Observational results of electromagnetic radiation caused by explosion of small dimension rocks in field experiments

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A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April–May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska

On 4 March 1999, a shallow M_L 5.2 earthquake occurred beneath Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc. This earthquake was located 10-15 km west of Shishaldin Volcano, a large, frequently active basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. A Strombolian eruption began at Shishaldin roughly 1 month after the mainshock, culminating in a large explosive eruption on 19 April. We address the question of whether or not the eruption caused the mainshock by computing the Coulomb stress change caused by an inflating dike on fault planes oriented parallel to the mainshock focal mechanism. We found Coulomb stress increases of ~0.1 MPa in the region of the mainshock, suggesting that magma intrusion prior to the eruption could have caused the mainshock. Satellite and seismic data indicate that magma was moving upwards beneath Shishaldin well before the mainshock, indicating that, in an overall sense, the mainshock cannot be said to have caused the eruption. However, observations of changes at the volcano following the mainshock and several large aftershocks suggest that the earthquakes may, in turn, have influenced the course of the eruption.     

Towards sustainable development of the environmentally degraded River Heihe basin,China

Abstract

Changes in development and use of water resources over the last 30 years have led to significant environmental and hydrological degradation of the River Heihe basin in the People's Republic of China. Water discharge of the lower reaches has been seriously compromised and more than 30 tributaries and terminal lakes have dried up. The water output of springs has dropped significantly. Also water quality problems have been observed, in both surface waters and groundwater. Hydrological changes have resulted in a marked degradation of aquatic habitats, and have caused substantial, and expanding, land salinization and desertification. Solving these problems, which have been largely caused by human activities, requires massive and long-lasting concerted efforts.     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings have caused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence of earthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structures during earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant, and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning.     

Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults

Severe faults have caused many earthquakes around the world throughout history.More recently,earthquakes have occurred in Taiwan,China(Chi-Chi fault),and elsewhere,causing loss of lives and destroying many buildings and structures.These tectonic movements have gained attention from engineers,and in the past 15 years,the focus has been on faulting mechanisms.In this study,a physical model(1 g)was fabricated and used to evaluate the impact of a reverse fault in a field with a tunnel.In the 1 g model,researchers installed additional gauges on the tunnel,so that all the displacements could be adjusted,and all the responses could be monitored during faulting.An experimental study of various soil properties(cohesion and friction angles)in reverse faults on the tunnel lining were carried out and are described herein.A comparison of results for different levels of soil cohesion revealed that it can dramatically reduce the displacement by as much as 40%,and that friction angles of 27ocan record approximately 60%more displacements than at 37o.Furthermore,a comparison of fault angles of 30oand 60oindicates that the displacements can be different by more than 43%in cohesionless soil and about 64%for a friction angle of 27o.     

四川省天然地震的次生水灾害

四川省是一个天然地震的多发地区,历史上天然构造地震产生了多次重大的次生水灾害,危及了人民的生命,并造成了重大的财产损失。四川省水利水电资源极其丰富,目前水利水电建设呈现出在高烈度地区高速度建设高坝水库的"三高"特点,若是不对水库诱发地震进行有效监测预测,则可能面临的灾害后果是十分严重的。     

The hazards of eruptions through lakes and seawater

Eruptions through crater lakes or shallow seawater, referred to here as subaqueous eruptions, present hazards from hydromagmatic explosions, such as base surges, lahars, and tsunamis, which may not exist at volcanoes on dry land. We have systematically compiled information from eruptions through surface water in order to understand the circumstances under which these hazards occur and what disastrous effects they have caused in the past. Subaqueous eruptions represent only 8% of all recorded eruptions but have produced about 20% of all fatalities associated with volcanic activity in historical time. Excluding eruptions that have resulted in about a hundred deaths or less, lahars have killed people in the largest number of historical subaqueous eruptions (8), followed by pyroclastic flows (excluding base surges; 5) tsunamis (4), and base surges (2). Subaqueous eruptions have produced lahars primarily on high (>1000 m), steep-sided volcanoes containing small (<1 km diameter) crater lakes. Tsunamis and other water waves have caused death or destroyed man-made structures only at submarine volcanoes and at Lake Taal in the Philippines. In spite of evidence that magma–water mixing makes eruptions more explosive, such explosions and their associated base surges have caused fewer deaths, and have been implicated in fewer eruptions involving large numbers of fatalities than lahars and tsunamis. The latter hazards are more deadly because they travel much farther from a volcano and inundate coastal areas and stream valleys that tend to be densely settled.     

1927年古浪8级大震地表破裂特征及形成机制

野外考察结果表明,１９２７年古浪８级大地震造成了６段不同规模、不同方向、不同力学成因、不同等级的地表破裂,构成了呈面状分布的复杂地震破裂带,与我国西部地区由走滑断层运动形成的破裂带相比具有较大差异。其中的４段破裂与极震区及余震分布的位置相重合,主体散布在冬青顶北麓一带,沿皇城－双塔活动断裂的东段和武威－天祝活动断裂北段分布,是１９２７年古浪地震的主破裂带。其余两段分别分布在Ⅸ度区内的皇城－双塔断裂中段和西山堡－滴水崖断裂带上,是高烈度区内的次级破裂。４段主破裂是在统一构造应力场作用下形成的产物,具有统一变形机制。其中冬青顶张性破裂带是发育在山前下方寨－严家新庄逆断层上盘的次级张性破裂,而主破裂是由逆断层运动在寺儿沟滩等处的山前洪积台地上产生的     

深井水位固体潮的调和分析结果

使用Venedikov调和分析方法,对8口深井各一年或两年经气压改正后的水位记录,计算了水位固体潮相对于体应变固体潮的振幅比和相位差。本文从相位差的分析结果求解了含水层的渗透率,分析结果还显示出液态地核动力学效应引起的固体潮日波振幅比的共振现象。这是对以往其它观测手段得到的相应结果的支持,同时也说明了深井水位资料中含有非常丰富的地球物理信息。文中还对环境因素和井孔条件造成的某些效应做了探讨。     

Grazing by a colourless flagellate on a green algal bloom

A dense bloom of a green algae was reduced by 97% within 5 days. This was probably caused by grazing by a colourless flagellate that increased logarithmic to high number under these days and disappeared as quickly. After this the green algae increased rapidly and mucilage lumps excreated by the flagellate was colonized by a specialistChlomydomonas. The flagellate attack was probably enhanced by the high cell density and the physiological weakness of the green algae, due to a very low growth caused by shortage of inorganic carbon. The grazing seems to have caused an increase of inorganic nutrients that promoted the following growth of the green algae.     

红河断裂带白垩纪古地磁及青藏高原地质构造演化

红河断裂带两侧古地磁结果表明,羌塘地体与扬子地台至少从早白垩世以来已连接为一个整体。青藏高原是由四个发育历史不同的地体组成的大地构造复合体,在晚古生代它们分别是劳亚古陆、华夏复合古陆和冈瓦纳古陆的组成部分。拉萨地体与羌塘地体碰撞拼合形成欧亚板块构造格局。喜玛拉雅地体、印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞拼合、推挤,使青藏高原隆起,并使欧亚板块的块体沿已存在的断层产生左行走滑,这种作用至今仍在继续     

Electromechanical effects associated with earthquakes

Summary A theoretical model of an electroelastic continuum has been applied in this paper to the problem of electrodynamic phenomena (piezoelectricity, electrostriction, etc.) associated with earthquakes. In such a model the coupling between electric and mechanical fields expresses itself by a change of scale of mechanical effects along the electric field, as well as by the additional electric charge created by the earthquake source.The electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes and caused by the diffusion of fluids into the dilatant region have been considered using the theory of porous media with interstitial fluid flow. General relations describing electrokinetic effects caused by the deformation processes in an earthquake source have been obtained.     

台湾强震对福建水口库区的库仑应力触发研究

基于简化的水口库区断裂模型,研究了台湾地区1976年以来13次7级以上地震对福建水口水库库区NE和NW向断裂产生的库仑破裂应力。结果表明,台湾7级以上地震对水口库区NE向断裂产生库仑应力累积,而对水口库区NW向断裂的累积库伦应力作用较小,NW向断裂大多处于库伦破裂应力正、负影响区交汇部位,有的还表现为明显的抑制作用。因而,台湾7级以上地震活动对水口库区NE向断裂小震活动有促进作用,但两者之间不是简单的直接触发关系;对水口库区NW向断裂小震活动的库仑应力触发影响可以忽略。     

长白山天池火山地震类型及火山活动性的初步研究

2002年以来，长白山天池火山区出现了地震活动增强、地形变加剧和多种地球化学异常等现象，火山口附近发生的多次有感地震在社会上产生了较大影响。本文利用2002年以来的流动地震观测资料，采用频谱分析、时频分析和多台站资料对比的方法，对火山区地震事件的类型进行了分析；对火山活动的危险性进行了初步研究。结果表明，目前天池火山区出现的大量地震活动仍然属于火山构造地震，少量台站地震记录中表现出的低频特征主要是由于局部介质影响造成的，排除了长周期地震引起的可能。尽管长白山天池火山地震活动明最增强，震群活动较为频繁，但仍属于岩浆活动的早期阶段，短期内发生火山喷发的危险性较小。     

地下水潮与抽水地震——以恩口、斗竺山、桥头河、水口山矿区为例

本文主要包括三部分,首先概括地介绍了水口山、恩口、桥头河矿区抽水期间诱发地震的某些特点,接着从空、时两方面论证了地下水潮与抽水地震的关系及诱发机制,最后部分讨论了地下水潮研究方面目前存在的三个问题。     

琼中地震台地磁房改造

分析了琼中地震台地磁房存在的影响观测资料质量的因素,提出了改造方案,对地磁房改造的过程和经验进行了总结.     

宁波地震台动水位与垂直摆对汶川8．0级地震的同震变化

分析认为宁波台ZK03井动水位、VS垂直摆倾斜仪出现的异常可能是汶川8．0级地震的同震变化现象。动水位表现为水震波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化并抬高水位12mm左右。垂直摆表现为形变波引起的脉冲和阶跃变化,EW向最大幅度约为339．9286×10^-3的脉冲式向E振荡波,并向W出现阶跃变化,震前34小时还出现了一个向E阶跃;NS向最大幅度约为275．2411×10^-3的脉冲式向N振荡波,并产生向S阶跃变化。对比分析结果说明,该台因有干扰因素少、正常波动背景值噪声限低的优势,观测效果比较理想。     

An Analysis of Allowable Groundwater Drawdown and Pumpage from a Karst Aquifer to Prevent Sinkhole Collapses in the Pearl River Delta,China

Water Resources - In China’s Pearl River Delta, numerous sinkholes caused by excessive groundwater pumping from a karst aquifer have opened. These sinkholes can cause wells and springs to dry...     

对古浪8级大震孕育和发生的构造环境及发震模型的讨论

通过近年来对古良８级大震的震源机制解、震区活动构造、地震活动性及深部地球物理资料的研究,进一步探讨古良大震孕育和发生的、浅部地质构造环境和地震地质模型。研究结果认为,古浪地震是在北东－南西向挤压应力作用下,造山前陆逆断层沿深部低角度滑脱带产生逆冲－推覆运动形成的最新活动结果。     

石嘴山水氡低值变化的成因分析

对宁夏石嘴山氡1995－2000年的资料进行了详细研究,对观测环境进行了细致的调查分析,得出该台氡值历6-8月的低值变化主要受降雨影响所致,不是地震前兆异常。