福建省岩石圈的热状态与地热资源的远景评价

本文通过地表硅热流值、剩余热流值、岩石生热率、岩石热导率等参数的研究,按一维稳态模型估算了福建岩石圈内不同深度的地温数值,以此为依据,结合地质构造背景的研究,分别探讨了各类地热系统在福建存在的可能性。笔者认为在福建不存在与岩浆活动有关的地热系统,暂时也不可能开发福建的干热岩系统。然而,中低温水热系统十分发育。它们受活动断裂控制,广泛分布于闽东南,无异常热源,地下水循环深度较大,水温一般均低于150℃,流量不够充足,但水质优良,可作为宝贵的热水资源而加以直接利用,不宜当作能源来开发。     

地热系统类型划分与主控因素分析

为了更好地进行地热开发利用,该文在前人研究基础上,将地热系统定义为一个相对独立的地质单元,以热源为中心,包含热生成—运移—聚集所需要的地质要素和地质作用,这些要素和作用组成了能形成热能聚集的功能单元。根据地质构造背景,地热系统可分为隆起山地型地热系统(Ⅰ型)和沉积盆地型地热系统(Ⅱ型)两大类。根据热源类型,地热系统可细分为隆起山地岩浆型地热系统(Ⅰ1型)、隆起山地非岩浆型地热系统(Ⅰ2型)、沉积盆地岩浆型地热系统(Ⅱ1型)、沉积盆地非岩浆型地热系统(Ⅱ2型)4亚类。根据热的赋存方式,上述4亚类地热系统可进一步细分为隆起山地岩浆水热型地热系统、隆起山地岩浆干热型地热系统等8种类型。充足的热源是一切地热系统形成的基础。充足的水源补给和断裂发育是隆起山地水热型地热系统形成的主控因素,一定埋深的大规模优质储层是沉积盆地水热型地热系统形成的主控因素。埋藏较浅的高渗透性储层及较好的盖层,是干热型地热系统形成的主控因素。     

岩浆热源型地热系统及其水文地球化学判据

在各类地热系统中,岩浆热源型地热系统具有突出的科学研究意义和开发利用价值。自岩浆热源释出的岩浆流体富含多种强酸性气体,有极强的岩石溶蚀能力,是发生于岩浆热源型地热系统内的水文地球化学过程大异于非岩浆热源型地热系统的根本原因。浅埋或深埋岩浆热源型地热区内均普遍发育三种不同类型的地热水:酸性SO₄型、SO₄-Cl型或Cl-SO₄型水,中性Cl-Na型或Cl-HCO₃-Na型水,弱碱性HCO₃-Cl-Na型或HCO₃-Na型水;是否同时出现以上类型地热水也成为以非碳酸盐岩为热储围岩的水热型地热系统是否具有岩浆热源的水文地球化学判据。在中国,藏南-滇西地热带和台湾地热带是岩浆热源型地热系统集中分布的区域;藏南高原的高温水热型地热系统下的岩浆囊可能是地壳增厚过程中发生局部熔融的结果,也可能与印度大陆岩石圈向北消减后在拉萨地体下形成的近东西向地幔楔的上涌有关。     

综合物探方法在广东省阳山县黄坌地区地热勘查中的应用

广东省阳山县黄坌地区位于西太平洋活动陆源区,地热资源丰富,开发前景广阔,合理选用多种物探方法有助于提高区域地热勘查效果。本文在分析研究区地热形成条件、地质构造和地层等特征的基础上,热结合伽马总量测量、土壤氡气和瞬变电磁等物探方法,对区内断裂位置和地热异常区进行圈定,基本掌握了区域地热特性。研究结果表明:广东省阳山县黄坌地区地下热水分布多以温泉的形式直接出露于地势相对较低处的剥蚀堆积类型河谷地带,地下热水绝大部分为小于30℃～40℃的温水,属中低温型,区内地热温泉点主要与北东向断裂活动引起的地热增温和岩浆活动余热有关。通过伽马总量测量圈定的3处与构造有关的地热异常区与氡气测量圈定的3处异常区结果基本吻合,氡气异常与伽马异常的形态及分布位置与已知温泉点基本一致,二者异常范围相似,说明本区的异常圈定结果可靠,具有进一步勘查的潜力。瞬变电磁测量结果表明区内深部可能存在的隐伏岩体是区内热水或温泉的热源之一,F_1断裂深部与隐伏岩体相连,属控热导热构造。研究结果为区域下一步的地热研究和开发利用工作奠定基础。     

云南省安宁温泉地热地质特征及成因模式

安宁温泉为上升泉群,其热水化学类型为HCO3—Ca.Mg和HCO3—Ca型。泉群地温场平面特征是在"天下第一汤"形成高温中心,垂向上则随深度变化井温曲线呈现增温型、恒温型、增降骤变型和增温变降温型四种类型。热储具多元结构,当前利用热水除温泉自流水量外都取自浅部热储。温泉流量与降雨补给关系密切,热储具有开放式特征,热水循环周期在21a以上。安宁温泉的热源来自区域高热流背景,螳螂川断裂起到导热导水作用,其成因模式为大气降水补给的断裂深循环型地热系统。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其 工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

山东半岛温泉的地热属性及其特征

从山东半岛所处的板块构造位置和局部的控热构造入手，根据地热传导的理论，对山东半岛温泉的地热属性进行研究分析，认为山东半岛温泉地热属性为濒临板缘高温地热带的板内中低温地热系统，它以偏高的大地热流值为地热背景，以局部控热构造聚敛的大地热流为热源，以地形高差影响和相应的水力压差作用为动力，入渗的大气降水吸收岩石中的热量而被加热，并沿断裂出露形成温泉地热水。以此建立起温泉的构造模式。     

湖南省热水圩地热田干热岩形成的热源机制与成因模式

湖南省热水圩地热田90℃以上的高温温泉指示该地热田具备良好的地热地质条件,是潜在的干热岩勘查有利地段。为合理评价热水圩干热岩的储层温度与勘查开发前景,对汝城地区热水圩地热田的深部地质构造、地球化学和重磁电震地球物理特征、地温场特征等进行综合分析,自深至浅揭示热水圩地热田深部热结构,探讨干热岩形成的热源机制与地球动力学过程。结果表明：(1)利用SiO2地热温标估算的热水圩地热田深部热储温度为79.4～143.9℃;(2)热水圩附近中棚岩体、鱼王岩体等花岗岩体平均生热率为7.07～8.44μW/m3,明显大于中国大陆主要地质构造单元的地壳平均生热率;(3)重磁特征反映出热水圩地区岩石圈厚度相对较薄,大地电磁与地震波速解释的区域内壳内高导低速体与深大断裂带相吻合,指示这些深大断裂有可能构成深部热物质上侵的通道。在此基础上,总结归纳了湖南省热水圩地热田干热岩的成因模式：太平洋板块俯冲与回撤,导致板块前缘形成强烈的热扰动,造成软流圈的隆起和幔源热物质的上侵,形成相对较高的幔源热源;生热率较高的花岗岩体与铀矿体放射性产热形成了良好的地壳热源;深大断裂构成深部热物质上侵的通道,同时为浅部干热岩的形成...     

西藏沃卡温泉水文地球化学特征及成因

通过沃卡温泉出露特征、水化学及同位素组成调查,结合温泉发育的地质背景,研究沃卡温泉的水文地球化学特征和成因。研究表明沃卡温泉出露呈北东向带状展布,明显受断裂控制,温泉水化学类型为Cl·SO_4-Na和SO_4·HCO_3-Na型,阳离子成分为Na+为主,阴离子以Cl~-、SO_4~(2-),pH8.31~8.56,偏碱性,矿化度249.3~366.6mg/l,δD(‰)-150~-157.2,δ18O(‰)-18.3~-22,揭示温泉来源于大气降水补给,补给高程在5 000~5 300m之间。地球化学温标估算沃卡温泉热储温度155℃。泉类型主要为断裂深循环型,沃卡温泉热源主要为深循环地热增温。     

Thermal Regimes of Lithosphere and Geothermal Resources Potential in Fujian Province,China1

Abstract From the determinations of surface heat flow based on silica geothermometry, residual heat flow, radiogenic heat production of rocks, thermal conductivities of rocks and so on, the temperatures at different depths of the lithosphere in Fujian Province are estimated by using a one-dimensional steady-state model. According to these and the research on geological structures, the possibility of existence of various geothermal systems in Fujian is discussed. The authors consider that in Fujian, geothermal systems related to shallow magmatism do not exist and hot dry rock systems can not be exploited for the time being. However, intermediate- and low-temperature hydrothermal systems are well developed. They are controlled by active faults and distributed widely in southeastern Fujian, but do not have an anomalous heat source. The groundwater circulates at great depths and has a temperature usually less than 150°C with less discharge but good quality. It can be used directly as a valuable geothermal water resource but not suitable to be developed as an energy source.     

福建岩石圈的热结构

本文由福建硅热流值研究出发,探讨了热流省参数(qr,A,D),并进而推算了岩石圈不同深度上的温度状态。笔者认为福建东部地区硅热流值偏高,岩石圈厚度较小,居理点深度较浅(大于27km)。热活动性较强,属微弱的地热正异常地区;而西部则反之,热活动性较差。然而,即使在闽东地区也不具备形成岩浆房、干热岩或高温热田的条件,无异常热源。广布的温泉是在微弱地热异常状态下,沿断裂通过地下木的深循环所造成的。     

中国地下热水分布之特点及属性

本文依据我国近年来地下热水资源调研和勘探的新进展及其与有关的研究结果，简述我国地下热水形成和赋存的地热地质背景，分析和归纳构造隆起区中的温泉和中、新生代沉积盆地中的地下热水分布之基本特点，讨论主要水热带的地热学属性和沉积盆地热水的形成机制，为我国地热资源的勘探、开发和今后地球科学有关问题的深化研究提供参考。     

Geological characteristics and analysis of hydrothermal genesis in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province,China

The geothermal water hydrochemistry and isotopic characteristics of boreholes in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province were studied based on the actual drilling geology, regional geological structure and hydrogeological conditions. The analysis results show that the geothermal water is SO4-Ca?Mg type, the recharge elevation is 1 381-1 646 m, the recharge source is atmospheric precipitation, the geothermal reservoir temperature is 42-45 ℃, and the geothermal water is controlled by lithology and geological structure conditions of study area. Atmospheric precipitation enters the groundwater circulation system through the surface karst form of the Wujiaobao anticline, northwest-southeast tensile faults, fissures and karst depression, and geothermal water formed through the rising deep cycle water temperature, then blocked by the double rivers’ fault zone and drilling explosion.     

Geological characteristics and analysis of hydrothermal genesis in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province,China

The geothermal water hydrochemistry and isotopic characteristics of boreholes in the Suijiang-1 well in Yunnan Province were studied based on the actual drilling geology, regional geological structure and hydrogeological conditions. The analysis results show that the geothermal water is SO_4-Ca·Mg type, the recharge elevation is 1 381-1 646 m, the recharge source is atmospheric precipitation, the geothermal reservoir temperature is 42-45 ℃, and the geothermal water is controlled by lithology and geological structure conditions of study area. Atmospheric precipitation enters the groundwater circulation system through the surface karst form of the Wujiaobao anticline, northwest-southeast tensile faults, fissures and karst depression, and geothermal water formed through the rising deep cycle water temperature, then blocked by the double rivers' fault zone and drilling explosion.     

The geothermal formation mechanism in the Gonghe Basin: Discussion and analysis from the geological background

The Gonghe Basin, a Cenozoic down-warped basin, is located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, and spread over important nodes of the transfer of multiple blocks in the central orogenic belt in the NWW direction. It is also called “Qin Kun Fork” and “Gonghe Gap”. The basin has a high heat flow value and obvious thermal anomaly. The geothermal resources are mainly hot dry rock and underground hot water. In recent years, the mechanism of geothermal formation within the basin has been controversial. On the basis of understanding the knowledge of predecessors, this paper proposes the geothermal formation mechanism of the “heat source–heat transfer–heat reservoir and caprock–thermal system” of the Gonghe Basin from the perspective of a geological background through data integration-integrated research-expert, discussion-graph, compilation-field verification and other processes: (1) Heat source: geophysical exploration and radioisotope calculations show that the heat source of heat in the basin has both the contribution of mantle and the participation of the earth’s crust, but mainly the contribution of the deep mantle. (2) Heat transfer: The petrological properties of the basin and the exposed structure position of the surface hot springs show that one transfer mode is the material of the mantle source upwells and invades from the bottom, directly injecting heat; the other is that the deep fault conducts the deep heat of the basin to the middle and lower parts of the earth’s crust, then the secondary fracture transfers the heat to the shallow part. (3) Heat reservoir and caprock: First, the convective strip-shaped heat reservoir exposed by the hot springs on the peripheral fault zone of the basin; second, the underlying hot dry rock layered heat reservoir and the upper new generation heat reservoir and caprock in the basin revealed by drilling data. (4) Thermal system: Based on the characteristics of the “heat source-heat transfer-heat reservoir and caprock”, it is preliminarily believed that the Gonghe Basin belongs to the non-magmatic heat source hydrothermal geothermal system (type II2₁) and the dry heat geothermal system (type II2₂). Its favorable structural position and special geological evolutionary history have given birth to a unique environment for the formation of the geothermal system. There may be a cumulative effect of heat accumulation in the eastern part of the basin, which is expected to become a favorable exploration area for hot dry rocks.     

喜马拉雅东构造结地区地热成因分析

喜马拉雅东构造结地区是现今地球上构造活动最强烈、地貌演化最快的地区之一,属于地中海—喜马拉雅地热带,水热活动强烈。基于喜马拉雅东构造结的地热地质背景,采用野外调查、水化学和稳定同位素测试分析等手段,初步分析嘉黎地区深部地下热水发育特征及成因模式。结果表明,该区域地下热水均来自大气降水或冰雪融水,补给高程位于4 500 m以上,推测补给区位于研究区西北部片麻岩山区;区内地下热水均为未成熟水,热水补给水源沿断裂循环至深部热储,随后受热对流上升至地表出露成温泉,热水上升至浅表部与冷水发生混合,冷热水最大混合比可达91%;采用二氧化硅温度计、阳离子温度计以及硅-焓模型估算出热储温度最高达380 ℃,热水在雅鲁藏布江结合带内循环深度达到6 900 m。研究区深部热源主要来自雅鲁藏布江结合带及附近深大断裂,地表热显示主要受控于结合带两侧的次级张扭性断裂。本研究初步揭示了喜马拉雅东构造结嘉黎地区地热成因模式,可为该区重大工程建设和高温热害防治提供指导。     

O,H,and Sr isotope evidence for origin and mixing processes of the Gudui geothermal system,Himalayas,China

Tho Gudui geothermal field records the highest temperature at equivalent borehole depths among the lainland hydrothermal systems in mainland China.Located about 150 km southeast of Lhasa City,the capital of Tibet,the Gudui geothermal field belongs to the Sangri-Cuona rift belt,also known as the Sangri-Cuona geothermal belt,and is representative of the non-volcanic geothermal systems in the Himalayas.In this study,oxygen-18 and deuterium isotope compositions as well as ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of water samples collected from the Gudui geothermal field were characterized to understand the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluids at Gudui.Hydrogen and oxygen isotope plots show both,deep and shallow reservoirs in the Gudui geothermal field.Deep geothermal fluids are the mixing product of magmatic and infiltrating snow-melt water.Calculations show that the magma fluid component of the deep geothermal fluids account for about 21.10%-24.04%;magma fluids lay also be a contributing source of lithium.The linear relationship of the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr isotopic ratio versus the 1/Sr plot indicates that shallow geothermal fluids form from the mixing of deep geothermal fluids with cold groundwater.Using a binary mixing model with deep geothermal fluid and cold groundwater as two end-members,the nixing ratios of the latter in most surface hot springs samples were calculated to be between 5% and 10%.Combined with basic geological characteristics,hydrogen and oxygen isotope characteristics,strontium concentration,~(87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios,and the binary mixing model,we infer the 6 th-Class Reservoirs Evolution Conceptual Model(6-CRECM) for the Gudui geothermal system.This model represents an idealized summary of the characteristics of the Gudui geothermal field based on our comprehensive understanding of the origin and mixing processes of the geothermal fluid in Gudui.This study may aid in identifying the geothermal and geochemical origin of the Gudui high-temperature hydrothermal systems in remote Tibet of China,whose potential for geothermal development and utilization is enormous and untapped.     

新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热资源研究进展

归纳了新疆塔什库尔干谷地地热地质条件,分析了区内地质构造、地温分布、地热流体化学及同位素特征,研究了地热形成机理,计算了曲曼地热田的地热资源量和可开采量。结果表明: 研究区地热资源受断裂构造控制; 地温变化与盖层、完整基岩、断裂带(热储)表现出明显的一致性,目前实测最高热储温度为161 ℃,深部热储计算温度可达222~268 ℃,地温梯度最高为149.20 ℃/100 m; 地热流体具有深循环特征,与浅表冷水的水化学和同位素特征具有明显的差异; 地热流体来源于大气降水,在断裂及裂隙内储存、运移、富集,在侵入岩体放射性生热和结晶余热的热量供应下,地下流体不断与围岩进行热量及物质交换,在热储围岩和盖层中,热量以传导方式为主,在热储内,热量以对流方式为主; 曲曼地热田储存的热量为55.919×10¹¹ MJ,地热流体可开采量约为12 593 m³/d,产能(热能)约为77.9 MW。因此认为,塔什库尔干谷地热储埋藏深度浅,易开采,具有可观的直接和间接经济价值。     

相山铀矿田成矿古水文地质分析

相山矿田是我国著名的大型热液铀矿田。该矿田产于中生代相山火山岩盆地古水热系统之中，是水热系统中水－岩相互作用的产物。因此，查明当时的古水文地质条件对于研究矿床成因、指导找矿具有重要意义。本文根据相山地区的地质基础资料、构造演化历史和古气候条件，运用构造－古水文地质分析法，对该矿田进行了古水文地质分期、分区，分析了古地下水的补给区、排泄区和径流途径，并对成矿古水热系统的形成条件进行了探讨。