重庆"7.21"暴雨天气过程的初步诊断分析

利用1°×1°每6小时一次的NCEP再分析格点资料和自动站资料分析了2008年7月21～23日发生在重庆地区的暴雨.结果表明高原槽和西南低涡是此次暴雨过程的主要影响天气系统,850hPa水汽主要来自南海和孟加拉湾,而700hPa上的水汽则主要来自孟加拉湾.在低涡的发展演变过程中,中层一直伴有涡旋的存在.然而中层涡旋发展演变过程与西南低涡明显不同.中层涡旋的发展不像低层西南低涡那样单边持续地增长或衰减,中层涡旋的正涡度值呈现明显的增长-衰减-再增长的演变特征,其最大值增长时段和低层低涡的也并不一致.对湿位涡的分析表明,在暴雨发生前,低层水汽和不稳定能量不断累积,为这场暴雨的发生提供了必要条件,这可能是暴雨爆发的触发条件之一.     

一次广西暴雨过程的数值模拟及低涡系统分析

应用WRF中尺度数值模式对2008年6月12日广西地区的一次大暴雨过程进行了模拟,利用模式输出资料,对引发这次大暴雨的西南低涡的演变情况及其物理场特征进行了分析。结果表明,低涡暴雨的发生具有明显的不均匀性,暴雨主要出现在低涡东侧暖区切变线附近;暴雨过程中充沛的水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾和中国南海,水汽的辐合不仅是涡旋区降水的必要条件,还是低涡发展加强的一个有利因素;强降水与强上升运动及正涡度区有很好的对应关系,低涡低层有强不稳定能量积聚也是造成此次大暴雨的重要原因之一。     

一次东移型西南低涡的数值模拟及位涡诊断

利用非静力中尺度模式WRF对2011年6月16-18日引发强降水的一次东移型西南低涡过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,WRF模式较成功地模拟了此次西南低涡所引起强降水的范围和移动。低涡首先在低层850 hPa形成,9 h之后在700 hPa出现闭合低涡,发展成熟。西南低涡的初生和成熟阶段在对流层低层都维持与正涡度和高位涡中心相耦合的动力结构,并伴有上升运动;在成熟阶段,上升运动、正涡度柱和高位涡柱明显加强、发展至对流层高层(300 hPa)。低层水汽通量散度对降水带的强度和移动都具有较好的指示意义。位涡收支诊断分析表明,非绝热作用项的垂直结构与垂直通量散度项相反,潜热释放造成的非绝热作用项有利于低层位涡增长、抑制高层位涡增长,对西南低涡的生成、发展有重要作用。     

有无台风影响下陕西西北涡暴雨特征对比分析

基于2010—2020年地面日降水量资料、高空观测资料以及ERA5(0.25°×0.25°)逐小时再分析资料,对影响陕西的西北涡暴雨天气过程进行统计,并对有无台风影响下西北涡暴雨天气特征进行对比分析。结果表明：陕西西北涡暴雨多发生在7—8月,陕北为暴雨多发区,西北涡暴雨夜雨特征明显;有台风影响时暴雨强度更强,落区比无台风影响时偏北2个纬度。造成陕西暴雨的西北涡位于西太平洋副热带高压脊线北侧7～8个纬度处,西北涡具有低层辐合、高层辐散的动力特征,地形强迫抬升加强了西北涡上升运动,低层水汽输送和水汽辐合为西北涡暴雨发生提供了有利条件。台风影响时,副热带高压偏西偏北,台风外围水汽、能量随着西南低空急流向西北涡输送,西北涡低层呈对流不稳定,高空槽前正涡度平流及高空急流右侧强辐散促使西北涡发展加强,低涡东侧和南侧强上升运动触发不稳定能量释放,在陕北形成强锋区,锋生进一步增强了低涡东侧与南侧垂直运动,造成该区域大暴雨;无台风影响时,副热带高压偏东偏南,西南风风速较小,水汽输送较弱,高原槽前西南风将孟加拉湾和南海水汽向陕西输送,西北涡低层大气层结稳定,低涡中心南部为强上升运动区,冷暖空气在陕西中南部...     

热带低压远距离对西南涡稳定加强的作用

利用地面观测资料、FY-2C卫星红外云图及中尺度数值模式WRF对2010年7月19-20日河北省南部和中东部一次区域性大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,海上热带低压对西南涡的稳定和维持有远距离作用。由于热带低压的存在而促使西南低涡的发展,使西南低空急流在河北突然增强,降水得以再度加强;冷空气从高空侵入、下沉,加强了大气斜压性,迫使对流层中层空气的抬升,为西南涡的发展提供了动力条件;暖湿气流主要来自西南涡携带的西南气流及海上低压和西太平洋副热带高压的东南气流输送,为暴雨加强提供了充沛的水汽和热力条件。     

东移影响湖南的西南低涡统计分析

利用10 a(2001-2010年)6-8月逐日00 h(世界时,下同)与12 h 700 h Pa高空图及NCEP 1°×1°分析资料,对西南低涡进行了统计与合成分析,总结了影响低涡东移影响湖南的三维环流结构特征。结果表明:1)10 a共有486例西南低涡生成。其中,84例(约17.3%)移出源地影响湖南,7月最多(32例),6月次之(30例),8月最少(22例)。2)影响湖南的西南低涡,其源地主要集中在青藏高原东侧和四川盆地,最易在夜间生成。其大气环流形势表现为:西太平洋副热带高压较弱,位于洋面上;中高纬地区100°E附近为一宽广暖槽控制,槽前的正涡度输送有利于低层减压和气旋性涡度加大;低层整个四川盆地为闭合低压环流控制,东西两边各有一个低压中心存在,西部为暖中心控制,东部为冷舌控制,说明中纬度对流层中高层有冷空气入侵,冷平流使等压面下降促使西南低涡发展东移,这可能是导致西南低涡移出的一个重要环流因子。3)存在三支水汽输送:一支来自孟加拉湾的西南气流的水汽输送,另一支来自南海的偏南和偏东气流的水汽输送,第三支是较弱的西风带气流的水汽输送。     

引发重庆中西部暴雨的西南低涡特征分析

利用1980-2008年探空资料和地面自动站资料,对重庆中西部西南低涡暴雨个例进行统计和合成分析。结果表明,重庆中西部西南低涡暴雨是在高空急流、高空槽、西太平洋副热带高压和西南低涡相互作用下产生的。对西南低涡的结构研究表明,高层以散度辐散为主,700 hPa附近为气旋性旋转,800 hPa及以下以辐合为主,且700 hPa正涡度中心南侧由于低层辐合、高层辐散抽吸的共同作用造成的上升运动更显著,这一区域恰恰对应暴雨落区。分析v分量发现,暴雨落区主要位于南北风最大值中心连线附近,或其连线北侧等值线密集区,对重庆暴雨预报具有指示意义。分析低空急流和水汽条件表明,重庆地区充沛的水汽输送为暴雨的产生提供了有利条件,孟加拉湾是主要水汽源地。     

2013年雷州半岛一次罕见冬季暴雨过程的分析

基于常规观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒雷达以及数值预报资料,分析了2013年12月14—16日雷州半岛冬季暴雨个例的环流背景和物理量场特征。结果表明:500 h Pa南支槽和副热带高压长期存在于雷州半岛两侧,低层低涡及暖式切变线稳定,为暴雨发生提供有利的环境条件;西南暖湿气流与高空槽引导的冷空气汇集,为暴雨区输送水汽和能量,暴雨初期水汽通量15 g·cm-1·h Pa-1·s-1;暖平流与正涡度平流共同作用,加强了暴雨的发展。     

2012年庆阳市一次短时大暴雨的诊断

庆阳市2012年7月21日区域性大暴雨创造了环县1957年建站以来的历史极值,导致了人民财产的重大损失。本文利用常规资料、自动站等探测资料以及历史相似个例,对2012年7月21日庆阳市出现的区域性大暴雨天气进行分析。结果表明：（1）高空低槽伴随地面冷锋东移,受西太平洋副热带高压的阻挡移动缓慢,副高、大陆高压不断加强,造成贝加尔湖冷空气在两高之间大量堆积,为这场大暴雨发生奠定了基础;（2）2012年第8号台风“韦森特”登陆前,台风低压和副热带高压之间形成的强气压梯度导致通向庆阳市的南风低空急流建立并加强,为此次大暴雨的发生提供了充分的水汽条件;（3）在高空槽前正涡度平流的作用下,对流层中低层出现明显的辐合,产生强烈上升运动,低层暖湿气流抬升促使对流不稳定能量爆发,从而形成局地强对流和暴雨;（4）导致庆阳区域性大暴雨的中尺度对流系统起源于河套地区低层涡旋的发展,在中尺度涡旋向东北和向东扩展过程中,尺度明显增大,整个系统低层具有明显的气旋性切变和气旋性涡度,在有利的环境条件下整个中尺度对流系统的东移和发展壮大,最终导致庆阳市区域性大暴雨的发生。     

南宁城区"7.18"灾害性强降水分析

对发生在南宁市区由台风低压"碧利斯"引发的灾害性强降水过程进行了分析.结果表明,500hPa强大的大陆高压和西太平洋副高使台风低压稳定少动,西南季风为台风低压附近提供了充足的水汽条件;高空槽前的正涡度平流和低层辐合切变线的动力抬升作用导致中β尺度低压的生成和发展.低层对流不稳定,中低层有强烈的垂直上升运动,促使低层水汽、能量向上混合输送,充足的水汽条件和强烈的辐合上升运动使得大气层结不稳定能量释放,促使中尺度系统的不断发展,南宁市区在短时间内出现强降水,导致城市出现洪涝灾害.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.