特殊条件下滑坡监测网的优化设计

滑坡是一种常见的地质灾害，对其监测、预报越来越受到人们的重视，但在一些特殊地区，特别是在一些山区，受地形和通视条件的影响，滑坡监测网的布设受到很大限制。这样就需对所布设的监测网进行质量分析和优化设计。从经济指标考虑，采用常规监测网与基准网的布设，有成熟的作业规程，但是由于区域条件的限制，测角监测网无法满足规范中对交会角条件的要求，另外鉴于高精度的测距仪测边精度很高，故该监测网观测方案首先采用测边交会。选取网中图形条件最差的两个点，对其在该方案下的点位精度、网形的内外可靠性以及灵敏度进行了理论分析和实际计算，根据计算结果显示个别边可靠性差的情况，分析了其原因。综合考虑经济指标和质量指标，提出了对观测方案的优化措施，在网形的关键部位加测角度，测角精度为2″．5，改进后的方案既保证了必要的点位精度和灵敏度，且网形的可靠性得到明显提高，对监测网进行优化设计是必要的和有效的。     

西康铁路大瓢沟隧道工程控制网测量中问题的探讨

对西康铁路大瓢沟隧道工程施工控制网的布设方案和观测技术进行了讨论,较准确地估算隧道的贯通误差,得出该隧道的平面施工控制网的测量成果,并详细探讨了精密工程控制网的等级划分、网形、点位、边长和角度。     

变形监测自由网的动态优化设计

在变形监测中,特别在地震形变监测中往往布设自由网。对没有固定基准的自由网,位移矢量是真实位移的有偏估值,有时精度最高的地方发现变形能力并非最强。因此,在变形监测网设计时应以反映发现变形能力的灵敏度作为主要质量指标。而变形监测网在空间和时间上都是变化的。为此,本文提出了同时顾及灵敏度、变形参数精度、观测费用和可靠性等多种质量准则并顾及地壳运动的动态优化设计模型。     

测角后方交会中几个问题的探讨

本文就测角后方交会中的折迭图形、精度估算公式、交会角、检查方向等问题进行了详细的论述。从理论和实践都证明了后方交会中折迭图形与基本图形在本质上是一致的;对于后方交会的交会角给出了新的定义,从不同角度指出对两个观测角的限制或不限制都是有问题的,鉴于检查方向的不可靠,提出后方交会应改用两组图形进行坐标计算。这些对提高测绘成果的质量有着现实意义。     

水平形变监测网的动态平差

本文提出了应用带条件的间接观测平差进行水平形变网的动态平差方法。研究了点位运动的数学模型,起算条件的类型和数量,网的形亏和秩亏现象,计算的方法和成果的精度估算等问题,并给出了具体的算例。 本方法可用于各种类型的水平监测网。特点是能充分地利用所有的观测资料,特别对那些延续时间长,观测断续进行,难以分期平差的网,效果更佳。并且由于引入了突变参数,解决了不连续观测中点位突变造成的困难。     

变形监测网非线性一、二类同步设计的新方法

监测网的精度是通过它的网形和观测方案来实现,因而研究设计合理的观测网形和观测方案有很重要的意义。针对以往一、二类设计分开单独进行解算不可能求得整体上最优,提出了非线性一、二类同步设计的新方法。该方法将一、二类设计的决策变量在一个模型中解算,可获得整体最优解。     

国家授时中心昊平站40 m口径射电天线相位中心参考点坐标的精密测定

给出国家授时中心昊平站40 m口径射电天线相位中心参考点坐标的测量技术方案,包括GPS控制网布设、观测及解算,天线旋转中心的测定与曲线拟合以及天线旋转中心坐标到参考点坐标的转化等。精度分析表明,所得的天线相位中心参考点在CGCS2000坐标系下的点位精度优于8 mm。     

首都圈GPS地形变监测网的布设与观测

介绍了首都圈ＧＰＳ地形变监测网的布设情况和提高观测精度的技术措施。     

形变网的分段线性动态平差

本文介绍形变监测网有多期重复观测资料的一种分段线性动态平差方法。给出了分段线性形变模型的一般表达式,由此得到水准网、测边网计算位移的误差方程式以及水平形变网计算各种应变分量的误差方程表达式。与目前采用的各种动态平差方法比较,分段线性动态平差顾及了观测过程中地壳或点位运动对观测值的影响,可改善平差结果,更合理地估算观测精度,特别在求位移解时尤为明显。因而这种方法可更有效地应用于地震监测预报及形变监测研究。此外,也适用于计算其他各种动态过程,例如复测重力网的动态平差等。文中给出了一个应变算例。     

GPS控制网观测方案的合理选择

全球定位系统（GPS）的使用,使测量控制网的布设和观测产生了革命性的飞跃,与传统方法相比,其优点众多、突出。但由于历史的沿革,有时GPS方法必须与传统方法联合。众所周知,由传统方法布设和观测的我国平面控制点,一般都有觇标,而国家高程控制点为便于保护和寻找,一般都布设在有固定参照物附近,这些与GPS观测时对点位的要求相矛盾。同时,根据实际情况,这些国家高级点作为起算点时必须联测,即使是重新布设新网,按照规范要求,对于一些原有的控制网点标石也要尽量使用,避免已有资源的浪费。因此,充分有效地利用传统网的资源,合理优化配置GPS网观测方案,对目前的实际工作具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Thermohaline structure inhomogeneity associated with polynia at the northern margin of Emery Ice-shelf

Based on the hydrographic data in austral summer during the 22nd Antarctic Expedition of China(2005/2006),some features can be found about the northern margin of Emery ice shelf as follows.The heat content in the surface layer(0-50 m) at the eastern end and the western end of the ice-shelf margin is much higher than that at the middle.The upper mixing-layer depth and the seasonal thermocline depth at the middle of the ice-shelf northern margin are much shallower than those at the both ends.However there is much less difference between the middle and the ends in the bottom layer.The remote sensing photos show that the inhomogeneity in the surface-layer water is closely related to the spatial distribution of the floes and polynia in the area.     

Phylogenetic analysis of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice

Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA of 8 strains of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice was studied.The results showed that strain BJ1 belonged to genus Planococcus,which was a genus of low mole percent G C gram-positive bacteria;strain BJ6 belonged to genus Burkholderia of β-proteobacteria and the rest 6 strain all belonged to γ-proteobacteria,of which strain BJ8 was a species of Pseudoalteromonas,strain BJ2-BJ5 and BJ7 were members of genus Psychrobacter.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that bacteria of genus Psychrobacter of the isolates formed a relatively independent phylogenetic cluster in comparison with other bacteria belonged to genus Psychrobacter.     

Information for authors

正1 Aims and Scope Advances in Polar Science(APS)is an international,peer-reviewed journal jointly sponsored by the Polar Research Institute of China and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration.APS is a comprchensive academic journal dedicated to presentation of multi-disciplinary achievements in Arctic and Antarctic expeditions and research.Its primary purpose is to publish achievements in fundamental research,applied     

Advances in Polar Science CONTENTS(Volume 25,2014)

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Guide to Authors： Journal of Mountain Science

<正>AIMS AND SCOPE(Editorial Policy)The Journal of Mountain Science(JMS)is devoted to mountains and their surrounding lowlands-ecoregions of particular global importance,with a particular emphasis on the important highlands/mountains in the world,such as the Tibetan Plateau,the Himalayas,the Alps,the Andes,the Rockies and many other mountain ranges of our planet.     

Journal of Mountain Science(JMS)

<正>The Journal of Mountain Science(JMS),founded in2004,is an international English-language journal on mountain sciences.JMS is supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),sponsored by the Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,CAS,published by Science Press China,and distributed by Springer exclusively throughout the world(excluding Mainland China).The JMS is published bimonthly,fulltexted in SpringerLink and CNKI,indexed/abstracted by     

Relationship of Arctic sea ice and Northern Hemispheric 500 hPa Polar vortices

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly 500 hPa height data on a 2.5 latitude-longitude grid and 1°×1° sea ice data,the polar vortex area,intensity index and arctic sea ice area index are calculated respectively,and the meridional distribution,period variation and the abrupts in the long range trend are analyzed to study their relationship.The results show that the meridional distribution of sea ice and polar vortex h-ave distinctive difference,the relative positions of them are different in the eastern and western hemispheres,and exept they have periods of 4 months,quasi half year,quasi year,4-5 years and 10 years commonly,and each of them has its own respective variation as well.The sea ice area is decreasing apparently since 1980's,so is the polar vortex area,but their abrupt changge time are different totally.The area of sea ice and polar vortex has prominent positive correlation,but the relationship of sea ice intensity,polar vortex intensity,polar vortex area is complicated.     

Preliminary study on plasma membrane fluidity of Psychrophilic Yeast Rhodotorula sp.NJ298 in low temperature

The ability of cell to modulate the fluidity of plasma membrane was crucial to the survival of microorganism at low temperature. Plasma membrane proteins, fatty acids and carotenoids profiles of Antarctic psychrophilc yeast Rhodotorula sp. NJ298 were investigated at -3 ℃, 0 ℃ and 8 ℃. The results showed that plasma membrane protein content was greater at -3 ℃ than that at 8 ℃, and a unique membrane polypeptide composition with an apparent molecular mass of 94.7 kDa was newly synthesized with SDS-PAGE analysis; GC analysis showed that the main changes of fatty acids were the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (C18∶ 1 and C18∶ 2) and shorter chain saturated fatty acid (C10∶ 0) increased along with the decrease of the culture temperature from 8 ℃ to -3 ℃; HPLC analysis indicated that astaxanthin was the major functional carotenoids of the plasma membrane, percentage of which increased from 54.6±1.5% at 8 ℃ to 81.9±2.1% at -3 ℃. However the fluidity of plasma membrane which was determined by measuring fluorescence anisotropy was similar at -3 ℃, 0 ℃ and 8 ℃. Hence these changes in plasma membrane's characteristics were involved in the cellular cold-adaptation by which NJ298 could maintain normal plasma membrane fluidity at near-freezing temperature.     

Author Index for Journal of Mountain Science Volume 11,2014,pp 1-1656

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