黄海溶解氧垂直分布最大值的成因

本文对黄海溶解氧垂直分布中最大值的成因进行了探讨．认为：浮游植物春花期光合作用产生的大量氧，是溶解氧垂直分布最大值得以在春季（5月）形成的基础；而良好的温、密跃层的存在是氧最大值得以形成的必要条件，夏季叶绿素最大值层中较强的光合作用，是氧最大值在夏季得以维持甚至增强的主要原因．提出：黄海春、夏季溶解氧垂直分布中的最大值并非主要由冬季保持而来．     

东海黑潮区硝酸盐含量及其高值区的季节分布特征

利用2010年NOAA发布的全球海域营养盐数据, 对东海黑潮区硝酸盐含量及其高值区的季节分布进行分析。结果表明: (1) 东海黑潮区NO3?-N平均浓度夏季最高、冬季最低, 陆架高、外海低, 硝酸盐浓度随深度而增高, 增高趋势秋季最强, 春季最弱。(2) 在东海黑潮区100—300m水层之间存在着硝酸盐跃层和深层水的涌升; 深层水涌升强度越大, 跃层位置深度越浅。(3) 在东海黑潮区, 从表层至深层的NO3?-N高值区主要分布在台湾东北海域、黑潮中段海域和九州西南海域, NO3?-N高值区和高值中心呈明显的季节性变化; 上述区域是今后东海黑潮区需要密切关注的海洋渔业资源丰富的海域。     

Regularities of seasonal variations in the content and distribution of oxygen in waters of the Sevastopol Bay

We study the regularities of annual variations in the concentration of oxygen and the degree of saturation of waters in the Sevastopol Bay with oxygen in 1998–2009. The three-dimensional specific features of seasonal variations in the distribution of oxygen in waters of the Sevastopol Bay are revealed. Two periods can be separated in the annual course of the content of oxygen in the surface layers of waters in all parts of the bay: the period of supersaturation in March–September and the period of undersaturation in October–February. In the bottom layer of waters in all parts of the bay, we observe the undersaturation of waters with oxygen for the whole year.     

大连湾水域浮游桡足类的分布

本文根据１９８２年４月至１９８３年５月在大连湾周年生态调查中获得的资料，分析了大连湾浮游桡足类的数量分布和季节变化。结果表明，大连湾共有浮游桡足类２２种，其中优势种大网为中华哲水蚤Ｃａｌａｎｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ；中网为小拟哲水蚤Ｐａｒｕｃａｌａｎｕｓｐａｒｖｕｓ、拟长腹剑水蚤Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ、短角长腹剑水蚤Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａｂｒｅｖｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ。桡足类总量年高峰，大、中同各有２次，最高峰分别为２月和８月。本文还讨论了几种环境因素对浮游桡足类分布的影响。     

中沙群岛海域春夏交季温盐分布特征

中沙群岛主要由中沙大环礁和黄岩岛组成,其温盐分布对于本区渔业生产、航海保障和水下通讯等具有重要意义。尤其是春夏之交的季节转换时期,该海域水温和盐度及其相应的跃层特性存在显著的季节变化,掌握其季节变化特征具有重要现实意义。本文基于2019年5月（南海春夏季风转换期）中沙大环礁、黄岩岛和2020年6月（夏季风爆发期）中沙大环礁海域大面站调查数据分析,发现中沙大环礁海域水温和盐度分布特征在夏季风爆发前后具有显著的差异性,2个航次的温跃层分布也呈现出较大不同,2019年5月黄岩岛海域温盐中上层分布与中沙大环礁相似,但底层有所差异,跃层深度也较大。2020年6月中沙大环礁内水体升温较快,各层水温均高于2019年5月,其中以底层水体升温最为显著;2019年5月中沙大环礁内水温水平梯度较大,且随着水深加大水平梯度也越大,2020年6日水平温度梯度逐渐减小。2个航次的盐度分布与水温分布较为相似。结合调查时段的海表热通量变化和卫星高度计资料分析认为,2019年5月中沙大环礁西南部海洋吸热高于东北部,故表层水温西南高东北低;2020年6月至7月环礁西南部海洋吸热低于东北部,故表层水温西南低东北高。由于中尺度涡的作用,中沙大环礁区域局部产生低温高盐或高温低盐水,并导致2020年6月中沙大环礁大部分海域的温跃层加深。     

厦门港湾蟹类的分布

本文根据我所1980年8月至1981年10月厦门港湾海洋环境综合调查,选取其季度月(11,2,5,8月)资料,研究该港湾蟹类的种类组成、数量分布与季节变化。     

Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the developing gonads of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense

The localization of nitric oxide synthases （NOS） is dealed with in the developing gonads of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. It was found by NADPH-diaphorase staining that （1） NOS activity was present in the nuclear membranes of germinal vesicles during the entire period ofoocyte development; （2） NOS was localized in both the nuclear membranes and the perinuclear region of cytoplasm in the vitellogenetic oocytes; （3） NOS was relocated in the cortical layer in the mature egg; （4） NOS activity was present in spermatocytes, but not in the spermatogonia in the middle of October; （5） NOS was detected in both spermatozoa and spermatids as well as spermatocytes during the breeding season. This is the first report on the distribution pattern of NOS in the developing gonads in protochordates. These results suggest a role for NOS in the functioning of the nuclear membranes and yolk synthesis during oogenesis and in cell division and differentiation during spermatogenesis.     

EH36钢在黄海的初期腐蚀速率的空间变异特征的地统计分析

以黄海海域为研究区,通过动电位极化曲线法获取了出海实测的EH36钢材在2017年8月及12月黄海43个站位的初期腐蚀速率的数据,并以地统计学方法对数据进行分析,探索研究区内EH36钢材的腐蚀速率的空间分布及其变异特征,绘制初期腐蚀速率预测图。结果表明:初期腐蚀速率的分布状况在夏季、冬季呈现不同的特征,夏季分布呈现近岸低、远岸高,中心高、周围低的特点,冬季分布呈现中心及东南部分低、周围高的特征。同时,统计分析表明, EH36钢在黄海的平均初期腐蚀速率,夏季为0.11 mm/a,冬季为0.25 mm/a,并且在夏季和冬季里, EH36钢在黄海初期腐蚀速率分布的空间变异特征明显,空间自相关性强,其中8月的块金值/基台值为0.062,12月的块金值/基台值为0.138,变程在100 km左右。     

季节因素对大西洋声传播的影响分析

以分析季节对大西洋声传播的影响为研究目的,应用WOA13季节平均数据和Mackenzie声速经验公式,分析了大西洋声道轴和表层声速值的四季分布情况,再利用BELLHOP水声学数值模型,在设定的声源频率1 000 Hz和掠射角15°～-15°情况下,仿真计算选用位置点5 m深度声源的四季声传播情况,研究结果表明:按照实际的季节,大西洋会聚区波导的反转深度,冬季最小,春季增大,夏季最大,秋季再减小.在中低纬度的典型声速剖面下,夏季会聚区跨度最大,秋季和冬季递减,春季最小,第一会聚区的四季跨度差在1 km内.在高纬度的正梯度声速剖面下,夏季声传播距离最远,秋季减小,冬季最近,春季增大,且传播距离的差别较大.各变化规律均以四季循环更替的形式出现.     

Peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus earlier shifted in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary: a comparable study between 1959, 2002 and 2005

The sea surface temperature (SST) of the East China Sea (ECS) increased in the past decades,which may have a great impact on the ecosystem of the ECS,including the changes in plankton-population structure.In this paper,the changes in peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary were compared between 1959 and 2002,based on the data collected from the seasonally oceanographic cruises and those performed in spring of 2005.It was much higher in spring compared with that in other seasons both in 1959 and 2002.Furthermore,in spring 2005,the time for occurrence and decrease of the peaked C.sinicus abundance advanced about one month, accompanying the increase in the sea surface water temperature (SST).It peaked in June and decreased in July in 1959,however,in 2005,it peaked in May and attenuated sharply in early June.The earlier decrease of peaked C.sinicus abundance may further deteriorate the ecosystem in the Changjiang River Estuary and north nearshore of the ECS.     

胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔死壳分布与生态环境关系的研究

胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔栖息地带由于近年受拖耙捕生产，底质遭到频繁骚动。同时沿岸带局部水域环境污染严重，以及河口盐度突发性骤降等因素，直接影响了蛤仔的存活率。因而蛤仔死壳逐年增多。据１９９０年调查，９月份幼蛤和成蛤死壳平均密度比同年４月分别增加３．５倍和１．８倍，蛤仔资源量亦受一定损失。     

Arctic sea ice cover in connection with climate change

Recently published studies on key issues in the evolution of Arctic sea ice cover are reviewed and attempts to answer disputable questions are made in the research part of the work. It is shown that climate warming, manifested in an increase in the surface air temperature, and reduction in the ice cover develop with a high degree of agreement in summer. Based on this fact, anomalies of the September ice-cover area have been retrieved from 1900. They show a significant decrease in the 1930–1940s, which is almost twice as low as in 2007–2012. The influence of fluctuations in the flow of warm and salty Atlantic water is noted in variations in the winter maximum of the ice-cover area in the Barents Sea. An accelerated positive trend has been ascertained for the air temperature in late autumn–early winter in 1993–2012 due to an increase in the open water area in late summer. Inherent regularities of the ice-cover-area variability made it possible to develop a prediction of the monthly values of sea-ice extent with a head time from 6 months to 2 years. Their strong correlation with summer air temperature is used to estimate the onset of summer ice clearance in the Arctic.     

The Circulation in the Upper and Intermediate Layers of the South China Sea

The circulation in the basin of the South China Sea is reproduced using a four-layer numerical model. Current fields in the second (upper) and third (intermediate) layers are emphasized. Three eddies coexist in the upper layer in summer. The circulation pattern in this layer is similar to that in the first (surface) layer. In winter, a cyclonic circulation occupies the entire basin of the South China Sea in the upper layer as in the surface layer. On the other hand, the circulation pattern in the intermediate layer is fairly different from that in upper two layers especially in winter. A double-gyre pattern appears in the intermediate layer during winter. The pattern is caused by the propagation of the baroclinic Rossby wave of the second mode. This wave is excited at onset of the winter monsoon wind. Such circulation pattern well explains the observed salinity distribution in the intermediate layer. Although the double-gyre pattern in the intermediate layer is revealed even in summer in this model, it is restricted in the western part of the basin. Besides, its current speed is small compared to that in winter.     

Interannual variations of the planktonic ecosystem in the slope water and Kuroshio south of Japan in February in the years 1990–2002

To determine recent interannual variations in the planktonic ecosystem of the slope water south of Japan, an area between 1000 m isobath on the continental slope and assumable Kuroshio front, in reference to preceding reports on the Kuroshio, we examined interannual variations of physical factors, sea surface chlorophyll concentration (SSChl), size-fractioned copepod biomass and the abundance of Calanus sinicus, one of the dominant copepods in the region, in February from 1990 to 2002. In the slope water, SSChl concentration had generally shown a higher value than in the Kuroshio and increase of the SSChl in both areas started in February but lasted longer in the slope water. The regional distribution of copepod biomass and C. sinicus abundance was similar to that of phytoplankton in that they were distributed more densely in the slope water than in the Kuroshio, reflecting assumed higher nutrient supply. The interannual variation in sea surface temperature in the slope water was explained by the rise of air temperature in 1998, a strong El Niño year, and subsequent change in the Kuroshio path (1999–2001). The interannual variation of the planktonic community, i.e. sea surface chlorophyll concentration and copepod biomass, was attributed to the effects of those physical events through the direct effect of local temperature and/or variation in surface irradiance, except for a prominent increase of copepods in the slope water in 2000. The effect of interannual change in the vertical mixing, suggested in previous studies, was not apparent in February, when the primary production is not limited by nutrient concentration which would be more important in regulating biological production in later months.     

北黄海温盐分布季节变化特征分析

利用2006～2007年夏冬春秋4个季节北黄海的大面调查资料,分析了4个季节北黄海温度和盐度大面以及典型断面分布特征,得出以下结论:2007年冷水团势力范围强于2006年,北黄海冷水团的形成受地形影响.黄海暖流冬春季较强,冬季最强,夏季最弱,秋季开始形成.鲁北沿岸流冬季最强,春季减弱,夏秋季消失,但夏季鲁北沿岸存在冬季鲁北沿岸流水的残余体,即鲁北沿岸水.辽南沿岸水4个季节都以低盐为特征,除夏季低盐中心位于庄河口外,其它3个季节低盐中心均位于调查区域的东北角.渤海与北黄海之间的水交换4个季节都存在.春季,断面盐跃层形成滞后于温跃层;秋季,断面盐跃层消失滞后于温跃层.     

Long-term tendencies in the variability of characteristics of the Black Sea pycnocline

The rise of the waters of the main pycnocline in the central part of the western cyclonic gyre at the end of the winter in the 1960s–1970s and their deepening in the eastern cyclonic gyre from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s were revealed on the basis of archival hydrologic data obtained on the standard sections of the Black Sea in 1957–1992. It is shown that, simultaneously, the waters of the pycnocline descended in the Sevastopol anticyclone and rose in the Yalta and Batumi anticyclones. These tendencies indicate that the water circulation intensified in the region of the western cyclonic gyre (off the southwestern coast of the Crimea) and weakened in the vicinity of the eastern cyclonic gyre at the end of the winter season in the 1960s–1970s and in the 1960s–1980s, respectively. It is shown on the basis of NCEP reanalysis data and archival hydrometeorological data that all major circulation factors, such as a decrease in the cyclonic vorticity in the wind field during the winter season, changes in its spatial structure, an increase in the river discharge, and a decrease in the turbulent heat fluxes at the Black Sea surface, affect the energy redistribution between the gyres. The role of each of these factors is analyzed.     

Variability of the constant flow in Ôsaka Bay

Some current measurements were carried out in Ôsaka Bay to understand the characteristics and causes of fluctuations of the constant flow in the bay. It is shown that the major part of fluctuation of the constant flow in Ôsaka Bay is the wind-driven current. The direction of the wind-driven current in the near surface water deflects clockwise through 10 to 30 degrees from the wind direction while in the lower layer the current deflects counter-clockwise to that in the near surface water in the eastern half of Ôsaka bay. The speed of the wind-driven current in the near surface water is 0.5 to 1.5% of the wind speed while that in the lower layer is smaller than that in the near surface water in this area.     

桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素

利用催化动力学分光光度法和两步提取法对2011年4月（春）、8月（夏）、10月（秋）和2012年1月（冬）桑沟湾海域溶解态无机锰(DIMn)和表层沉积物中的锰的含量进行测定。结果表明,桑沟湾4个季节（春季至冬季,后同）DIMn浓度呈现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点,其平均浓度分别为(60.5±43.1) nmol/L、(42.0±30.5) nmol/L、(23.4±11.2) nmol/L和(18.2±13.5) nmol/L,呈现出明显的季节变化,即春季最高,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低;与相邻的俚岛湾和爱莲湾相比,桑沟湾春季、夏季DIMn的浓度较高,秋季、冬季则没有显著性差异。桑沟湾表层沉积物中总Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(861±308) mg/kg、(915±322) mg/kg、(589±108) mg/kg、(653±185) mg/kg,表层沉积物中醋酸提取态Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(500±272) mg/kg、(502±232) mg/kg、(322±81) mg/kg、(345±91) mg/kg,两者均表现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点。醋酸提取态Mn的含量在春季、夏季要显著高于秋季、冬季。悬浮颗粒物的吸附和浮游生物的利用是影响桑沟湾DIMn浓度与分布的重要因素。桑沟湾DIMn的源主要包括河流及地下水输送、大气输送、沉积物?水界面释放;汇主要包括养殖生物的清除、向黄海的输送等。简单箱式模型收支计算结果显示,桑沟湾DIMn的源略大于汇,表明除了养殖生物的清除和向黄海的输送,桑沟湾DIMn还存在其他汇。本研究的结果为桑沟湾DIMn的生物地球化学循环的深入认识提供了基础数据。     

南海叶绿素浓度季节变化及空间分布特征研究

以南海海域1997年10月至2002年9月SeaWiFS卫星遥感叶绿素浓度的资料为基础,分析了多年平均的南海叶绿素浓度的时空分布,初步分析结果表明,冬季南海大部分海域叶绿素浓度普遍较高,春季大部分海域较低;南海各个海区的叶绿素月平均最低浓度基本出现在春季的4月或5月,而最高浓度出现的月份却有不同的特征,在中央海盆区出现在12月,在广东沿岸海区出现在7月,在越南东南部近岸海域在8月和12月有两个最高值;在吕宋海峡的西部区域,尽管叶绿素浓度的最高值也出现在12月,但是叶绿素浓度的最低值却出现在夏季的7月.在空间上近岸区域的叶绿素浓度明显高于中央海盆区,西部海域普遍高于东部海域.南海叶绿素浓度的这一时空分布特征与流场(如上升流等)、海面温度场和风场等的变化有关,也与陆源物质的输入等关系密切.     

Concentration and behavior of detrital mineral grains suspended in the water column of the open sea in the western Pacific

The pattern of distribution of detrital mineral grains in the water column was investigated at three stations in the western Pacific during July through August of 1979. The sedimentation of detrital mineral grains was also studied using piston cores from two sites adjacent to the three stations. The concentration of suspended detrital mineral grains in the subsurface waters becomes lower with increasing distance from the land, and shows a prominent peak in the intermediate zone of the water column. The sharp increase in water density and viscosity in the pycnocline in the intermediate zone decreases the settling velocity of grains, and may result in the accumulation of falling grains in the intermediate layer. Proportion of detrital mineral grains to organic remains in the sediment was more than two orders of magnitude larger than in the overlying water column, and reasons for this are briefly discussed.