黔西地方流行病——氟中毒起因新解

国内外闻名的黔西地方流行病氟中毒常常归因于黔西晚二叠世煤中高含量的氟以及不科学的燃煤方式。通过对黔西50个煤层刻槽样品的研究发现，黔西晚二叠世煤中氟的含量范围为16．6～500μg／g，算术均值为83．1μg／g，接近于中国大部分煤中氟的含量(82μg／g)和美国煤中氟的平均含量(98μg／g)。当地饮用水和新鲜的玉米中氟的含量亦很低，不足以导致氟中毒。然而，当地居民把粘土作为煤燃烧的添加剂和制作煤球的粘合剂，这种粘土中的氟含量很高，为100．8-2455．7μg／g，均值为1027．6μg／g，它是造成黔西地方流行病氟中毒的根本原因。     

重庆长河碥矿煤的微量元素地球化学特征

运用煤岩学和地球化学的理论和方法,对重庆长河碥矿晚三叠世须家河组煤中微量元素进行了研究。结果表明,长河碥矿各煤层中明显富集Pb,其平均值为29.58μg/g。长河碥矿煤中潜在的有害微量元素Be (5.9μg/g)、Cr (28.6μg/g)、Cu (34.06μg/g)、As (10.03μg/g)和Th (12.49μg/g)均较富集;稀土元素含量为59.79²87μg/g,均值为136.92μg/g,略高于中国煤中稀土元素总量均值(119.7μg/g),高于美国煤中的稀土元素总量均值(53.59μg/g)。8煤中稀土元素含量异常可能是地下水淋滤作用的结果。长河碥矿煤中有害微量元素主要受控于陆源物质的供给。     

贵州地方病氟中毒的氟源、致病途径与预防措施

运用高温燃烧水解-氟离子选择性电极方法,对贵州织金县地方病氟中毒重灾区的化落村、荷花村和马家庄村居民用的粉煤、拌煤黏土、煤泥混合燃料、玉米、辣椒等系列样品进行了氟含量测定,结果表明,这些样品中的氟含量均值分别为237．1／μg／g、2261．9／μg／g、827．9／μg／g、1418．8／μg／g和110．1／μg／g。玉米和辣椒中氟的含量超出国家标准食品中氟允许量的约1000倍和100倍。氟中毒的氟源主要来自拌煤黏土,氟在拌煤黏土中除了以磷灰石、角闪石形式存在外,与伊蒙混层矿物和伊利石的吸附密切相关。煤泥混合燃料在燃烧过程中,约有80％的氟被释放。除了采用固（降）氟技术以外,病区居民改变生活习惯,在食用辣椒前用清水淘洗,把玉米粒加工成玉米面前进行脱皮处理,可以除去食物表面相当一部分氟,对预防地方病氟中毒有重要作用。     

四川会理天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿的成因关系探讨

天宝山矿床是川滇黔接壤铅锌矿集区内的代表性铅锌矿床之一,赋存于上震旦统灯影组白云岩中。近年来,该矿床深部发现了以铜为主的矿化,甚至形成铜矿体。目前,对铜矿成因及其与铅锌矿的关系尚不清晰。本文报道新发现铜矿的矿物学和同位素地球化学资料,以期揭示铜矿的成矿物质来源,结合铅锌矿的相关研究,探讨铜矿形成机制及其与铅锌矿的成因关系。镜下观察和扫描电镜分析显示,铜矿石中主要金属矿物为黄铜矿和银黝铜矿,其次为方铅矿和毒砂,含少量闪锌矿和黄铁矿;铅锌矿石中闪锌矿是主要金属矿物,方铅矿和黄铁矿次之,含少量黄铜矿和深红银矿。铜矿石中闪锌矿主要呈半自形-他形粒状,与黄铜矿共生或被其包裹,方铅矿主要呈细脉状充填在黄铜矿、银黝铜矿和毒砂的裂隙中或呈他形粒状分布在这些矿物中;铅锌矿石中黄铜矿主要呈浸染状分布于闪锌矿之中。两类矿石金属矿物的组构特征,显示铜矿物与铅锌矿物具有密切的共生、穿插和包裹关系,应属同期成矿。同位素地球化学数据显示,铜矿石中黄铜矿的δ34SCDT值为3.9‰~4.2‰(均值为4.1‰,n=3),铅锌矿石闪锌矿的δ34SCDT值为3.3‰~3.9‰(均值为3.5‰,n=3),十分相近,暗示它们具有相似的S源,应均属赋矿地层海相蒸发岩中硫酸盐热化学还原作用的产物。铜矿石中黄铜矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.441~18.476(均值为18.461,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.731~15.751(均值为15.741,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.809~38.873(均值为38.849,n=3),μ=9.72~9.76;铅锌矿石中方铅矿的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.442~18.480(均值为18.455,n=3),~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.746~15.763(均值为15.752,n=3),~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.793~38.892(均值为38.840,n=3),μ=9.75~9.78。两者具有相近的Pb同位素组成且其壳源特征明显,表明它们的成矿金属来源相似,均来自上地壳,与赋矿沉积岩有关。综上,矿物学和同位素地球化学证据表明,天宝山矿床深部新发现铜矿与铅锌矿具有明显的同期共生关系和相似的成矿物质来源,是同一成矿热液体系不同阶段演化的产物。天宝山铜铅锌矿床与MVT矿床的成矿特征不同,暗示其成矿作用(环境)特殊,可能与矿床所处的地质背景有关,其成因认识对川滇黔接壤区同类型矿床深部找铜矿具有重要的指导意义。     

黔西北铅锌成矿区成矿金属来源的铅同位素示踪

黔西北铅锌成矿区是川滇黔铅锌成矿省的重要组成部分,已发现中—小型矿床(点)100余处,它们的分布严格受到区域性构造的控制。在系统收集前人资料的基础上,对黔西北铅锌矿床成矿流体中的金属来源进行了深入的探讨。矿石的206Pb/204Pb为18.439~18.729(均值18.563,n=25),207Pb/204Pb为15.681~15.887(均值15.748,n=25)和208Pb/204Pb为38.885~39.522(均值39.112,n=25);黄铁矿的206Pb/204Pb为18.280~18.768(均值18.571,n=10),207Pb/204Pb为15.677~15.920(均值15.737,n=10)和208Pb/204Pb为38.609~39.144(均值38.940,n=10);闪锌矿的206Pb/204Pb为18.029~18.726(均值18.448,n=34),207Pb/204Pb为15.505~15.825(均值15.689,n=34)和208Pb/204Pb为38.145~39.455(均值38.772,n=34);方铅矿的206Pb/204Pb为18.062~19.900(均值18.536,n=83),207Pb/204Pb为15.440~16.334(均值15.717,n=83)和208Pb/204Pb为38.004~40.695(均值39.022,n=83)。矿石全岩与硫化物单矿物具有相似的Pb同位素组成,表明脉石矿物对矿石全岩没有明显的Pb同位素影响,矿石全岩和金属硫化物Pb同位素所指示的物源信息均能反映成矿流体中金属的来源。经与地壳、地幔和造山带及峨眉山玄武岩、赋矿沉积岩和基底岩石Pb同位素组成特征对比,发现黔西北铅锌矿床成矿流体中的金属具有混合来源特征,主要来自赋矿地层沉积岩和基底岩石。综合分析认为,黔西北铅锌矿床成矿流体中的金属是由循环的盆地卤水活化、淋滤流经地层(包括基底和赋矿地层)岩石所得。     

粘土混浊水电导率对牡蛎礁水平夹层成因的解释——以渤海湾西北岸大吴庄牡蛎礁为例

粘土混浊水(指110℃下烘干研磨后的10g粘土样品与120ml蒸馏水的混合溶液)电导率测定,在海岸带古环境恢复和海陆相地层的划分中起到了重要作用,并开始得到应用[1-3].粘上混浊水电导率的测定原理为:未固结的粘土样品中的硫经充分氧化后变成二氧化硫,并在水溶液中进一步形成硫酸盐后溶解于溶液中[1].电导率值(EC)与溶液中的硫酸根离子和硫酸盐的含量呈正比.硫酸根离子和硫酸盐的含量在海水、半咸水和淡水中依次减小.陆相沉积的粘土混浊水导电率一般小于0.4mS/cm,海陆过渡相为0.4～1.2mS/cm,海相沉积大于1.2mS/cm[4].     

阴离子树脂预处理-离子色谱法测定核纯氢氧化锂中阴离子杂质

采用氨型弱阴离子交换树脂预先对核纯氢氧化锂溶液转型,消除核纯氢氧化锂溶液中的游离氢氧根基体,转型后的溶液采用阴离子色谱法同时测定杂质氟离子、氯离子和硫酸根离子。该方法获得的氟离子、氯离子和硫酸根离子加标回收率优于90%,对应检出限分别为:5.0μg/g、 11.0μg/g和24.0μg/g。     

拉曼光谱法定量测定水合物-水体系中的硫酸根

硫酸根含量是天然气水合物孔隙水中重要的参数之一,硫酸根与水合物的赋存关系已成为天然气水合物地球化学异常研究的重要组成部分。为了更深入地了解硫酸根浓度异常产生的原因和机制,建立一种实时、快速的测定方法就显得尤为重要。本文利用自行设计的天然气水合物反应装置,建立了海水中硫酸根在高压低温环境下的拉曼光谱定量测定方法。硫酸根的浓度(ρ)在2.0~70.0 g/L范围内,与其拉曼光谱参数(R)有良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为R=0.0013ρ-0.000066,相关系数r=0.9998。方法检出限为0.2 g/L(约238μg/mL),精密度(RSD,n=12)为2.5%~3.4%,回收率为102.1%~123.8%。结果表明,采用拉曼光谱法可在线检测天然气水合物-水体系中硫酸根的浓度变化;相对于离子色谱法,具有不破坏原样品和方便快捷等优点。通过对硫酸根浓度变化的初步分析,发现其浓度呈阶梯状升高,认为天然气水合物的形成是一个气体溶解-成核-生长反复进行的过程,直至整个反应体系达到平衡。     

贵州赫章蟒硐铅锌矿床地球化学特征与地质意义

蟒硐铅锌矿床位于黔西北铅锌成矿区垭都-蟒硐构造成矿亚带南东部,紧邻筲箕湾铅锌矿床,为一小型矿床。对该矿床主要原生矿体主成矿期块状硫化物矿石中的黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿进行了S、Pb同位素组成分析。结果表明该矿床S同位素组成变化不大,介于+10.7‰~+13.7‰(均值+12.2‰,n=12),与筲箕湾矿床δ34S CDT值相近(+8.4‰~+11.6‰,均值10.5‰,n=11),不同于δ34SCDT值在0±3‰的幔源硫,而与地层蒸发岩中所含的石膏(+15‰)和重晶石(+22‰~+28‰)以及泥盆纪至三叠纪海水(+20‰~+35‰)的S同位素组成相近。因此,推测成矿流体中的S是地层膏盐层中海相蒸发硫酸盐热化学还原的产物。蟒硐矿床Pb同位素组成变化较小,其206Pb/204Pb为18.582~18.668(均值18.635,n=6),207Pb/204Pb为15.706~15.811(均值15.739,n=6)和208Pb/204Pb为39.075~39.341(均值39.176,n=6)。在207Pb/204Pb-206Pb/204Pb图上位于上地壳铅平均演化线之上,主要与上泥盆统至下二叠统沉积岩投影区域重叠,部分与基底岩石投影区域重叠,与峨眉山玄武岩投影区域明显不同。因此,蟒硐矿床成矿流体中的金属主要来自赋矿沉积岩,但不能排除基底岩石的贡献。综合分析认为,蟒硐铅锌矿床成矿流体和物质均主要来自赋矿地层沉积岩,部分来自基底岩石,峨眉山玄武岩没有明显贡献,矿床成因属于与盆地卤水有关的后生热液矿床。     

贵州普定纳雍枝铅锌矿矿床成因:S和原位Pb同位素证据

通过近五年(2011~2015)勘查实现找矿重大突破的贵州普定纳雍枝铅锌矿床,位于扬子陆块西南缘,五指山背斜南东翼北中部,是黔西北铅锌成矿区的重要组成部分。矿区内已发现20余个铅锌矿体,探获铅锌金属资源储量超135万吨,是川滇黔接壤铅锌矿集区贵州境内目前已发现和探明规模最大的铅锌矿床。主矿体多呈层状、似层状、透镜状和陡倾斜脉状产出,除了陡倾斜脉状矿体产于F7断层破碎带,其余(似)层状矿体均产于下寒武统清虚洞组和上震旦统灯影组白云岩中,与围岩产状一致,层控特征明显。其矿石类型主要有块状、角砾状、细脉状和浸染状等,矿石矿物以闪锌矿为主,其次为方铅矿和黄铁矿,脉石矿物以方解石、白云石为主,含少量石英,偶见重晶石。本次研究表明,该矿床硫化物δ~(34)S_(CDT)值介于15.94‰~25.49‰之间,均值为22.41‰(n=21),其中黄铁矿δ~(34)S_(CDT)值为22.06‰,闪锌矿δ~(34)S_(CDT)值为19.37‰~25.49‰,均值为23.17‰(n=17),方铅矿δ~(34)S_(CDT)值为15.94‰~19.70‰(n=3),均值为18.23‰。各类硫化物δ~(34)S值部分重叠,总体上不具有δ~(34)S黄铁矿δ~(34)S闪锌矿δ~(34)S方铅矿的特征,暗示硫同位素在硫化物矿物间的分馏未达到平衡。此外,矿石存有少量硫酸盐矿物(重晶石),暗示成矿流体的δ~(34)S3∑S值应高于硫化物的平均δ4S值(22.41‰),接近赋矿地层中海相硫酸盐岩的δ~(34)S值(22‰~28‰)。因此,成矿流体中的还原硫最可能为海相硫酸盐岩热化学还原的产物,来源于赋矿地层中的蒸发岩。应用飞秒激光剥蚀多接收器等离子体质谱法首次获得了纳雍枝铅锌矿中方铅矿原位Pb同位素数据,结果显示Pb同位素组成非常集中(~(206)Pb/204Pb=17.828~17.860,均值17.841,~(207)Pb/204Pb=15.648~15.666,均值15.659,~(208)Pb/204Pb=37.922~37.979,均值37.960,n=32),位于上地壳平均Pb演化曲线上,表明其成矿物质具壳源特征,可能来源于基底岩石。综合矿床地质、矿物学、S和原位Pb同位素数据,本文认为纳雍枝铅锌矿床S主要来源于其赋矿地层,Pb等金属元素主要来源于基底岩石,这两组流体的混合是导致其金属硫化物沉淀成矿的重要机制,成矿流体具后生、低温热液等特征,属于密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床,很可能形成于燕山期,与右江盆地演化有关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.