Tectonic Evolution and Mineralization of Central South Peninsula of Southeast Asia

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东南亚及哀牢山红河构造带构造演化的讨论

通过对东南亚和哀牢山红河构造带演化已有模式的分析,在近年来本区海上研究资料的了,结合滇西地质情况,认为东南亚的构造格局是由印度洋、太平洋和欧亚三大构造体系共同作用形成的。６０￣１５ＭａＢＰ,欧亚构造体系分别与太平洋和印度洋构造体系作用在东南亚东、西部形成两个弧后盆地扩张体系。两体系扩张强度和方向的不同,形成转换调节构造带－哀牢山红河构造带。东部较强的扩张作用使扬子板块向北运动,形成哀牢山以东的逆冲     

南海北部陆缘结构及构造-岩浆演化

南海北部陆缘发育独特的远端带结构,以“裂谷宽、基底厚和地貌起伏”为主要特点,显著有别于经典贫岩浆型和富岩浆型张裂陆缘.为了解释陆缘结构的成因,综合已有研究进展和国际大洋发现计划（IODP）的钻探成果,对南海北部陆缘基底性质进行了调研,探讨了拆离断层和岩浆作用的特点以及两者间的相互作用.结果表明,在38 Ma之前南海北部大范围发育核杂岩构造,并伴随大量岩浆侵入到中下地壳;岩浆作用一方面加剧了地壳的韧性变形,导致应变无法集中而在多个地方同时发育大型拆离,另一方面对拆离面和减薄的基底进行了强烈改造.最终提出同张裂期就位的岩浆作用和中下地壳的韧性流动是形成南海北部宽裂谷陆缘的关键,深化了对陆缘结构、变形过程和岩石圈减薄机制的理解.      

Improving sustainable productivity in rice-based rainfed lowland systems of South and Southeast Asia

The lowland rice-producing areas of the world may be classified first by water regime: those with a reliable and controlled external supply of water and a drainage system, theirrigated ricelands, and those depending solely on rainfall and runoff, therainfed lowlands. The latter are diverse and range from drought-prone lands to those subjected to flooding in excess of several meters during the growing season. Rice production in these areas hasn't really benefited from the technological advances that were so successful for irrigated rice, yet hundreds of millions of Asia's poorest people depend upon the rainfed lowlands for their livelihood. This paper presents a retionale for devoting resources to research for the rainfed environments of Asia, and examines the institutional context and the key constraints and opportunities for intervention. The research strategies directed towards increasing sustainable productivity in these areas are presented, including the unique challenges presented by environmental heterogeneity and variability.     

东南亚中南半岛地区黑色金属矿床谱系

东南亚中南半岛地区位于特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿带与环太平洋成矿带的交汇部位,具有丰富的富铁、优质锰、铬铁矿、钛铁矿等黑色金属资源。在系统收集和整理该区矿产地数据的基础上,建立了中南半岛5国（越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸和泰国）的矿产地数据库,初步厘定了黑色金属矿床谱系,并对其找矿潜力进行了简要分析。     

东南亚中南半岛锡矿带成矿特征

东南亚中南半岛位于特提斯成矿域和西环太平洋成矿域的相交地带,在印支—喜山期发生了多期次俯冲、碰撞造山成矿作用,发育多个与中酸性岩浆活动密切相关的锡(钨)岩浆热液成矿系统,形成了世界著名的东南亚中南半岛锡矿带。研究区自西向东依次可划分为抹谷—毛淡棉—德林达依—普吉锡矿带、景栋—清莱—清迈锡矿带和越北—长山—昆嵩—大叻锡矿带三大锡矿带及7个锡矿亚带,锡矿化花岗岩多为高度分异演化的重熔型铝过饱和花岗岩类,具有多硅、富碱、多挥发分、高钾、87Sr/86Sr初始比值高、Rb/Sr值高、相对明显富集Be、Bi、Cu、Mo、Pb、Sn、Y、Zn等元素的特点。锡矿体主要分布于S型花岗岩与围岩的内、外接触带。锡矿床成矿类型主要有热液脉型、矽卡岩型、锡石—硫化物型、云英岩型、伟晶岩—细晶岩型等。从海西晚期到喜山早期都有锡的成矿事件发生,以燕山期锡成矿作用为主,成矿构造环境主要为岛弧环境和大陆边缘碰撞造山环境。     

东南亚中南半岛锡矿带成矿特征

东南亚中南半岛位于特提斯成矿域和西环太平洋成矿域的相交地带,在印支—喜山期发生了多期次俯冲、碰撞造山成矿作用,发育多个与中酸性岩浆活动密切相关的锡（钨）岩浆热液成矿系统,形成了世界著名的东南亚中南半岛锡矿带。研究区自西向东依次可划分为抹谷—毛淡棉—德林达依—普吉锡矿带、景栋—清莱—清迈锡矿带和越北—长山—昆嵩—大叻锡矿带三大锡矿带及7个锡矿亚带,锡矿化花岗岩多为高度分异演化的重熔型铝过饱和花岗岩类,具有多硅、富碱、多挥发分、高钾、87Sr/86Sr初始比值高、Rb/Sr值高、相对明显富集Be、Bi、Cu、Mo、Pb、Sn、Y、Zn等元素的特点。锡矿体主要分布于S型花岗岩与围岩的内、外接触带。锡矿床成矿类型主要有热液脉型、矽卡岩型、锡石—硫化物型、云英岩型、伟晶岩—细晶岩型等。从海西晚期到喜山早期都有锡的成矿事件发生,以燕山期锡成矿作用为主,成矿构造环境主要为岛弧环境和大陆边缘碰撞造山环境。     

东南亚中南半岛地区黑色金属矿床谱系

东南亚中南半岛地区位于特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿带与环太平洋成矿带的交汇部位,具有丰富的富铁、优质锰、铬铁矿、钛铁矿等黑色金属资源.在系统收集和整理该区矿产地数据的基础上,建立了中南半岛5国(越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸和泰国)的矿产地数据库,初步厘定了黑色金属矿床谱系,并对其找矿潜力进行了简要分析.     

中韩第五次<东北亚地壳演化>学术研讨会在北京举行

由长春科技大学、东北亚国际地学研究与教学中心、中国科学地质研究所共同主办的中韩第五次<东北亚地壳演化>学术讨论会于1998年8月3日在北京举行.     

中韩第五次《东北亚地壳演化》学术研讨会在北京举行

新疆天山东部广泛发育晚石炭世碳酸盐岩隆。这些岩隆主要为生物丘,少数为生物滩及与岩隆有关的生物层,其中生物丘含大量灰泥和内碎屑。基本岩石类型为泥粒状灰岩、粒泥状灰岩、粒泥状－泥粒状灰岩,少量岩石类型包括颗粒岩、骨架岩和障积岩。成岩作用是碳酸盐岩隆发展演化的重要阶段和过程,在生物丘内,已经识别出四种重要的胶结物,即球粒泥晶、纤状方解石、放射轴状方解石和粒状方解石。尽管缺失典型的造礁生物,但通过岩石类型研究和微相分析,认为碳酸盐岩隆的形成主要取决于生物作用及古环境格局。本区碳酸盐岩隆可以同欧洲瓦尔索坦的岩隆对比     

吉东南新太古代晚期片麻岩类的时代、成因及其对早期地壳形成演化的制约

吉林省东南部通化地区广泛出露早前寒武纪花岗质片麻岩类,其岩石组成、形成时代和成因对深化认识华北克拉通东北缘早期地壳形成演化历史具有重要意义。本文系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等研究结果表明,这些花岗质片麻岩类按照SiO₂质量分数总体可划分为高硅和低硅两组：前者主要由二长花岗质片麻岩、奥长花岗质片麻岩及英云闪长质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 549~2 557 Ma;而后者由石英二长闪长质片麻岩及花岗闪长岩质片麻岩组成,其原岩形成于2 534~2 552 Ma;并且两组岩石都含有约2 600 Ma的捕获锆石,共同遭受了约2 500 Ma变质作用的影响。地球化学分析结果显示,低硅岩组具有较高的MgO、CaO、Na₂O质量分数,属于高钾—中钾钙碱性系列,并且富集LREE、亏损HREE和HFSE;与之相比,高硅岩组则具有较低的MgO和CaO质量分数,显示更强烈的轻、重稀土元素分馏以及Nb、Ta、P、Ti等亏损的特征;但两者均具有较弱的正或负Eu异常。结合区域最新研究成果,认为研究区低硅和高硅两组岩石应具有相同的源区,其形成可能与大洋板片俯冲、岩浆底侵引起的地壳部分熔融作用有关。此外,两组岩石具有相似的ε_Hf（t）值（2.72~7.95）和模式年龄（2.86~2.55 Ga）,暗示区域主要存在新太古代晚期地壳生长事件;结合区域内变质火山岩的研究进展,认为吉林省东南部通化地区花岗质片麻岩类可能形成于活动大陆边缘的构造背景。     

Man and tropical karst in Southeast Asia

Some karst regions of Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Bali, Madura), on closer examination geomorphologically and hydro-geologically quite distinct from each other, are checked with regard to land-use, settlement and other economic and cultural significance. Brief comparisons are made to similar regions from the Philippines (Bohol), Thailand etc.An amazingly strong differentiation, especially of the rice-cultivation systems, is determined by the varying access to water. Some densely populated limestone regions are suffering even from critical water supply for human consumption, cattle etc. Proposals for improvement and rural development are given.The comparison of agricultural landscape types under changing geo-ecological conditions yield fine examples of closely interwoven man-earth eco-systems.     

India and Southeast Asia in Gondwanaland fit

The fit and configuration of India and Southeast Asia vis-à-vis Australia—Antarctica are critically analysed together with the evolutionary history of the Himalaya. Peninsular India, Himalaya, Tibet and Southeast Asia appear to be tied up with the development of Paleozoic-Mesozoic peripheral “Gondwanide” and Mesozoic-Cenozoic Alpine-Himalayan-Indonesian orogenic belts. Southeast Asia and Tibet are usually included within Cathaysia-Laurasia. The extent of the Tethys, separating Gondwanaland from the latter, thus appears to be much narrower than commonly believed. An alternative Gondwanaland reconstruction is proposed, placing India amidst a proto-Indian Ocean adjacent to Africa, but separated from Antarctica-Australia.     

东南亚大地构造特征与成矿作用

东南亚地区位于全球特提斯成矿域、环太平洋成矿域与印度-澳大利亚成矿域的交汇地带。构造演化独特,先后经历了原-古-中-新特提斯增生造山、印度-欧亚陆陆碰撞造山、太平洋俯冲等多期次构造-岩浆事件,形成了多条火山弧带、蛇绿混杂带以及同碰撞和后碰撞岩浆岩带。本文在总结前人大地构造研究成果基础上,将东南亚地区划分为6个一级构造单元、32个二级构造单元和57个三级构造单元。伴随着原-古-中-新特提斯构造演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞、太平洋俯冲等多期次构造域事件,以构造单元划分为基础,将东南亚地区划分为3个一级成矿域,6个二级成矿省,21个三级成矿带,并结合构造演化初步探讨了主要成矿事件。     

东南亚的活动俯冲和碰撞

东南亚位于欧亚、印-澳和菲律宾海三大板块汇聚结合带,现代及古代汇聚区域广泛,弧陆碰撞起着重要作用。根据地质、古地磁和浅源地震等地球动力演化的研究建立了一系列构造模式,表明该区地表构造运动的复杂性。尽管规模较小,台湾地区的弧陆碰撞可能是目前全世界的研究热点之一,因为这一碰撞带较年青(数百万年),非常活跃,易于通过地质、地球物理、大地测量和遥感手段进行测定和监控。未来对活动俯冲带和造山带的研究应与地震、海啸、污染、气候变化等这些与自然灾害有关的社会问题紧密联系起来。     

Fish,fishing, and sea boundaries: Tuna stocks and fishing policies in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific

The distribution of various tuna species in the Pacific Ocean is bounded by the 20°C isotherm while their migrations are influenced by the major current systems and other oceanographic parameters which are here described. Tuna fisheries are important for the island nations of the tropical Pacific with Japan, the USA, Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines prominently engaged in them. The fishery relies on longline, bait-dependent pole and line and purse seining techniques. The various tuna species are among the highest priced fishery commodities vigorously entering international trade in the frozen state or canned. However, with 200 nautical mile extended economic zones now being customary international law, new patterns of resource ownership and management needs have arisen that call for enhanced international cooperation in fisheries research and in surveillance and enforcement; a discussion of possible patterns for such cooperation terminates this article.This article is a contribution of the Oceans Project of the East-West-Center, Honolulu, Hawaii     

Ocean Plate Stratigraphy in East and Southeast Asia

Ancient accretionary wedges have been recognised by the presence of glaucophane schist, radiolarian chert and mélange. Recent techniques for the reconstruction of disrupted fragments of such wedges by means of radiolarian biostratigraphy, provide a more comprehensive history of ocean plate subduction and successive accretion of ocean floor materials from the oceanic plate through offscraping and underplating.Reconstructed ocean floor sequences found in ancient accretionary complexes in Japan comprise, from oldest to youngest, pillow basalt, limestone, radiolarian chert, siliceous shale, and shale and sandstone. Similar lithologies also occur in the mélange complexes of the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and other regions. This succession is called ‘Ocean Plate Stratigraphy’ (OPS), and it represents the following sequence of processes: birth of the oceanic plate at the oceanic ridge; formation of volcanic islands near the ridge, covered by calcareous reefs; sedimentation of calcilutite on the flanks of the volcanic islands where radiolarian chert is also deposited; deposition of radiolarian skeletons on the oceanic plate in a pelagic setting, and sedimentary mixing of radiolarian remains and detrital grains to form siliceous shale in a hemipelagic setting; and sedimentation of coarse-grained sandstone and shale at or near the trench of the convergent margin.Radiolarian biostratigraphy of detrital sedimentary rocks provides information on the time and duration of ocean plate subduction. The ages of detrital sediments becomes younger oceanward as younger packages of OPS are scraped off the downgoing plate.OPS reconstructed from ancient accretionary complexes give us the age of subduction and accretion, direction of subduction, and ancient tectonic environments and is an important key to understanding the paleoenvironment and history of the paleo-oceans now represented only in suture zones and orogenic belts.