星系形成与宇宙大尺度结构

宇宙大尺度结构的形成与星系形成密切相关,前者的研究把星系基本上视为一质点,而星系形成研究涉及到其内部结构,宇宙大尺度结构形成有两种模式,由小到大与由大到小,这两种模式被交替使用（当然不同简单的重复）很重要的一个原因是星系形成研究的推动。     

Nearby Protoclusters as Laboratories for Understanding Star Formation on Galactic Scales

Detailed studies of nearby cluster-forming molecular clouds can help us understand the physical processes by which most stars form in galaxies. I review recent advances made on this subject. Submillimeter observations of nearby protoclusters suggest that stars are generally built from finite, detached reservoirs of mass inside molecular cloud cores, and point to a cloud fragmentation origin for the IMF. Much progress in this field will come from future large submillimeter instruments such as Herschel and ALMA. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Observational Test of an Accretion Model of Star Formation in Galactic Clusters

Theoretical predictions of an accretion model of star formation in galactic clusters, published quite long ago, which is found to have some relevance with the current picture of star formation have been tested with observation of seven clusters of young and intermediate ages. It is found that the agreement between the theory and observation is very good.     

High-Velocity Star Formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Light-echo measurements show that SN 1987A is 425 pc behind the LMC disk. It is continuing to move away from the disk at 18 km s-1. Thus, it has been suggested that SN 1987A was ejected from the LMC disk. However, SN 1987A is a member of a star cluster, so this entire cluster would have to have been ejected from the disk. We show that the cluster was formed in the LMC disk, with a velocity perpendicular to the disk of about 50 km s-1. Such high-velocity formation of a star cluster is unusual, having no known counterpart in the Milky Way.     

A Study of Neutron Star Structure in Strong Magnetic Fields that includes Anomalous Magnetic Moments

We study the effect of strong magnetic fields on the structure of neutronstar. We find that if the interior field is on the same order as the surface field currently observed, then the influences of the field on the star‘s mass and radius arenegligible; if the field is as large as that estimated from the scalar virial theorem,then considerable effects will be induced. The maximum mass of the star will be increased substantially while the central density is greatly reduced. The radius of a magnetic star can be larger by about 10%～20% than a nonmagnetic star of the same mass.     

Analytical Estimation of the Scale of Earth-Like Planetary Magnetic Fields

In this paper we analytically estimate the magnetic field scale of planets with physical core conditions similar to that of Earth from a statistical physics point of view. We evaluate the magnetic field on the basis of the physical parameters of the center of the planet, such as density, temperature, and core size. We look at the contribution of the Seebeck effect on the magnetic field, showing that a thermally induced electrical current can exist in a rotating fluid sphere. We apply our calculations to Earth, where the currents would be driven by the temperature difference at the outer-inner core boundary, Jupiter and the Jupiter’s satellite Ganymede. In each case we show that the thermal generation of currents leads to a magnetic field scale comparable to the observed fields of the considered celestial bodies.     

About the Influence of a Magnetic Field on the Model Atmosphere of a Magnetic Star

A quasi-static magnetic field similar to that of a large single sunspot is assumed to be embedded in a photospheric model of an Ao star. The differences of the model atmosphere within the magnetic spot relative to the photosphere are calculated by means of the equations of hydromagnetics. The differences are small for τ ≧ I but increase towards smaller τ. The spot model is more transparent in its high layers. In equal geometrical depth the thermodynamic parameters are reduced by the magnetic field. While a small spot is darker than its photospheric surroundings, a large spot appears brighter; the wavelength dependence of its excess in brightness coincides with observations. Compared with the photosphere, the Balmer lines show narrower and deeper cores in the large spot, these differences increase towards larger quantum numbers. Also these features are qualitatively confirmed by observations. An outline is given how to extend and generalize the present model calculations.     

高能耀斑指数的功率谱及其热点分布

本文采用一个表征高能耀斑强度的综合指数,分析了太阳活动21周以来(1976.7—1991.2)级别≥M1.0的X射线耀斑和能量≥10Mev的质子耀斑综合指数的时空分布,提出在研究时段内太阳上的13个高能耀斑“热点”。这些热点活动区反复回转,爆发了占总指数58.1％的高能耀斑。本文还讨论了高能耀斑热点的特征及其与大尺度磁场演化的关系。结果表明,高能耀斑热点与大尺度磁场的演化关系密切,前者受后者的调制。     

大尺度质量扰动和速度场的计算

本文在宇宙弦模型中,计算了各种暗物质主导宇宙的大尺度均方质量扰动和速度场。我们的计算结果表明,如果冷暗物质和重子主导字苗在8Mpch~(-1)处引力成团达到非线性或者中微子主导宇宙在z～3时出现Pancake碎裂,则相应的宇宙弦线密度μ均应满足关系式:Gμ>10~(-5),而这样的弦密度将导致宇宙微波背景较大的各向异性并违反大爆炸核合成理论。对大尺度速度场的计算,我们得到了它随距离增大比通常宇宙模型下降得更慢的结果,但它仍不足以解释Collins等最近报告的在50h~(-1)Mpc处v_p=970±300km·s~(-1)的固有速度。因此我们的计算表明,由单一的弦扰动形成观测到的大尺度结构是困难的。双扰动模型有可能是解决困难的一种途径。     

星系盘中的磁重平衡:星系贮留原初磁场的观测证据

邻近旋涡星系中观测到的磁场被理论学家解释为发电机作用的结果.而我们发现,在邻近的星系中,磁场的强度与中性氢的柱密度紧密相关.星系盘中的磁场处于磁重平衡状态.这一结果与发电机放大机制相悖,从而支持星系磁场是原初起源的假说.     

Comments on Gravoturbulent Star Formation

Understanding the star formation process is central to much of modern astrophysics. Stellar birth is intimately linked to the dynamical behavior of the parental gas cloud. Gravoturbulent fragmentation determines where and when protostellar cores form, and how they contract and grow in mass via accretion from the surrounding cloud material to build up stars. Supersonic turbulence can provide support against gravitational collapse on global scales, whereas at the same time it produces localized density enhancements that allow for collapse on small scales. The efficiency and timescale of stellar birth in Galactic molecular clouds strongly depend on the properties of the interstellar turbulent velocity field, with slow, inefficient, isolated star formation being a hallmark of turbulent support, and fast, efficient, clustered star formation occurring in its absence.     

光学亮星系大尺度分布中的多级结构

本文在Wen等人工作的基础上,对CfA红移巡天样本中银道以北和以南天区中星系的大尺度分布分别进行了分维计算并比较其所得结果。分析表明,这两个区域内星系的大尺度分布存在显著差异。说明CfA样本还不能构成代表宇宙大尺度结构的好样本。另一方面,两个区域中样本分析结果又存在着一些明显的共同点:它们都表现出明显的多级分形特征。结合对IRAS星系红移巡天样本和星系分立小天区红移巡天样本的分析结果。我们认为,多级分形很可能是宇宙大尺度结构的一个普遍和重要的特征。本文对这一特征的含义也作了简略的讨论。     

Variation of Small Scale Magnetic Fields Over a Century using Ca-K Images as Proxy

A combined uniform and long-time series of Ca-K images from the Kodaikanal Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory and Mauna Loa Solar Observatory was used to identify and study the Ca-K small-scale features and their solar cycle variations over a century. The small scale features are classified into three distinct categories:enhanced network, active network and quiet network. All these features show that their areas vary according to the11 yr solar cycle. The relative amplitude of the Ca-K networ...     

Programme of the Galactic meridian: Star counts and Galactic models 2. Distribution of absolute proper motions

A comparison of the observed distribution of absolute proper motions with a kinematical model of the Galaxy is presented. Proper motions with respect to galaxies were obtained for about 40 000 stars along the main Galactic meridian and in two fields near the North Galactic pole (programme MEGA). The Galaxy is considered as composed of the disk (main sequence and disk red giants), the thick disk and spheroid populations. For each subsystem, spatial velocity components and their dispersions were computed. The distribution of kinematical parameters were modelled for stars located in different directions of the Galaxy.