俄罗斯堪察加中部Baranevskoy金-银矿床矿物学与流体包裹体研究

Baranevskoy金-银矿床产于巴尔喀什火山的火山口,该火山坐落在堪察加中部矿区东南部。本文基于矿物学原理和流体包裹体数据分析探讨了Baranevskoy金-银矿床的成矿环境及其物理化学条件。Baranevskoy金-银矿床的围岩为中新世—上新世的安山岩和玄武岩。热液蚀变活动随深度逐渐变化,从而可以进一步划分出最深部的石英带、中部的石英-绢云母(明矾石)-黄铁矿-铁钛氧化物带及其伴生的石英-绢云母-伊利石-黄铁矿矿物组合和浅部的石英-冰长石-水云母-黏土矿物-碳酸盐岩带。成矿早期存在密集浸染的铜矿化,主要矿石矿物有黄铜矿、斑铜矿、砷黝铜矿-黝铜矿,并在Rhzavaya矿脉中存在少量的自然金。其中砷黝铜矿-黝铜矿系列以砷黝铜矿和黝铜矿两个端员作为代表,且以黝铜矿为主。成矿后期产出代表晚期金-银矿化的自然金、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、碲化物和硫酸盐等标志性矿物。早期铜矿化(第一期)被认为是中硫阶段,紧随其后的为低硫型金-银矿化(第二期和第三期)。金从第一期到第三期都有沉淀。经研究发现,自然金也赋存于变质围岩的岩石裂隙内。早期的自然金相对富银,其中金的摩尔分数为59%~65%,低于后期(第二、第三期)自然金中金的摩尔分数(64%~72%)。流体包裹体显微测温结果显示,位于中部(Central)矿脉的包裹体均一温度为190~280 ℃,Rzhavaya矿脉的包裹体为190~240 ℃,产出自然金的蚀变围岩中石英的包裹体温度为230~310 ℃。包裹体总体表现出低盐度(0.9%~2.4% NaCl_eq)特征,推测存在大气水的混入。     

The origin of mafic rocks in the Naqadeh intrusive complex, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, NW Iran

The Naqadeh mafic plutonic rocks are located on a plutonic assemblage and include different granitoid rocks related to ～40 Ma. U-Pb SHRIMP data shows different ages of 96?±?2.3 Ma for mafic rocks. Naqadeh mafic plutonic rocks consist of diorite to diorite-gabbros with relatively high contents of incompatible elements, low Na2O, and $ {\hbox{Mg\# }} = \left[ {{\hbox{molar}}\;{100} \times {\hbox{MgO/}}\left( {{\hbox{MgO}} + {\hbox{FeO}}} \right)} \right] > 44.0 $ . These features suggest that the Naqadeh mafic rocks originate from enriched lithospheric mantle above subducted slab during Neotethys subduction under Iranian plate.     

Composition and evolution of the melts erupted in 1996 at Karymskoe Lake, Eastern Kamchatka: Evidence from inclusions in minerals

The powerful eruption in the Akademii Nauk caldera on January 2, 1996, marked a new activity phase of Karymsky volcano and became a noticeable event in the history of modern volcanism in Kamchatka. The paper reports data obtained by studying more than 200 glassy melt inclusions in phenocrysts of olivine (Fo _82-72), plagioclase (An _92-73), and clinopyroxene (Mg#_83-70) in basalts of the 1996 eruption. The data were utilized to estimate the composition of the parental melt and the physicochemical parameters of the magma evolution. According to our data, the parental melt corresponded to low magnesian, highly aluminous basalt (SiO₂ = 50.2 wt %, MgO = 5.6 wt %, Al₂O₃ = 17 wt %) of the mildly potassic type (K₂O = 0.56 wt %) and contained much dissolved volatile components (H₂O = 2.8 wt %, S = 0.17 wt %, and Cl = 0.11 wt %). Melt inclusions in the minerals are similar in chemical composition, a fact testifying that the minerals crystallized simultaneously with one another. Their crystallization started at a pressure of approximately 1.5 kbar, proceeded within a narrow temperature range of 1040 ± 20°C, and continued until a near-surface pressure of approximately 100 bar was reached. The degree of crystallization of the parental melt during its eruption was close to 55%. Massive crystallization was triggered by H₂O degassing under a pressure of less than 1 kbar. Magma degassing in an open system resulted in the escape of 82% H₂O, 93% S, and 24% Cl (of their initial contents in the parental melt) to the fluid phase. The release of volatile compounds to the atmosphere during the eruption that lasted for 18 h was estimated at 1.7 × 10⁶ t H₂O, 1.4 × 10⁵ t S, and 1.5 × 10⁴ t Cl. The concentrations of most incompatible trace elements in the melt inclusions are close to those in the rocks and to the expected fractional differentiation trend. Melt inclusions in the plagioclase were found to be selectively enriched in Li. The Li-enriched plagioclase with melt inclusions thought to originate from cumulate layers in the feeding system beneath Karymsky volcano, in which plagioclase interacted with Li-rich melts/brines and was subsequently entrapped and entrained by the magma during the 1996 eruption.     

Composition and origin of metamorphosed ferromanganese rocks in metavolcanics of Eastern Kamchatka

This paper presents detailed mineralogical and geochemical data on the metamorphosed ferromanganese rocks observed as rare lenticular bodies among the metavolcanics of the Khavyven Highland and Ganal Ridge in Eastern Kamchatka. They are specific porphyry-type banded Mn-garnet and amphibole rocks with large (up to 1–5 mm) magnetite porphyroblasts. In the Khavyven Highland, ilmenohematite is associated with magnetite in the metamorphosed ferromanganese rocks of the greenschist facies. In the Ganal Ridge, magnetite in metamorphosed ferromanganese rocks of the amphibolite facies shows decay structures and contains Mn-ilmenite lamellae surrounded by tiny crystals of ferroaluminous Zn-spinel. Comparison of Fe-Ti oxides in the ferromanganese rocks of the Khavyven Highland and Ganal Ridge shows that metamorphism of these structures differed not only in temperature and pressure levels but also in the oxygen fugacity. The rocks of the Khavyven Highland were metamorphosed under greater oxidizing conditions relative to the analogous rocks of the Ganal Ridge. The garnets in the studied rocks demonstrate progressive zonality from the center to the rims of crystals: the Fe, Mg, and Ca concentrations are increased, while the Mn concentration is decreased. Amphibolites in the ferromanganese rocks of the Khavyven Highland are also characterized by progressive zonality: the crystal cores are composed of Mn-actinolite, whereas the marginal zones consist of Ca-Na amphibole (winchite and less common barroisite), testifying to an increase of temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity during metamorphism. The higher-temperature rocks of the Ganal Ridge usually contain Mg-hornblende and tschermakitic hornblende.     

Phase equilibria in fluid inclusions from the Khtada Lake metamorphic complex

The Khtada Lake. British Columbia, metamorphic complex consists of high grade amphibolite and metasedimentary units with development of gneiss, migmatite and homogeneous autochthonous plutons. Maximum metamorphic conditions are estimated to have exceeded 5 kbar and 700°C.Fluid inclusions in matrix quartz are highly variable in density and composition, ranging from apparently pure CO₂ (gas or liquid or both at room temperature) through CO₂ + H₂O ± CH₄ mixtures to inclusions which are entirely aqueous. They occur along cracks, in groups without planar features and as isolated inclusions. The latter and some which occur in groups, are interpreted to most nearly approximate, in density and composition, the fluids present during the peak of metamorphism.The density and fluid composition data are derived from direct observations of phase changes between ? 180 and + 380°C and from the application of published experimental data in the system CH₄-CO₂-H₂O-NaCl. The most dense, pure CO₂ inclusions indicate a pressure of entrapment at 5 kbar, if a temperature of 700°C is assumed. This is in close agreement with the minimum P-T estimates from the mineral assemblages. Methane was positively identified in inclusions in graphite-bearing specimens. Salt content is concluded to be about 5–6 wt% NaCl equivalent in the aqueous phase in both aqueous and CO₂ + H₂O inclusions. There is evidence of immiscible separation of CO₂-rich and H₂O-rich fluids at temperatures at least as high as 375°C.     

Second Hydrocarbon—Generation from Organic Matter Trapped in Fluid Inclusions in Carbonate Rocks

The mechanism and significance of second hydrocarbon-generation from organic matter trapped in fluid inclusions in carbonate rocks are discussed.The types of organic matter and the relationship between them are also reviewed.The organic matter trapped in inclusions and crystals,which account for more than 20%of the total organic matter in carbonate rocks,may be of great significance in the generation of hydrocarbons.High-temperature oil resulting from second hydrocarbon-generation should be an important target,in addition to natural gas,in oilgas prospecting in regions of high-maturity carbonate rocks.     

Composition and geodynamic conditions of formation of the intrusive rocks of the Gromadnen-Vurguveem peridotite-gabbro massif,western Chukotka

The Gromadnen-Vurguveem peridotite-gabbro massif is confined to one of the largest ophiolite complex of western Chukotka and composed mainly of intrusive rocks. This paper reports the first comprehensive compositional data for its plutonic rocks (petrochemistry, geochemistry, and compositions of minerals). In terms of petrography, two groups of rocks can be distinguished in the Gromadnen-Vurguveem peridotite-gabbro massif. The first group includes leucocratic gabbroids (mostly gabbronorites), composing most of the massif. The second group includes olivine-bearing cumulate rocks: olivine gabbros, troctolites, plagioclase-bearing dunites, and amphibolized wehrlites. The major element variations in these rocks suggest their affiliation to low-titanium, low-potassium, and high-alumina plutonic derivatives of island-arc magmatism. According to geochemical characteristics (distribution of REEs and indicator incompatible elements), the gabbroids of the first group are akin to both island-arc tholeiites and boninites. The olivine-bearing rocks of the second groups show boninitic affinity. Based on these observations, it was concluded that the intrusive complex of the Gromadnen-Vurguveem massif was formed during an early stage of the development of an ensimatic island arc.     

Glauconite from Paleogene volcano-terrigenous rocks in Western Kamchatka

It is shown that glauconite-bearing interbeds are widespread in the layer-by-layer studied sections on the Sea of Okhotsk coast (Mainach section) and Kheisliveem River valley (Kavran section), the volcanoterrigenous rocks of the Kovachin, Amanin, and Gakkhin formations of the Paleogene in western Kamchatka (Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene boundary beds). Detailed mineralogical and structural-crystallochemical characteristics of glauconite from the Amanin Formation are presented. It is suggested that such glauconite should not be used for geochronological purposes.Some specific features of glauconite formation, particularly, the preservation of specific morphological forms at high accumulation rates of volcano-terrigenous rocks, are discussed. Possibility of the formation of glauconite with the active influence of bacterial metabolism is considered.     

俄罗斯Chukchi半岛新生代碱性岩的形成和演化：熔体和流体包裹体证据

Melt and fluid inclusions were studied in the minerals of Cenozoic olivine melanephelinites from the Chukchi Peninsula, Russia.The rock contain several generations of olivine phenocrysts varying in composition at mg=0.88～0.77.The phenocrysts bear fluid and melt inclusions recording various stages of melt crystallization in volcanic conduits and shallow magma chambers.Primary fluid inclusions are CO_2-dominated with a density of up to O.93 g/cm~3.All fluid inclusions are partially leaked,which is indicated by haloes of tiny fluid bubbles around large fluid inclusions in minerals.Melt inclusions contain various daughter crystals,which were completely resorbed in thermometric experiments at about 1230℃.Assuming that this temperature corresponds to the entrapment conditions of the CO_2 fluid inclusions,the minimum pressure of the beginning of magma degassing is estimated as 800MPa.Variations in the compositions of homogenized silicate melt inclusions indicate that olivine was the earliest crystalline phase followed by clinopyroxene,nepheline and orthoclase.This sequence is in agreement with the mineralogy of the rocks.The melts are strongly enriched in incompatible trace elements and volatiles(in addition to CO_2,high C1,F,and S contents were detected).There are some differences between the compositions of melts trapped in minerals from different samples.Variations in SiO_2,FeO,and incompatible element contents are probably related to melt generations at various levels in a homogeneous mantle reservoir.     

The composition of melt and fluid inclusions in spinel of peridotite xenoliths from Avacha volcano (Kamchatka)

This work considers the studies of melt and fluid inclusions in spinel of ultramafic rocks in the mantle wedge beneath Avacha volcano (Kamchatka). The generations of spinel were identified: 1 is spinel (Sp-I) of the “primary” peridotites, has the highest magnesium number (#0.69–0.71), highest contents of Al₂O₃ and lowest contents of Cr₂O₃ (26.2–27.1 and 37.5–38.5 wt %, respectively), and the absence in it of any fluid and melt inclusions; 2 is spinel (Sp-II) of the recrystallized peridotites, has lower magnesium number (Mg# 0.64–0.61) and the content of Al₂O₃ (18–19 wt %), a higher content of Cr₂O₃ (45.4–47.2 wt %) and the presence of primary fluid inclusions; 3 is spinel (Sp-III) that is characterized by the highest content of Cr₂O₃ (50.2–55.4 wt %), the lowest content of Al₂O₃ (13.6–16.6 wt %), and the presence of various types of primary melt inclusions. The data obtained indicate that metasomatic processing of “primary” peridotites occurred under the influence of high concentrated fluids of mainly carbonate-water-chloride composition with influx of the following petrogenic elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, S, F, etc. This process was often accompanied by a local melting of the metasomatized substrate at a temperature above 1050°C with the formation of melts close to andesitic.     

内蒙古兴和—卓资地区早前寒武纪孔兹岩系岩石中流体包裹体的特？…

根据形态和产状,显微测温和拉曼探针分析资料,本区孔兹岩系岩石中流体包裹体可分三类：１）碳质液相负晶形包体。产于变质峰期夕线石等之中,Ｈ２Ｏ很低（ＸＨ２Ｏ≈７０￣９０）,密度为１．００￣１．０５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,相应压力约为０．７ＧＰａ。它们是含Ｈ２Ｏ比现在稍高且均匀的峰期流体相被封闭之后,在岩石进一步干化和减压过程中Ｈ２Ｏ从包体内不同程度向外泄漏后所成。２）Ｈ２Ｏ溶液两相包体（ＸＨ２Ｏ〉８０￣８５）。     

内蒙古西山湾羊场火山岩银矿床流体包裹体研究

西山湾羊场火山岩银矿床位于内蒙古中西部,大地构造位置处于华北地台西北部。银矿体上盘围岩为二叠纪黑云母二长花岗岩,下盘围岩为寒武纪英云闪长岩,矿体呈透镜状或似层状产出于下白垩统白女羊盘组及其与上下盘的接触带,赋矿岩石主要为具硅化、褐铁矿化的碎裂流纹岩、流纹斑岩。矿石结构主要有自形-半自形粒状结构、他形粒状结构、交代残余结构、碎裂结构等;矿石构造主要有角砾状构造、浸染状构造、脉状构造、块状构造等。主要矿化现象为褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、萤石矿化,局部见铅锌矿化。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿、辉银矿、螺状硫银矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿等,矿物生成顺序:黄铁矿-闪锌矿(黄铜矿)-方铅矿-赤铁矿-辉银矿。根据矿物间的相互交代关系,将矿化过程分为早、中、晚三个阶段,分别为石英-黄铁矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-碳酸盐组合为标志,特征性围岩蚀变主要为褐铁矿化、硅化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等。脉石矿物主要有石英、蛋白石、玉髓、萤石、钾长石及少量绢云母等。矿石的石英中主要可见气液两相水溶液包裹体,还可见少量含石盐子晶三相包裹体,偶尔可见含硫化物子晶多相包裹体。早阶段流体包裹体均一温度大于330℃,盐度0.35%~5.86%NaCleqv,主要发育气液两相的水溶液包裹体,为高温、低盐度流体特征;中阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中在250~330℃,盐度为0.35%~31.90%NaCleqv,除水溶液包裹体外,还可见含石盐子晶三相包裹体和含硫化物子晶多相包裹体,以低盐度的水溶液包裹体和高盐度的含子矿物多相包裹体并存为特征;晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中在169~250℃,盐度0.71%~32.66%NaCleqv,除水溶液包裹体外,还可见含石盐子晶三相包裹体,以低盐度的水溶液包裹体和高盐度的含石盐子矿物包裹体并存为特征。中阶段的含硫化物子矿物多相高盐度流体包裹体是"岩浆二次沸腾"形成的,晚阶段的含石盐子矿物高盐度流体包裹体是直接从结晶的熔体中出溶的,流体混合是该矿床的可能成矿机制,金属沉淀主要是因含金属高盐度流体与冷的地下水在矿石沉淀部位混合而最终沉淀富集成矿。     

Na-rich carbonate inclusions in perovskite and calzirtite from the Guli intrusive Ca-carbonatite,polar Siberia

Carbonate phases, some rich in Na₂O and comparatively rich in SrO and BaO, occur as inclusions in perovskite and calzirtite (Ca₂Zr₅Ti₂O₁₆) in the carbonatite of the Guli complex, Siberia. This is the first record of alkali carbonates, akin to nyerereite [Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂], in plutonic igneous rocks. The inclusion populations suggest that the parental magma of the complex was Ca-rich but developed Na-rich differentiates during the latest stages. This points to the dominant calcic carbonatites of the complex not being derivatives of alkali-rich parental carbonatites. These alkali-rich carbonate inclusions (and rare inclusions of djerfisherite) have been preserved due to the resistance of perovskite and calzirtite to processes of leaching, hydrothermal alteration and weathering.     

喀喇沁橄榄石斑晶中流体包裹体的组分特征及其构造意义

利用激光拉曼光谱测定了内蒙古东部喀喇沁地区坡基橄岩橄榄石斑晶中的原生流体包裹体的成分,发现其主要由ＣＯ２、ＣＯ、Ｈ２Ｏ、Ｎ２、Ｈ２Ｓ、ＳＯ２、芳香族碳氢化合物及少量络阴离子团组成。本文认为,此火山岩的橄榄石斑晶中捕获的流体包裹体在一定程度上反映了地幔流体的成分。通过与河北汉诺坪地幔岩石捕虏体中的流体成分进行对比,认为华北克拉通中、新生代地幔流体成分变化不大,它们均形成于软流圈（层）上涌、岩石圈伸层     

中国大陆科学钻探（CCSD）高压超高压变质岩中石英脉流体包裹体初步研究

初步的岩相学和冷热台显微测温表明，CCSDHP—UHP岩石中石英脉和后期碳酸盐脉中含有3种流体包裹体：盐水溶液(NaCl-H2O)包裹体(Ⅰ类)、NaCl-CaCl2-H20(Ⅱ类)和N2-CH4纯气相(Ⅲ类)包裹体，其中Ⅰ类盐水溶液包裹体可进一步分为中高盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ia)、中等盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ib)和低盐度盐水溶液包裹体(Ic)，而Ⅲ类为CCSD中首次发现：Ia、Ib和Ⅱ型流体包裹体主要以原生或假次生形式赋存在榴辉岩的石英脉或石英颗粒中，在角闪岩相的片麻岩及其石英脉中均未观察到，显示它们可能主要被捕获于榴辉岩的减压重结晶或退变质阶段，而Ic型包裹体分布广泛，表明其主体可能是在超高压变质岩折返过程的最晚阶段捕获的；N2-CH4纯气相包裹体均为原生包裹体，主要呈孤立和小群状与Ia和Ib类包裹体分布于榴辉岩中条带状石英脉中，可能主要是在高压-超高压榴辉岩相变质条件下被捕获的；CCSD榴辉岩中石英脉的主体形成于板块折返有关的减压重结晶和退变质，而片麻岩中石英脉则主要来源于角闪岩相及其后期退变质作用；榴辉岩和片麻岩中石英脉流体包裹体的组成和地球化学特征存在明显区别，但它们各自相似于其寄主岩石中的石英颗粒中包裹体，说明CCSD中HP—UHP岩石在板块折返过程中释放出的变质流体没有经过大规模的迁移。     

铜陵地区铜官山矿田侵入岩锆石SHRIMP定年

铜陵铜官山矿田的中酸性侵入岩属高钾钙碱性系列,主要岩石类型为石英二长闪长岩和花岗闪长岩。本文对该矿田内的铜官山岩体和天鹅抱蛋岩体进行了锆石的SHRIMPU-Pb定年。结果表明,铜官山和天鹅抱蛋石英二长闪长岩的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄几乎相同,分别为141.8±1.0Ma和141.3±1.3Ma,反映它们是同一次岩浆侵入作用的产物。结合锆石CL分析得出,两岩体中均含有新太古代、古元古代和新元古代岩浆型的继承性锆石核,说明本区岩浆的源岩含有古老的下地壳成分,锆石微量及稀土元素特征也表明其为陆壳而非洋壳成因,结合同位素和包体特征,得出岩浆来自富集地幔并含有古老地壳成分。     

Ultramafic inclusions in basaltic rocks from Hawaii

Ultramafic inclusions and the enclosing basaltic rocks were collected from a number of localities in the Hawaiian Islands; these and other specimens were studied by standard pétrographic techniques and with an electron microprobe. Emphasis was on determination of mineral assemblages, mineral compositions, and variations in composition. Sixty-eight inclusions and thirteen basaltic rocks are described, with partial chemical analyses (Ti, Al, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mg, Ca, Na, K) of olivines, orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, and some feldspars and other minerals. Inclusions range from dunite to anorthosite, and basaltic hosts range from olivine nephelinite to olivine tholeiite. The inclusions are separable into three categories, which correlate with three groups basaltic hosts: Lherzolite inclusions are relatively poor in Fe, and the component minerals have limited ranges of composition. In Hawaii, lherzolite inclusions occur preferentially in extremely undersaturated hosts (olivine nephelinite, nepheline basanite, and ankaratrite). Other varieties of inclusions (dunite, wehrlite, feldspathic peridotite, pyroxenite) are relatively rich in Fe, and the component minerals have wider ranges of composition. These inclusions, together with gabbro, occur preferentially in hosts which are but moderately undersaturated (alkaline olivine basalt, hawaiite, and ankaramite). The sparse inclusions in nearly-saturated basalt (olivine tholeiite) are petrographically distinct from those in the other two categories. These correlations suggest that the inclusions and the enclosing basaltic rocks are genetically related. As the three suites of inclusions differ chemically, mineralogically, physically, and texturally, more than one origin is probable.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区基性-超基性岩的年代学研究及构造意义

塔里木克拉通的研究可以有助于理解中亚造山带元古代构造框架和Rodinia 超大陆的形成过程。位于塔里木克拉通北缘的库鲁克塔格地区广泛分布有基性岩-超基性岩-碳酸岩,并且伴随有铜镍、铁磷和蛭石矿床,其典型矿床为兴地铜镍矿床、且干布拉克蛭石矿床、大西沟和卡乌留克铁磷矿床。SIMS 锆石U-Pb 年代学研究表明,大西沟铁磷矿床形成于古元古代(2 452±10 Ma),其它铜镍、铁磷和蛭石矿床(兴地、卡乌留克和且干布拉克)形成于新元古代(812～707 Ma)。古元古代成矿作用与哥伦比亚超大陆的汇聚碰撞有关,而新元古代成矿作用形成于Rodinia超大陆裂解导致塔里木地幔柱活动有关的成矿动力学背景。