海水中超低含量活性磷酸盐的Mg(OH)2共沉淀法测定研究

活性磷(正磷酸盐)是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的物质基础[1-8],磷的生物可利用性直接影响全球的初级生产力水平.磷在特定的海洋环境中还可能限制固氮作用,成为限制海洋初级生产力的重要因素[1,3,6].海水中磷酸盐含量的测定也是海洋污染调查的重要指标之一[4,9].农业和工业废水中磷的过度排放导致河口和近岸海水富营养化,引起浮游植物异常繁殖,造成“赤潮”现象[4].因此,海水中磷的准确测定对深入理解生物地球化学过程及海洋环境保护具有重要理论和实际意义[4-6,9].磷钼蓝分光光度法是海水中活性磷的经典测定方法,检测限为324 nmo1/dm3[5],但在一些寡营养盐海域,例如在南海、地中海     

海水中铁的测定方法

铁在地壳中的丰度为5.6% [1],但是在海水中的浓度却很低 ,特别是大洋中只有0.05～2nmol/L [2]。在整个海水体系的生物地球化学过程中 ,铁是一种举足轻重的元素。特别是对浮游植物 ,铁的重要性远远超过了其它微量元素 ,在植物的光合作用、电子呼吸链、氮的还原、叶绿素合成等方面有重要作用[3]。在类似南大洋[2]和赤道太平洋[4]的海域 ,同其中的主要营养盐 (氮、磷、硅 )的高浓度相比 ,其浮游植物的生物量却很低。近年来的研究表明这些区域的生物量是由铁限制的[5]。赤道太平洋海域(IronEX)[4]和极地南大洋(SORIREE)[6]的表层海水施铁实…     

利用14C标记技术测定海洋初级生产力的绉议

<正>海洋初级生产力是指海洋中初级生产者(主要是浮游植物)通过光合作用或化学合成生产有机物的能力或速率[1-2],它是海洋生态系统中其他异养生物的生存基础,并从根本上影响着全球生物地球化学循环[3]与气候变化[4]。研究表明,海洋浮游植物通过光合作用不仅贡献了生物圈内的一半净初级生产力(以碳计约为5×1013 kg/a)[4],提供了生态系统中其他有机体生长与新陈代谢所需要的初级有机物能源,限制     

微量元素铁在海洋生态系统中的作用

微量元素铁在海洋生态系统中有着举足轻重的作用,是海洋化学、海洋生物学乃至全球环境变化研究的重点领域。文章主要描述了铁在海洋生态系统中的作用以及大洋加铁实验的主要进展。其主要结论如下:铁在海水中的浓度很低,大部分以水合形式存在,因此大洋水体中具有活性成分的铁浓度偏低限制了高营养低叶绿素区生物量;大洋加铁实验证实了在该海区铁是限制浮游植物生长的主要因素。大洋添加铁后,叶绿素的含量、初级生产力均有大幅增长,并致使表层海水中二氧化碳分压降低。细菌拥有比真核生物更高的铁配额,铁对细菌也存在限制作用。大洋加铁实验可以提高生物泵的效率,并可能影响全球碳循环;因此大洋加铁实验对于深化认识大洋微生物环等有现实意义和科学价值,值得进一步关注。     

渤海湾浮游植物光合作用强度的测定

前言渤海初级生产力的研究,是渤海水产资源增殖计划中的重要研究课题之一。为了估算渤海从初级生产者到渔业捕捞对象各级生物产量和各级营养阶层之间的能量转换关系,首先要研究海洋浮游植物的蕴藏量及其生产能力,即海洋初级生产力。在所有可以用来估算海洋浮游植物蕴藏量的方法中,根据海水中叶绿素含量,来计算海洋浮游植物的蕴藏量的方法,似     

海洋中铁的来源、形态和对初级生产力的限制作用

在海洋中,铁和Ｎ、Ｐ等主营养盐一样,也是一种限制浮游植物初级生产力的重要因素。由于铁是一种化学活性较高的元素,所以海水中铁的存在形态、来源及沉降会直接影响其生物可利用性。目前人们一般采用预富集／原子吸收法（ＡＡＳ）或是借助于电分析技术（如催化极谱）来测定海水中的铁。     

海洋中铁的来源,形态和初级生产力的限制作用

在海洋中,铁和Ｎ,Ｐ等主营养盐一样,也是一样限制浮游植物初级生产力的重要因素,由于铁是一种化学活性较高的元素,所以海水中铁的形态,来源及沉降会直接影响其生物可利用性,目前人们一般采用预富集／原子吸收法（ＡＡＳ）或是借助于电分析技术（如催化极谱）来测定海水中的铁。     

利用叶绿素资料计算初级生产力

海水中浮游植物叶绿素浓度是海洋生物调查中的一个重要观测参数。它不仅是表征浮游植物生物量的一个指标，而且利用它与浮游植物光合作用之间的相互关系还可以估算水域初级生产力。目前许多学者正致力于利用叶绿素资料计算初级生产力的研究．本文阐述了根据叶绿素浓度计算初级生产力的方法：Ryther－Yentsch模式、生态学数理模式和遥感模式。文章对方法应用中的一些问题作出了分析讨论。     

海洋中Fe(Ⅱ)的行为及微生物参与下的过程研究概述

Fe是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的营养元素,而Fe(Ⅱ)是可以被直接吸收利用的形态。由于Fe(Ⅱ)处于氧化还原的中间状态,且在产生和转化的过程中,与NO_3~-的还原和NH_4~+的氧化密切相关。因此,研究Fe(Ⅱ)的产生及消亡机制对于研究海区内的初级生产力及海洋中的C、N元素循环具有重要意义。而目前对于海水中Fe(Ⅱ)的迁移转化机制报道尚少。本文详细论述了海洋中Fe(Ⅱ)的产生机制及Fe(Ⅱ)的化学行为,重点探讨了厌氧微生物催化下,异化还原和铁氨氧化还原对Fe(Ⅱ)产生、消亡等循环过程的作用,以及对周围环境中N移除的影响。     

海洋浮游植物初级生产力及碳生物量的检测技术研究进展

浮游植物是海洋生态系统中的主要初级生产者，构建海洋食物网、生物泵和元素循环（包括碳循环、氮循环和硅循环等）的基石。因此，海洋生态系统中的元素循环和能量流动均与浮游植物的生长和代谢息息相关。海洋碳循环是全球碳循环的关键环节，也是全球生态系统中生物地化循环的重要组成部分。尽管浮游植物在海洋碳循环中起着至关重要的作用，但是直接测定浮游植物的初级生产力和碳生物量依旧受到传统技术和方法的限制。本文详细介绍了有关浮游植物初级生产力和碳生物量检测的各种技术和方法，列举了其各自的优缺点。目前，测定海洋浮游植物初级生产力的主要方法有黑白瓶法、遥感估算法、碳同位素测定、快速重复率荧光法；测定海洋浮游植物碳生物量的主要方法有细胞体积转换法、流式细胞术、电子探针X射线显微分析、分位数回归模型估算法。通过对比分析发现碳同位素与快速重复率荧光法相结合可以更高效测定出初级生产力，而最具优势与应用前景的碳生物量检测方法是基于分位数回归模型估算法。其中，基于分位数回归模型估算法具有拟合异常值、测定结果准确等优势，能够实现现场浮游植物群落以及各个功能群碳生物量的估算，并能够与卫星遥感技术手段相结合，可以应用于大尺度和长时间序列的海洋浮游植物碳生物量估算。通过本文的综述，一方面为海洋浮游植物初级生产力和碳含量的研究提供一个基本和系统的认识，另一方面为深入研究浮游植物在海洋碳循环以及全球碳循环中的作用提供参考。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.