A further investigation of wind generated waves

Summary Sixty-four wave records taken by the O. W. S. Weather Explorer are investigated and Fourier analysed. The relation between the wind speed and the equivalent heightH, and the frequency of maximum amplitude on the spectrum,f ₀, do not differ greatly from those previously obtained in 1955. The wave spectrum, however, can now be shown to be reducible to the same form for all wind speeds for large fetch,H _f ² /H ² being a function of (f-f ₀) only. The same function applies for shorter values of fetch, only, then, the relation is betweenH _f ² /yH ² andy (f-f ₀), wherey is the ratio of the values ofH and 1/f ₀ at the short fetch to those for the same wind speed at infinite fetch.Agreement can be found with a previous result by R. W. Burling [1955] under certain conditions. For a fetch of 4 miles, agreement to the same order is obtained with the values of mean square slope found by C. S. Cox and W. H. Munk [1954].It has not been possible to find agreement with the results of Project SWOP (J. Chase, L. J. Cote, W. Marks and others [1957]).

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Eine weitere Untersuchung windbedingter Wellen

Zusammenfassung Vierundsechzig Wellenregistrierungen wurden an Bord des O. W. S. Weather Explorer aufgezeichnet und nach der Fourier-Methode analysiert. An dem Verhältnis zwischen der Windgeschwindigkeit und der äquivalenten HöheH sowie der Frequenz der maximalen Amplitude auf dem Wellenspektrumf ₀ wurde im Vergleich zu dem im Jahre 1955 festgestellten Verhältnis nur sehr wenig geändert. Bei großem Fetch kann jedoch das Wellenspektrum als auf die gleiche Form für alle Windgeschwin-digkeiten zurückführbar dargestellt werden, daH _f ² /H ² nur eine Funktion von (f-f ₀) ist. Die gleiche Funktion gilt auch für geringere Fetchlängen, nur ist dann die Beziehung zwischenH _f ² /yH ² undy(f-f ₀), wobeiy das Verhältnis der WerteH und 1/f ₀ bei kurzem Fetch zu den Werten gleicher Windgeschwindigkeit bei unendlichem Fetch darstellt.Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann eine Übereinstimmung mit einem früheren Ergebnis von R. W. Burling [1955] erreicht werden. Bei einem Fetch von 4 sm erhält man mit dem Quadrat des mittleren Gefälles nach C. S. Cox und W. H. Munk [1954] eine Übereinstimmung gleicher Größenordnung.Eine Übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen des Projektes SWOP (J. Chase, L. J. Cote, W. Marks u. a. [1957]) ließ sich nicht erzielen.

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Une autre étude des vagues engendrées par le vent

Résumé Soixante-quatre enregistrements de vagues obtenus par le navire météorologique «Weather Explorer» seront analysés d'après la méthode de Fourier. Le rapport entre la vitesse de vent, la hauteur équivalenteH et la fréquence de l'amplitude maximale sur le spectre d'onde n'a pas beaucoup changé lorsqu'on le compare au rapport constaté en 1955.H _f ² /H ² n'étant qu'une fonction de (f-f ₀), on peut représenter le spectre d'ondes comme d'être réductible à la même forme, à laquelle toutes les vitesses de vent peuvent être référées en présence d'un grand «fetch». La même fonction s'applique à une longueur inférieure de fetch, mais dans ce cas la relation se fait entreH _f ² /yH ² ety(f-f ₀);y étant le rapport des valeursH et 1/f ₀ en présence d'un court fetch à des valeurs d'égale vitesse de vent en présence d'un fetch infini.Dans certaines conditions, l'accord se laisse atteindre avec des résultats récents de R. W. Burling [1955]. Lorsque le fetch a 4 milles marins de longueur, l'accord se fait dans le même ordre de grandeur à l'aide des valeurs du carré de la pente moyenne d'après C. S. Cox et W. H. Munk [1954].Il n'était pas possible d'obtenir un accord avec les résultats du projet SWOP (J. Chase, L. J. Cote, W. Marks et d'autres [1957]).

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2018年巢湖风浪特征分析

基于实测数据,利用验证良好的SWAN风浪模型开展了2018年巢湖风浪变化及分布特征研究.巢湖2018年平均有效波高和波周期分别为0.16 m和1.22 s,整体春季风浪大,秋季风浪小.月均最大值出现在4月,分别为0.22 m和1.36 s,月均最小值出现在11月,分别为0.11 m和1.06 s,变化幅度分别为最大值的52%和22%.月均值整体中巢湖最大,东巢湖次之,西巢湖最小.巢湖月最大有效波高和波周期主要出现在东巢湖或中巢湖,各值月间差异显著,最大变化幅度分别为最大值的61%和27%.不同湖区计算的月均有效波高和波周期较大值分布范围所占湖区的比例不同,中巢湖与东巢湖较大,西巢湖最小.不同月份及湖区较大有效波高出现的时间占比是不一致的,9-11月份时间占比较小,将有利于蓝藻水华的出现.     

Highly nonlinear wind waves in Currituck Sound: dense breather turbulence in random ocean waves

Ocean Dynamics - We analyze surface wave data taken in Currituck Sound, North Carolina, during a storm on 4 February 2002. Our focus is on the application of nonlinear Fourier analysis (NLFA)...     

WIND observations of coherent electrostatic waves in the solar wind

The time domain sampler (TDS) experiment on WIND measures electric and magnetic wave forms with a sampling rate which reaches 120 000 points per second. We analyse here observations made in the solar wind near the Lagrange point L1. In the range of frequencies above the proton plasma frequency f_pi and smaller than or of the order of the electron plasma frequency f_pe, TDS observed three kinds of electrostatic (e.s.) waves: coherent wave packets of Langmuir waves with frequencies f ≃ f_pe, coherent wave packets with frequencies in the ion acoustic range f_pi ≥ f ≥ f_pe, and more or less isolated non-sinusoidal spikes lasting less than 1 ms. We confirm that the observed frequency of the low frequency (LF) ion acoustic wave packets is dominated by the Doppler effect: the wavelengths are short, 10 to 50 electron Debye lengths λ_D. The electric field in the isolated electrostatic structures (IES) and in the LF wave packets is more or less aligned with the solar wind magnetic field. Across the IES, which have a spatial width of the order of ≃25_D, there is a small but finite electric potential drop, implying an average electric field generally directed away from the Sun. The IES wave forms, which have not been previously reported in the solar wind, are similar, although with a smaller amplitude, to the weak double layers observed in the auroral regions, and to the electrostatic solitary waves observed in other regions in the magnetosphere. We have also studied the solar wind conditions which favour the occurrence of the three kinds of waves: all these e.s. waves are observed more or less continuously in the whole solar wind (except in the densest regions where a parasite prevents the TDS observations). The type (wave packet or IES) of the observed LF waves is mainly determined by the proton temperature and by the direction of the magnetic field, which themselves depend on the latitude of WIND with respect to the heliospheric current sheet.     

巢湖快速变化风浪场及其环境效应

浅水湖泊风浪过程对于湖泊生态系统具有重要的意义.基于巢湖风场、风浪和水环境参数同步高频观测结果,详细分析了快速变化风场下的风浪快速变化特征及其对湖泊水环境的影响特征.浅水湖泊风浪的有效波高和平均波周期均随风速的快速变化有较好的同步响应规律.在风速快速衰减阶段,相较有效波高,波周期有更好的稳定性.湖泊水体pH、水温、溶解氧会快速响应风浪的变化,随着风浪强度增强,对水体浊度、总磷浓度以及藻密度和生物量的扰动影响逐渐呈现.强烈的风浪扰动引起水体浊度变化的滞后时间可达3 d.快速变化的风浪场下,风浪的强烈扰动会改变水体固有的理化参数分布特征,扰动藻类常规的水体分布规律,风浪强度是造成差异的主要因子.     

Observations of long-lived solar wind streams during 1990-1993

Interplanetary scintillation (IPS) can be used to identify changes in solar wind parameters over a wide range in heliographic latitude and elongation and constrain models of its large-scale structure, velocity and density. This paper reviews the scintillation density mapping method specifically, and presents over three years of data taken between March 1990 and September 1993 with the 3.6 hectare array in Cambridge. A novel form of synoptic plot that is particularly sensitive to corotating structures is introduced, and low-density streams are identified by their unequivocal signatures within it. Stable corotating structures are evident throughout - even during the active phase of the solar cycle - and specific periods are examined. Density measurements inferred from scintillation are compared with IMP-8 data for the same period and are shown to be in good agreement, giving further support to the scintillation/density relationship determined by Tappin (1986).     

Observations indicating parametric instabilities in internal gravity waves at thermospheric heights

Abstract

Theoretical studies predict a parametric instability of finite-amplitude internal gravity waves which hitherto has been observed only in laboratory experiments. The occurrence of this process in the atmosphere is of basic interest because finite-amplitude gravity waves, which are almost ubiquitous especially at upper atmospheric heights, would produce unstable flows even at large Richardson numbers. Maximum entropy power spectra of a strong internal gravity wave in the thermosphere, which was generated by a volcanic eruption and detected on records of the Doppler shift of high-frequency radio waves, in fact show good agreement with the spectra of synthetic Doppler records obtained from a calculated unstable gravity wave. The frequencies and wavenumbers observed in the gravity wave domain satisfy in particular the theoretically predicted resonance conditions. The observed Doppler records also show two significant lines in the acoustic domain which probably result from a nonlinear interaction with the basic gravity wave. It is suggested that acoustic double peaks, which are commonly observed in high-frequency Doppler spectra in the presence of nearby thunderstorms, represent parametric instabilities of internal gravity waves generated by penetrative cumulus convection.     

Observations of acoustic-gravity waves in the ionosphere generated by severe tropospheric weather

Atmospheric waves influence the dynamics and energetic budget of the upper atmosphere. Using the continuous HF Doppler sounder, we study the wave activity in the ionosphere during tropospheric convective storms in western and central part of the Czech Republic. The study is focused on acoustic-gravity waves in the period range 2–30 minutes. We discuss possible methods of distinguishing the waves emitted by meteorological sources from waves of different origin, particularly waves of geomagnetic origin. In two cases out of twenty-five analysed, we found waves in the infrasonic period range which might be generated by exceptionally intense meteorological activity in the troposphere. The results differ considerably from those previously obtained in North America. In the central part of the United States, infrasonic waves were frequently observed during convective storms. As a possible reason, we discuss different intensity and dynamics of weather systems in both regions.     

Numerical modelling of wind effects on breaking waves in the surf zone

Wind effects on periodic breaking waves in the surf zone have been investigated in this study using a two-phase flow model. The model solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the k ? ?? turbulence model simultaneously for the flows both in the air and water. Both spilling and plunging breakers over a 1:35 sloping beach have been studied under the influence of wind, with a focus during wave breaking. Detailed information of the distribution of wave amplitudes and mean water level, wave-height-to-water-depth ratio, the water surface profiles, velocity, vorticity, and turbulence fields have been presented and discussed. The inclusion of wind alters the air flow structure above water waves, increases the generation of vorticity, and affects the wave shoaling, breaking, overturning, and splash-up processes. Wind increases the water particle velocities and causes water waves to break earlier and seaward, which agrees with the previous experiment.     

Observations of intensity variations and harmonics of heater induced VLF waves

Very low-frequency (VLF) radio waves have been generated in the ionosphere by the heating facility near Tromsø. VLF signals have been received at Porojärvi (69.17 ° N, 21.47 ° E, L = 6.1), in Northern Finland, about 100 km from the heating transmitter. Three heating experiments were performed under different geophysical conditions and different results were obtained. Signal intensities have been compared with magnetic variations. Correlations and anti-correlations were observed. Several harmonics of the generated signal have generally been found. In some cases when the intensity of the detected VLF signal was low the first harmonic was as intensive as the fundamental frequency. VLF response from Artificial Periodic Inhomogeneities (API) experiment was also observed.     

Observations and studies of electromagnetic waves during the approaching of earthquakes

This article introduces the practical observation results of pre-earthquake electromagnetic radiations at the network of monitoring stations in Jiangsu region in resent years and discusses the electromagnetic wave precursors during the approaching period of earthquakes based on the observations of the electromagetic radiation signals before theM _s 6.0 Liyang earthquake of 1979 in Jiangsu province, theM _s 5.9 Heze earthquake of 1983 in Shandong province and theM _s 6.2 South Yellow Sea earthquake of 1984.     

Conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress in flow over 2D dunes in the presence of surface waves

This study presents the analysis of the velocity fluctuations to describe the conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress in flow over two‐dimensional dunes in the presence of surface waves of varying frequency. The flow velocity measurements over the dunes are made using a 16‐MHz 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The joint probability distributions of the normalized stream‐wise and vertical velocity fluctuations at different vertical locations are calculated in the trough region of a selected dune in quasi‐steady region of the flow. Third‐order moments of the stream‐wise and vertical velocity components over one dune length are also calculated throughout the flow depth for understanding the effect of surface waves on relative contributions to the Reynolds shear stress due to the four quadrant events. The structure of instantaneous Reynolds stresses is analysed using quadrant analysis technique. It has been shown that the contributions of second and fourth quadrant events to the Reynolds shear stress increase with increase in the frequency of surface waves. In fact, the largest contribution to turbulent stresses comes from the second quadrant. The cumulant discard method is applied to describe the statistical properties of the covariance term u′w′. Conditional statistics and conditional sampling are used to compare the experimental and theoretical relative contributions to the Reynolds shear stress from the four quadrant events. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transformation and absorption of magnetosonic waves generated by solar wind in the magnetosphere

Resonant transformation of fast magnetosonic (FMS) wave flux into Alfven and slow magnetosonic (SMS) oscillations is investigated in the one-dimensionally inhomogeneous magnetosphere. Spatial distribution of energy absorption rate of FMS oscillations penetrating into the magnetosphere from the solar wind is studied. The FMS wave energy absorption rate caused by magnetosonic resonance excitation is shown to be several orders of magnitude greater than that caused by Alfven resonance excitation at the same surface. It is connected with the spectrum of incident FMS waves. The Kolmogorov spectrum is used in numerical calculations. Magnitude of the Fourier harmonics exciting resonant Alfven oscillations is much smaller than that of the harmonics driving lower-frequency magnetosonic resonance. It is shown that resonant transformation of FMS waves into SMS oscillations can be an effective mechanism of energy transfer from the solar wind to the magnetosphere.     

Numerical studies of wind forced internal waves with a nonhydrostatic model

The nonhydrostatic pressure effects on the generation and propagation of wind-forced internal waves are studied with a two-dimensional numerical ocean model. A one-way directed wind pulse over a stratified ocean initiates surface and internal waves in a closed basin. The studies are performed with horizontal grid sizes in the range from 1 km to 62.5 m. The experiments are performed with both a hydrostatic and a nonhydrostatic model, facilitating systematic studies of the sensitivity of the numerical model results to the grid size and to the nonhydrostatic pressure adjustments. The results show that the nonhydrostatic pressure effects are highly dependent on the grid size and grow with increased resolution. In the internal depression wave, the horizontal nonhydrostatic pressure gradients reach the same order of magnitude as the hydrostatic gradients in the high-resolution nonhydrostatic studies. In these studies, the nonhydrostatic pressure gradients approximately balance the corresponding hydrostatic pressure gradients in the internal depression wave, and the wave degenerates into a train of soliton waves. The time for the soliton form to develop agrees with the steepening timescale calculated from Korteweg-de Vries theory. In the high-resolution hydrostatic model, the internal depression wave takes the form of a single wave front. When the internal waves are generated in the boundary layers, the nonhydrostatic pressure gradients are much smaller than the hydrostatic gradients and the generation processes are not effected by the nonhydrostatic pressure with the present range of grid sizes.     

Observations of peculiar sporadic sodium structures and their relation with wind variations

Resonance lidar observations of sodium density in the upper mesosphere region over Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E) rarely show complex structures with rapid enhancements of sodium density, completely different from normal sporadic sodium structures. The hourly averaged meteor radar zonal winds over Trivandrum (8.5°N, 76.5°E) show an eastward shear with altitude during the nights, when these events are formed. As suggested by Kane et al. [2001. Joint observations of sodium enhancements and field-aligned ionospheric irregularities. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1375–1378], our observations show that the complex structures may be formed due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, which can occur in the region of strong wind shear.     

Observations of gravity waves in the upper and lower stratosphere by lidar and ozonesondes

Lidar observations of Rayleigh backscatter and temperature profiles measured by ozonesondes have been used to investigate gravity waves in the upper and lower stratosphere, respectively, over Aberystwyth (52.4°N, 4.1°W). Both data sets have been used to investigate the vertical wavenumber spectrum of the wave field at high wavenumbers. Similar analytic techniques applied to each data set enable direct comparison of the spectra. The possibility of laminar structures generated by differential advection contaminating gravity-wave fields deduced from temperature and/or density measurement is discussed and the behaviour of the wave-field mean potential energy reveals a seasonal cycle throughout the stratosphere with a late winter maximum and a summer minimum.