晴隆晶洞石膏的成因初探

本文对一个罕见的晶洞石膏进行成因初探。从晶体生长的地质特征,矿床氧化带辉锑矿、黄铁矿矿体和围岩的地球化学演化过程,表生矿物的共生组合,石膏包体与晶洞顶板滴水的成份,pH值、盐度,密度和氢同位素的对比研究,及与双硫化物硫同位素(δS~(34))的对比分析等方面,查明石膏结晶溶液的性质及物质来源,探讨结晶环境和成因。研究结果认为:(1)矿液是密度小、盐度低、含Ca~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)为主     

棠甘山层控锰矿床矿物地球化学研究

棠甘山锰矿床属于典型的沉积-岩浆气液叠加型层控锰矿床。根据矿床产状、矿物组合、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、有机质和气液包体特点表明，棠甘山锰矿是受岩浆气液叠加形成的一个新的层控锰矿类型。大部分成矿物质来自矿床本身，而少量成矿物质来自岩浆气液。     

对气液包体压碎台的评价

在加拿大瓦比贡(Wabigoon)和乌奇(Uchi)太古代绿岩带进行的实例研究证明,利用压碎台分析可以准确和重复地测定含CO_2的气液包体。这些包体可作为中温热液金-石英-碳酸盐-硫化物矿床的判断特征。单独利用该法不能区别勘查区中不同品位的矿脉,但在利用压碎分析初步确定局部变质流体的成分后,在野外可廉价、准确地鉴定采自可能含金的中温热液矿床的样品。压碎台最适用于沉积物的地球化学测量,其石英中的特征气液包体可提供比与金有关的异常宽得多的勘查靶区。在中温热液矿脉的围岩中,可迅速无误地测出含CO_2的气液包体晕。晕的延伸范围与蚀变矿物组合一致,所以,在野外露头稀少或强烈风化的地区,压碎分析可圈定供进一步详查的靶区。     

对硬石膏水化作用的分析并论山西中奥陶世石膏矿床的成因

一、前言山西中奥陶统马家沟石灰岩组顶部,为一个厚100—150米之石膏-硬石膏-白云石建造。经几年普查、勘探证实,这种石膏矿床成因,并非交代或其他的成因,而属化学沉积矿床,即与主要蓄水地区相隔离的蓄水盆地——泻湖,由于水之蒸发而形成的石膏-硬石膏矿床。     

安徽桃园硫铁矿床成矿物理化学条件

<正> 桃园硫铁矿为皖南一局部有铅锌矿化的硫铁矿床,其地表铁帽中含有Au,Ag 等贵金属。黄铁矿体中也含有低品位的Au,Ag。通过黄铁矿中石英包裹体的有关特征的研究,对矿床形成的物理化学条件有了进一步的认识。包体类型石英原生包体有二种,气液包裹体和纯液相包裹体。气液包体大小0.1～13μm,气液比一般为10%～30%,个别达40%～60%。温度均一温度基本呈正态分布,峰值为240～250℃。爆裂温度平均为290℃。     

矿物气-液包体分析的现代方法简评

一个多世纪以来,对矿物中气—液包体已进行了系统的研究工作。因而,已经积累了有关热液成矿作用过程中的大量资料。众所周知,测定均一化温度的方法是现代测定矿物温度的一种最重要方法,根据异常包体及三相(液-液-气)包体的研究,常常为计算矿物结晶时的压力打下了基础。     

粤北凡口—大宝山地区铅锌矿床气液包裹体研究

粤北地区铅锌矿气液包裹体研究以凡口矿床为重点,并对大宝山、杨柳塘、一六等矿床作了野外地质调查,及室内研究近200件包体样品的矿物气液包裹体温度、盐度、气液成分等特征,获得了一定的资料.本文是在这些资料的基础上,进行综合分析,不当之处,请批评指正,     

共生黑钨矿与石英等多种矿物中流体包裹体的红外显微测温对比研究——以江西西华山石英脉钨矿床为例

西华山钨矿床是一个产于燕山期花岗岩中的大脉型钨矿床。已有百余年的开采史。但在矿床成矿条件和成矿流体性质等方面一直存在不同认识。作者利用红外显微镜及其它相关设备,对西华山矿床不同中段样品中的黑钨矿、锡石、绿柱石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、石英和萤石中的流体包裹体进行了详细对比研究。结果显示,蚀变花岗岩中造岩石英只见次生气液包裹体,晶洞水晶中只有原生包裹体,而云英岩石英中原生、次生包裹体均较发育。黑钨矿中以原生气液包裹体为主,在早期结晶的黑钨矿中还有较多的硅酸盐熔融包裹体,而晶洞中的黑钨矿和水晶一样——只有原生气液包裹体。绿柱石中除了硅酸盐包裹体外,主要是气液包裹体(多为次生)。其它锡石、黄铁矿、闪锌矿和萤石等都只有气液包裹体(原生或次生)。研究结果表明,西华山钨矿床的初始成矿流体是一种岩浆——热液过渡性流体,尔后才演变成单一的热水溶液,在这一过程中黑钨矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、萤石和石英等矿物不断晶出。矿床总的成矿温度大致为700~200℃,压力约为160~200MPa。各种气液包裹体的盐度主要为5.0%~10%Na Cleqv。文中还对这些数据的地质意义以及对脉钨矿床流体包裹体研究和数据解释中的某些问题进行了较深入的讨论。     

花垣铅锌矿床流体包体中的子矿物

湖南西部花垣铅锌矿床，是近年来发现的产于下寒武统清虚洞组上部藻礁灰岩的大型ＭＶＴ矿床。矿床的矿石矿物中普遍有流体包裹体存在，其中有子矿物发现。采用 ＥＤＸ对它们进行研究后在４种主矿物中发现有７种子矿物；闪锌矿、石膏、方解石、重晶石、石盐、黄铁矿和沥青。硫酸盐类矿物在包体中的发现，证明成矿流体中，ＳＯ４的含量较高，而且可以是与金属离子共同迁移。     

邵东县黄陂桥石膏矿床地质特征及成因初探

矿床赋存于下石炭统上部。含膏岩系为一套局限海潮上泥坪相和萨勃哈蒸发泥坪相的碳酸盐岩沉积。一般含膏5层,矿床规模大,矿石质量好。膏层中心为斑状石膏一硬石膏,上部和下部则为石膏,直接顶、底板和夹矸皆为膏化角砾状微晶白云岩,呈交代渐变接触。石膏中未见气液包裹体,硫同位素δS~(34)在12.20—14.18‰之间。该矿床为古萨勃哈成因的石膏矿床。     

CSAMT法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

世界环境问题和中国减灾工作研究进展

环境和灾害是威胁人类生存的两大挑战性问题。由人类活动导致的自然环境破坏和恶化是一个长期累积的过程,类似于人体所患的慢性疾病,对其认识和解决不仅依靠多种条件,也需要很长时间的持久努力。自然灾害的发生一般是短时间内的突然事件,类似人体的急性疾病。为最大限度地减轻自然灾害给人类社会造成的损失,需要实施事先预防、灾前预警、灾时应急和灾后重建的系统工程,其中地球科学家的责任之一是找出有效的宣传演练,使社会各界充分认识灾害的危险性,做好必要的防灾准备。最近20 a来中国的减灾实践经验还说明,为进一步提高减灾的效益,要用科学观念指导各领域的减灾工作,在国家一级层次上要实行多部门协调、多学科合作的综合管理,并注重对灾害发生的规律性研究。例如对群发性灾害链过程及其潜在影响的估计,这对制定区域性可持续发展规划具有重要意义。     

徐州市张集水源地裂隙岩溶水群孔抽水试验研究

基于徐州市张集水源地详勘阶段任务要求以及张集水源地具体的水文地质条件,提出了张集水源地裂隙岩溶水群孔干扰抽水试验的技术要求和工作方法。试验结果表明,根据该技术要求和工作方法所进行的抽水试验既满足了为水源地地下水资源评价而进行的数值计算要求,又适合农村电网及水井实际,并且节约了经费。结论对裂隙岩溶水大型水源地地下水资源评价与科学管理具有重要的参考价值。