出的方法不仅能够确定土钉支护结构变形值,且对类似支护结构确定变形值也提供了一种方法和思路,对推进基坑规范完善和改进具有一定的参考和借鉴作用。     

Finite element reliability analysis of reinforced retaining walls

This paper presents the reliability analysis of reinforced retaining wall using finite element method. Response surface approach is used to approximate the performance function and a first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to evaluate the reliability index. In the analysis, displacement response of the reinforced retaining wall is considered as performance function and the corresponding reliability index is evaluated with the aid of a spreadsheet. Uncertainties associated with the soil and reinforcement properties are explicitly taken into account in the analysis. A parametric sensitivity analysis has been performed to bring out the effect of important uncertain parameters by evaluating the sensitivity of the reliability index with respect to each of the uncertain parameters. Results of the response surface method coupled with finite element analysis show the ease and successful implementation of the reliability analysis procedure for the reinforced retaining walls.     

刚性抗滑桩结构锚固深度的模糊随机可靠性分析

刚性抗滑桩结构的主要失稳模式是锚固段内桩侧土体受压失稳。为计算刚性抗滑桩结构的模糊随机可靠性指标和可靠度,首先根据抗滑桩滑面以下桩侧压应力 ?y在两个深度处的极值,分别建立两个极值下刚性抗滑桩锚固深度可靠性分析的结构功能函数。计算时,利用定值法比较两个极值的大小,选择较大的极值所对应的结构功能函数作为待计算的抗滑桩可靠性分析的结构功能函数,然后,考虑抗滑桩结构可靠性分析中的随机性和模糊性,建立模糊随机可靠性分析模型。在一次二阶矩法的基础上,推导出计算模糊随机可靠度的公式,用L-R型模糊数描述随机参数的均值和方差,利用分解定理处理模糊数,得到结构的随机模糊可靠性指标和可靠度。根据上述方法,利用MATLAB程序计算了某刚性抗滑桩,得出了结构的模糊可靠性指标和模糊可靠度,计算结果与安全系数法具有很好的一致性。     

Time-Variant Reliability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Under Rainfall

Time-variant reliability analysis for a typical unsaturated soil slope is performed. Eight rainfall conditions are considered, and three slope models are set up for studying the influence of shear strength parameters, hydraulic conductivity parameters, rainfall intensity and duration on the reliability of the soil slope. Sensitivity analysis shows that when the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k _s) is very small, the variation of hydraulic conductivity has little effect on the reliability index (β). For saving the computation effort, only the shear strength parameters are needed in performing the reliability analysis in this condition. With the increase of k _s, the importance of hydraulic conductivity becomes large. The reliability index of the soil slope is changing with time (t), and the shape of β–t curves for different slope model is quite different for they depend on the value of k _s. When k _s is very small, β keeps decreasing for all the 18 simulation days. With the increase of k _s, β decreases to its minimum value at about the cessation day of rainfall events, and it then increases gradually due to the redistribution of suction in the soil slope.     

Ground movement analysis of soil nailing construction by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element modeling (FEM)

In recent years, soil nailing has been widely used to stabilize excavated steep slopes. Its design is often controlled by the allowable deformation level especially when buildings and/or other underground facilities exit near the excavation. In this paper a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element model (FEM) has been developed for the deformation analysis of nailed soil structures. In this model, the soil nonlinearity, the soil–nail interaction and the staged construction are all considered. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate some influence factors on the deformation behavior. An engineering case is also analyzed and the predicted soil movements at various stages of excavation are compared with field measurements. Good agreement between the prediction and the measurements proves the reliability of the model.     

基于可靠性理论抗滑桩设计体系的研究

抗滑桩设计的常规方法是建立在定值基础上的,未能考虑计算参数的随机性与变异性,故在抗滑桩设计中存在局限性：一是不能给出抗滑桩设计的边坡安全度;二是设计中过分保守,造成浪费。可靠性分析法考虑了计算参数的随机性,用严格的概率来度量边坡的安全度,弥补了上述传统抗滑桩设计中存在的不足。基于可靠性分析法,以传统边坡稳定性计算公式为基础,建立了抗滑桩设计的边坡稳定性评价模型,并且运用蒙特卡罗法,采用单参数敏感性分析方法,分析抗滑桩设计各参数对边坡安全系数及可靠性指标的影响。结果表明,岩土体抗剪强度参数、岩土体重度、抗滑桩直径等因素对可靠性指标影响较明显,边坡安全系数对岩土体重度、抗滑桩有效长度、抗滑桩直径等随机变量较敏感。     

Efficient system reliability analysis illustrated for a retaining wall and a soil slope

Although first-order reliability method is a common procedure for estimating failure probability, the formulas derived for bimodal bounds of system failure probability have not been widely used as expected in present reliability analyses. The reluctance for applying these formulas in practice may be partly due to the impression that the procedures to implement the system reliability theory are tedious. Among the methods for system reliability analysis, the approach suggested in Ditlevsen 1979 is considered here because it is a natural extension of the first-order reliability method commonly used for failure probability estimation corresponding to a single failure mode, and it can often provide reasonably narrow failure probability bounds. To facilitate wider practical application, this paper provides a short program code in the ubiquitous Excel spreadsheet platform for efficiently calculating the bounds for system failure probability. The procedure is illustrated for a semi-gravity retaining wall with two failure modes, a soil slope with two and eight failure modes, and a loaded beam with three failure modes. In addition, simple equations are provided to relate the correlated but unrotated equivalent standard normals of the Low and Tang 2007 FORM procedure with the uncorrelated but rotated equivalent standard normals of the classical FORM procedure. Also demonstrated are the need for investigating different permutations of failure modes in order to get the narrowest bounds for system failure probability, and the use of SORM reliability index for system reliability bounds in a case where the curvature of the limit state surface cannot be neglected.     

考虑计算参数不确定性的边坡稳定分析

岩土体当中存在大量的不确定因素,给边坡的稳定性分析判断带来了困难。在分析了计算参数的不确定性是影响分析可靠性的主要原因的基础上,运用模糊集理论考虑计算参数的不确定性,提出了模糊参数的具体构造方法和边坡稳定的不确定性分析思路。该方法可以根据不同隶属度下的参数截集区间,计算出相应隶属度下的安全系数区间,并可由此得到边坡的可靠性指标和安全系数建议值。通过不同算例研究表明,使用此方法能充分考虑计算参数的不确定性,得到的安全系数更加科学可靠。     

Determination of partial factors for the verification of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations under open channels

The limit state design method has been introduced into the design criteria for geotechnical structures. The current paper attempts to apply the reliability-based design method, at Level II, to the bearing capacity of the foundations of open channels from the viewpoint of the limit state design. To examine the applicability of the proposed procedure for practical structures, the reliability index is computed for evaluating the stability of the foundations of existing open channels designed by the conventional method. The conventional design procedure makes excessively safe side design. We applied the FORM to the existing open channels designed by the conventional design procedure, and consequently, large values of reliability index, 3 and 5 were obtained for clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Finally, the partial factors for the soil parameters have been determined, corresponding to the target reliability indices β _t =1, 3 and 4.     

二次注浆复合土钉墙在超深基坑支护中的应用

结合无锡地区典型的软土深基坑土钉墙支护工程实例,简要介绍了超深基坑中二次注浆复合土钉支护技术的应用及施工控制;并通过具体试验及监测结果,就二次注浆土钉的承载力情况及二次注浆土钉墙施工过程中支护结构的沉降、水平位移情况进行了分析总结,对其经济性进行了分析评价。