拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫的摄食率和摄食选择

研究了拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramam osain）大眼幼体在不同饵料密度和组合条件下对卤虫（Ar-tem iasp.）无节幼体及成体的摄食率、摄食节律等,发现：光照-视觉因素对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体捕食卤虫无节幼体的数量无显著影响,但对捕食卤虫成体的影响显著（p〈0.05）.饵料密度较低（如卤虫无节幼体密度〈10 ind/cm3）时,饵料密度与拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率呈正相关;饵料密度较高时饵料密度变化对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食率的影响不显著（p〉0.05）.禁食后投饵,在高饵料密度（如卤虫无节幼体密度≥10 ind/cm3）下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食率在短时间（如4 h）较高,随供饵时间的延续摄食率开始下降,较长时间（24 h）摄食率显著较低.以干重计,拟穴青蟹大眼幼体对卤虫成体的摄食率全面高于对卤虫无节幼体;但混合投喂卤虫无节幼体和成体时拟穴青蟹大眼幼体摄食的卤虫成体数量较少,表明在卤虫无节幼体和成体同时存在的情况下拟穴青蟹大眼幼体倾向于放弃卤虫成体捕食无节幼体.拟穴青蟹大眼幼体的摄食行为受到被捕食风险和饵料斑块分布的显著影响.育苗生产中对拟穴青蟹大眼幼体投喂卤虫无节幼体的密度无需高于10 ind/cm3.     

中华绒螯蟹幼体资源生态及养殖生态学研究

中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ　ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）俗称河蟹,属短尾类十足目甲类动物［１］,其幼体广泛分布于我国河口地区,主要生活在河口半咸水和海水中。亲蟹在河口区产卵,孵化后幼体营浮游生活,具有强烈的趋光性,并且表现为群聚特征,易被径流带离河口区。幼体发育到后期已基本到陆架区,大眼幼体变态为一期仔蟹后营底栖生活。营底栖生活的仔蟹背离陆架区往河口区移动而完成幼体的生长发育［２］。中华绒螯蟹在自然海域资源补充过程中主要采取ｒ－对策,一只亲蟹一般可产卵５～９００００粒,由于营浮游生活的幼体易被其他海洋…     

不同发育期锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)幼体摄食的变化

每天从锯缘青蟹育苗池采集幼体,在实验室内依平衡法测定从孵化至大眼幼体各天青蟹幼体的摄食率,并同时测定青蟹幼体每天的干重和比能值,比较研究了饵料密度对青蟹不同发育阶段幼体摄食的影响,以及幼体蜕皮周期内摄食的变化。结果表明,轮虫是青蟹蚤状幼体(Z)Ⅰ期(Z1)和Ⅱ期(Z2)适宜的饵料,卤虫无节幼虫是青蟹幼体生长发育主要的能量来源,占整个幼体发育期摄入能量的96·48%。以干重和能量表示的青蟹幼体摄食率(CDW和CJ)随幼体蜕皮发育呈指数增长[CDW=13·463e0·8283(d 1)(r2=0·927),p<0·01;CJ=0·4018e0·7516(d 1)(r2=0·956),p<0·01];青蟹大眼幼体摄食强度显著上升,摄入能量高达整个幼体发育期摄入能量的77·25%。Z1、Z2期为被动摄食,青蟹幼体主动摄食的能力随幼体发育而逐渐提高,大眼幼体为主动摄食。锯缘青蟹各期幼体蜕皮周期内摄食率的变化是:Z1→Z4期蜕皮后上升,蜕皮前稍微下降;Z5期蜕皮后和蜕皮前较高,蜕皮间较低。Z5期日粮水平最低;青蟹大眼幼体期有2个摄食峰值,变化不规则。     

福建东山湾人工养殖池红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的生长及肌肉营养成分分析

为探究海水养殖池塘红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)的生长及其与野生拟穴青蟹营养成分的差异,选择福建省漳浦县东山湾北部的海水养殖池塘内设置四个拟穴青蟹养殖实验组,分别为红树林(秋茄)浮岛养殖组、海马齿浮岛养殖组、空白浮岛养殖组(水面无种植植物)和外围环沟养殖组,并以试验点附近海区捕获的拟穴青蟹(野生组)作为对照,对各组拟穴青蟹的肌肉营养成分进行分析。结果显示,空白浮岛组拟穴青蟹增重率、特定生长率、出肉率及存活率均高于红树林浮岛组、海马齿浮岛组和外围环沟组;红树林浮岛养殖拟穴青蟹肌肉粗蛋白含量(71.66%)最高,粗脂肪含量(2.52%)相对较低,各组拟穴青蟹肌肉中氨基酸总量在60.54%～68.68%之间,其中红树林浮岛组拟穴青蟹肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量上均显著高于野生组(P<0.05);从氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果可以得出拟穴青蟹的第一限制性氨基酸是蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,各组拟穴青蟹肌肉中必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)均高于0.75;肌肉中均富含不饱和脂肪酸,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸;红树林浮岛组拟穴青蟹肌肉中多不饱和脂肪酸总量(ΣPUF...     

微咸水池塘河蟹仔蟹培育试验

1998年4-5月在江苏南通微咸水池塘中进行了河蟹仔蟹温棚培育试验。本次试验仔蟹的成活率最高为56．0％,三个试验组仔蟹的平均成活率为35．6％。试验表明,仔蟹培育成活率的提高有赖于池塘水质、水温、透明度、溶解氧、盐度、大眼幼体投放密度及水体天然饵料培育和人工饵料投喂等方面的科学管理和调控,其中大眼幼体投放密度以500-1000／1／米2为宜,盐度以4-7‰为宜,温度以22±2℃为宜。     

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)血卵涡鞭虫病的流行病学分析

为解析拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)血卵涡鞭虫病的流行病学特征,于2012年4—11月采用跟踪监测和实地调查的方法,结合病原分离鉴定及病蟹的病理学观察,统计分析了浙江省温州地区养殖拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的流行情况。结果表明,患病拟穴青蟹的肝胰腺、肌肉、鳃等组织病理显示有大量血卵涡鞭虫侵染,并能用PCR方法快速检出。温州地区养殖拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病在每年5—11月均有发生,7—9月为集中发病时间,死亡高峰出现于8—9月之间,年份间(2010—2012)与发病率无相关性,而不同月份对病害的发生有极显著影响(P0.01)。不同发育阶段以脱壳期的发病率相对较高,发病蟹的规格主要以50g以下的幼蟹和250g以上的成蟹为主。拟穴青蟹血卵涡鞭虫病的发生与水温(r=0.756)和盐度(r=0.631)变化关系较密切,夏、秋季节受梅雨、台风影响而引起水温和盐度的剧烈变化可能是暴发血卵涡鞭虫病的诱发因素。     

大弹涂鱼仔、稚、幼鱼消化系统的发育及其食性的研究

本文观察描述了人工培育的大弹涂鱼仔、稚鱼和早期幼鱼消化器官的发育过程,并对各发育阶段的食性进行较深入的分析。开口摄食期主要摄食微型颗粒有机碎屑;全长3.55mm以上,同时还援食桡足类无节幼体、桡足幼体及其成体;全长7.50mm以上,桡足类成体已取代有机碎屑而成为主要饵料。进入幼鱼期后,转变为摄食底栖硅藻为主,兼食桡足类和海泥中的有机碎屑。     

锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)幼体胃磨发育的比较研究

在青蟹幼体发育过程中，胃磨呈现出明显的变化。Ｚ１缺乏胃磨的结构，ＺⅡ开始出现中齿和侧齿的雏形，明显的可以识别的中齿和侧齿出现在ＺⅢ，．从ＺＶ开始胃磨已臻完善，除具有中齿和侧齿外，还出现了４个附属齿，包括两个附属的中齿和两个附属的侧齿。大眼幼体期，中齿和侧齿比ＺＶ更加尖锐，附属齿也更加锋利。在仔蟹前，中齿齿尖发生特化，形成垫状角质化区域，侧齿、附属齿更加锋利。这表明青蟹幼体发育过程中胃磨结构的变化与     

镉或铬胁迫对拟穴青蟹血细胞总数和酚氧化酶活性的影响

采用实验生态学的方法研究了Cd2+或Cr6+胁迫1d,3d,5d,7d,9d后对拟穴青蟹血细胞总数(THC)和血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性的影响。结果表明,拟穴青蟹THC在Cd2+胁迫或Cr6+胁迫1d后即显著下降(P0.05),Cd2+胁迫对拟穴青蟹THC的影响较Cr6+胁迫大,持续时间长。随着胁迫时间延长至9d后,Cr6+胁迫下的拟穴青蟹THC可逐渐恢复至与对照组差异不显著状态(P0.05),然而0.075mg·L-1、0.1mg·L-1Cd2+胁迫组的拟穴青蟹THC仍显著降低(P0.05)。拟穴青蟹血清PO活性在Cd2+胁迫或Cr6+胁迫均被显著抑制(P0.05),但剂量效应关系不明显。拟穴青蟹血清PO活性在Cr6+胁迫1d后即表现被抑制,但持续时间较短;在Cd2+胁迫组即在胁迫5d后才呈现出被抑制,但持续时间较长。由此可见,镉胁迫或铬胁迫对拟穴青蟹THC和血清PO活性的影响显著。     

锯缘青蟹幼体饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

本文分析测定了锯缘青蟹幼体从刚孵化至大眼幼体各发育阶段及其饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的氨基酸组成，并使用必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)来评价饵料蛋白质的质量.结果表明，青蟹各期幼体的氨基酸组成基本趋于一致，且与饵料转换不存在明显的相关性.对于各期幼体，饵料轮虫和卤虫无节幼体的必需氨基酸指数均大于90，可以认为，轮虫和卤虫无节幼体能够满足锯缘青蟹幼体对饵料中必需氨基酸的营养需求.     

Cannibalistic interactions of juvenile mud crabs Scylla serrata: the effect of shelter and crab size

In the culture of mud crab Scylla serrata, cannibalism is often the greatest cause of mortality. A laboratory study was conducted to compare the influence of size class differences and shelter on cannibalism and limb loss in juvenile mud crabs (20–70 mm internal carapace width; ICW). Four size classes of juvenile crab (A: 21–30 mm, B: 31–40 mm, C: 41–50 mm and D: 51–70 mm ICW) were tested in all possible combinations using four different substrata with varying degree of shelter (seaweed, plastic strings, bamboo tubes and open sand substratum) in 48 h trials. Results suggest that cannibalistic interactions are heavily influenced both by size differences of crabs and the availability of shelter. Cannibalism on the smallest size class (20–30 mm ICW) increased about 10 times in the presence of the largest crab (51–70 mm ICW) compared with treatment with only same-size crabs (control treatment). Shelter provided little refuge for the smallest crabs, whereas cannibalism in larger size classes decreased by >50% in all the shelters compared with the sand substratum. The findings suggest that both size-grading and provision of shelter could minimise cannibalism in the culture of mud crabs.     

Physical forcing of onshore transport of crab megalopae in the northern Portuguese upwelling system

Wind-driven circulation is a mechanism that may be involved in the shoreward transport of invertebrate larvae. This study investigated the temporal variability of the supply of crab megalopae to an estuary located in the northwest coast of Portugal, which is affected by seasonal upwelling, and related variations in supply to several upwelling indices. Megalopae of the European common shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). were collected daily, using artificial settlement substrates, during a 3-month period, from March 15 to June 15, 2000. Two settlement episodes were detected, which were consistent with the variation in abundance and size of juvenile crabs. Variations in subtidal sea level and sea surface temperature anomaly were correlated with the strength of along-shore wind stress and consistent with upwelling theory. Contingency analyses showed positive significant associations between increasing intensity of southerly winds and megalopal supply, for time lags of 0–6 d, indicating that shoreward transport occurred during relaxation or reversal of upwelling favourable winds. Associations between megalopal supply and tidal range or the duration of nocturnal flood were not detected. Compared to other studies of the supply of crab megalopae to coastal habitats that used a similar methodology, very low numbers of megalopae were collected during this study. The paucity of C. maenas megalopae in the Ria de Aveiro is in agreement with the low densities of this larval stage in the plankton, and indicates that maintenance of the population is achieved despite a low supply of megalopae.     

厦门大嶝岛潮间带底栖微藻叶绿素荧光对温度和光照变化的响应

采用PAM叶绿素荧光技术,于2013年5月在厦门大嶝岛潮间带,对不同底质类型（泥质、泥砂质和砂质）底栖微藻的光合作用特征进行了初步研究.结果显示：底栖微藻的光合系统II最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）呈泥质（0.33）〉泥砂质（0.28）〉砂质（0.01）;底栖微藻叶绿素a含量亦呈上述变化趋势.不同温度（15-35℃）和不同光照透射率（0-100%）的短期（0.5-2.0 h）培养实验表明,底栖微藻光合作用的最适温度（27℃左右）接近于环境温度,体现了其对生长环境的适应;过高的温度（35℃及以上）会抑制光合作用活性,进而限制其生长;此外,光照实验表明底栖微藻可通过自身的运动和变化来适应光照强度的变化,不同底质类型可能存在不同的光适应策略.     

The occurrence of ‘epipsammic’ diatom populations: A result of interaction between physical sorting of sediment and certain properties of diatom species

The role of ‘sand’ (particles >55 μm) as a substratum for benthic diatoms was investigated, using sediments collected from tidal flats and main channels in the Ems estuary. On average, 13% of the sand grains were occupied by one or more diatom cells. It appeared that 80% of the diatom cells in this fraction were present in or on mud coating the sand grains. Of the sand grains in the water, 7% were occupied by diatom cells. The preference of benthic diatoms for the mud coatings rather than the bare parts of the sand grains stresses the importance of ‘mud’ (particles <55 μm) as a substratum for diatoms on the tidal flats. This was confirmed by separate cell counts for the mud and sand fractions.Of the sand grains with attached diatoms, the mean number of diatom cells per grain in the water was similar to that on the tidal flats. This indicates a large exchange of sand between tidal flats and channels. A similar exchange between tidal flats and possibly a shift in the species composition. These processes suggested by the striking similarities in cell number distribution and species composition in samples from these two habitats. However, on exposed tidal flats certain species were present in lower numbers than in the channels, indicating that loosely attached diatoms can be scoured off their substratum. Consequently, two factors are assumed to contribute to the dynamics of the species composition of benthic diatoms. The first is the adhesion capacity of diatoms and the second is sediment sorting by currents and waves. These factors cause a differential but significant flux of benthic diatoms to and from the channels, followed by changes over time in the diatom populations on the tidal flats and possibility a shift in the species composition. These processes show that the terms ‘epipelic’ and ‘epipsammic’ are not helpful to classify the main components of the diatom flora in this estuary.     

锯缘青蟹秋苗土池越冬的试验研究

本文报道１９９３和１９９４年秋季作者培育的部分锯缘青蟹仔蟹苗土池越冬试验。结果表明人工培育的青蟹苗在闽南地区的自然条件下,可以在室外土池完全越科,成活率可达６０－８０％,水温是影响青蟹生命活动的主要因素;由于越冬期间青蟹营养积累不足,导致难以顺利地完成越冬后的第一次生长蜕壳,造成大量死亡,这是影响青蟹越冬存活率的主要因素之一;越科后期病死青蟹肝胰组织进行涂片处理,发现６只受检蟹中２只肝胰组织中有日     

Effect of different substrata on rhizome growth,leaf biometry and shoot density of Posidonia oceanica

The effects of different substratum typologies on Posidonia oceanica growth and morphology were estimated in four Sicilian meadows using Generalized and Linear Mixed Models combined with retrodating and biometric analyses. Substratum exerted a multiple effect, resulting in different biometric features for P. oceanica shoots settled on rock from those growing on sand and matte. On rock, values for growth rate, leaf length and shoot surface were lower than those on other substrata, with 42%, 23% and 32% the highest degree of difference respectively. The present study may have interesting methodological consequences for the comprehensive understanding of the causative variables potentially affecting meadows features and their health status. The importance of substratum in the prediction of likely biometry changes in P. oceanica meadows, means that knowledge of substratum type should receive due attention in the future to derive reliable estimates of meadow status.     

A comparison of diatom colonization on natural and artificial substrata in seawater

Experiments to investigate diatom colonization on various substrata in seawater are described. No differences were found due to different methods of preparation of the substrata. Differences in the numbers of diatoms colonizing the different substrata emphasize the care needed in selecting a substratum on which to study the settlement of organisms, especially if the experiments are to be used for subsequent prediction.     

Trends in exploitation, development and management of artisanal mud crab (Scylla serrata-Forsskal-1775) fishery and small-scale culture in Kenya: An overview

Mud crab (Scylla serrata) is a delicacy for subsistence consumption in fisher communities and tourist hotels in the coast of Kenya while export demand to markets in China and Japan is expanding and provides competitively higher prices. Crab exploitation and degradation of the mangrove forests have increased over the last decades therefore threatening the capture fishery. The preferred market size crab has consistently decreased from more than 1 kg two decades ago to the current size of 0.5 kg therefore posing both management and livelihood threat to the critical ecosystem (mangrove) and coastal populations. To meet the increased tourist and export demand and provide surplus for the local community while conserving the critical crab ecosystem, small-scale aquaculture has been initiated in the concept of silvofisheries. Initial culture methods have targeted sub-adult crabs of 150–350 g for culture to market size (>0.5 kg) in drive-in cages and pens (mud crab fattening). These technology attained survival of between 50 and 70% and a market price of 5 dollars per kilogram. However, research is ongoing to assess viability of stocking juvenile seed crabs directly in ponds as practised in South East Asia (SEA) as opposed to stocking of sub-adults in drive-in cages. In comparison with other areas, crab capture fisheries in East Africa have limited management and enforcement frameworks/capabilities within the wider regional fisheries policies. Also there is limited understanding of wild mud crab resources and suitable management options to avoid over-exploitation as observed in SEA. The double-edged demand (wild market size capture and juvenile capture for aquaculture) for mud crabs in addition to mangrove degradation are likely to cause great challenges to stock exploitation and livelihoods of the coastal people dependent on the resource. This review paper provides an inside onto the tradition, trends and options for development of mud crab capture and culture in Kenya.     

四个拟穴青蟹养殖池水环境中细菌群落结构的比较研究

本研究在福建、广东沿海选取了四个拟穴青蟹养殖池(编号为FJ-CB、FJ-SC、GD-C、FJ-C)作为研究水样的采集地点,通过构建上述水样中细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库来探究青蟹养殖水体环境中的菌群结构组成.从四个所构建文库中共获得201条16S rRNA核酸序列,分析结果表明:FJ-CB、FJ-SC、GD-C和FJ-C站位的优势菌群分别为红细菌目(Rhodobacterales,25.00%)、红细菌目(Rhodobacterales,30.88%)、蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,39.58%)和蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,62.16%);所构建文库中也检测到一些特有菌群序列,例如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等.基于不同养殖水环境中优势菌种、特有菌种的区别,一方面反映了不同养殖场管理方式的不同,另一方面也表明各养殖池水质营养程度的差异.综上所述,本研究揭示了各站位拟穴青蟹养殖水环境中基本菌群的组成特征,对于青蟹等甲壳类海洋动物养殖病害的有效防治具有重要参考价值.     

巨螯蟹属在中国东海的新记录

本文报导了巨螯蟹属在我国东海为首次记录。记述一种巨螯蟹(原名高脚蟹)。