郯庐断裂带晚中生代演化历史及其对华北克拉通破坏过程的指示

郯庐断裂带晚中生代的演化历史是华北克拉通破坏过程的重要记录。中侏罗世末(燕山运动A幕),郯庐断裂带局部发生左行平移活动,而华北克拉通上出现了一系列北北东走向的缩短构造,指示了西太平洋伊泽奈崎板块俯冲的开始。晚侏罗世期间,郯庐断裂带没有发生活动,而华北克拉通出现局部伸展与岩浆活动及区域性隆升,应为弧后弱拉张背景。早白垩世初(燕山运动B幕),郯庐断裂带再次发生强烈的左行平移活动,华北克拉通北部与东部出现了一系列近南北向挤压产生的构造,应是鄂霍茨克洋最终关闭与伊泽奈崎板块高速俯冲双重作用的结果。随后的早白垩世期间,华北克拉通在弧后拉张背景下发生峰期破坏,郯庐断裂带呈现为强烈的伸展活动。早白垩世末的区域性挤压作用,结束了华北克拉通的峰期破坏,并使郯庐断裂带再次发生了一期左行平移活动。这期挤压作用出现在太平洋板块接替伊泽奈崎板块这一重大板块调整的背景之中。     

红河断裂带两侧地震震源机制及构造意义

红河断裂带是一条大型的走滑断裂带。根据印支半岛前新生代的古地块与华南地块的接触关系 ,将红河断裂带海陆部分分为两段。断裂带自第三纪以来 ,经历了左旋运动、右旋运动 ,南北两段的活动性有一定的差异。根据断裂带两侧地震和震源机制解分析 ,震源深度 0～ 33km的地震在整个区域密集分布 ,较深的地震分布在断裂的北东侧。断裂带西北部断裂活动方式为逆冲型 ,北部为正断型 ,南部为走滑型 ,其它地方为奇异型 ,也即是逆冲型、正断型、走滑型 3种方式的过渡类型 ,反映了红河断裂带及其周围地区受到来自北北西向的推挤力和北东东向的正压力的联合作用 ,使受力区的断裂发生挤压逆冲、水平走滑和拉张正断运动。     

Geometrical analysis of mesoscopic shear zones in the crystalline rocks of MCT zone of Garhwal Higher Himalaya

The crystalline rocks of the MCT Zone of Garhwal Higher Himalaya exhibit well-preserved mesoscopic shear zones. Majority of these shear zones are of ductile and brittle ductile type with both sinistral and dextral sense of movement. Detailed analysis of mesoscopic shear zones reveals that sinistral shear zones exhibit a strike variation from NNE to ENE and dextral shear zones exhibit variation from NNW to WNW directions thus forming a conjugate pair. The bisectors of statistically preferred orientations of the two sets of the shears indicate that they generated due to NNE–SSW horizontal compression. These dextral and sinistral shear zones exhibit strike–slip geometry developed during progressive ductile shearing.     

中国东部北黄海盆地东部坳陷岩浆活动特征及其与区域构造的耦合关系

如何深入了解中国东部北黄海盆地东部坳陷岩浆活动特征是目前研究的前沿之一.为探讨早白垩世异常剧烈岩浆活动的区域构造成因并揭示中国东部的构造动力学机制,利用井-震及岩浆岩测试资料,对北黄海盆地岩浆活动特征及其与区域构造的耦合关系进行研究.在空间上刻画了岩浆的侵入相、喷出相的地震反射特征及沿深大断裂展布的平面分布特征;在时间上划分出了包括早白垩世108~115 Ma、134~145 Ma在内的4期岩浆活动.结合区域地质分析认为早白垩世早期,伊泽奈琦板块沿北北西斜向俯冲于欧亚板块之下,太平洋板块向南西方向俯冲,板块剪切作用导致郯庐断裂带左旋走滑,使得盆地处于左旋伸展环境中,内部形成派生的北西向右旋、近南北向左旋的次级共轭断裂系并控制岩浆上侵底辟活动.经过综合分析,厘清了盆地岩浆活动及断裂演化过程与区域板块运动之间的耦合关系.      

Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from seismology and mineral physics

We present new pieces of evidence from seismology and mineral physics for the existence of low-velocity zones in the deep part of the upper mantle wedge and the mantle transition zone that are caused by fluids from the deep subduction and deep dehydration of the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs under western Pacific and East Asia. The Pacific slab is subducting beneath the Japan Islands and Japan Sea with intermediate-depth and deep earthquakes down to 600 km depth under the East Asia margin, and the slab becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone under East China. The western edge of the stagnant Pacific slab is roughly coincident with the NE–SW Daxing'Anling-Taihangshan gravity lineament located west of Beijing, approximately 2000 km away from the Japan Trench. The upper mantle above the stagnant slab under East Asia forms a big mantle wedge (BMW). Corner flow in the BMW and deep slab dehydration may have caused asthenospheric upwelling, lithospheric thinning, continental rift systems, and intraplate volcanism in Northeast Asia. The Philippine Sea slab has subducted down to the mantle transition zone depth under Western Japan and Ryukyu back-arc, though the seismicity within the slab occurs only down to 200–300 km depths. Combining with the corner flow in the mantle wedge, deep dehydration of the subducting Pacific slab has affected the morphology of the subducting Philippine Sea slab and its seismicity under Southwest Japan. Slow anomalies are also found in the mantle under the subducting Pacific slab, which may represent small mantle plumes, or hot upwelling associated with the deep slab subduction. Slab dehydration may also take place after a continental plate subducts into the mantle.     

郯庐断裂带渤南段构造特征及其控盆作用

渤南地区郯庐断裂带具有很好的油气勘探前景,但由于其构造特征复杂,目前对渤南地区油气成藏条件、主控因素及富集规律的认识尚不明晰.通过对三维地震和地质资料的分析解释,结合前人研究成果,探讨了渤南地区郯庐断裂带构造特征的时空差异及其对盆地结构的控制作用.研究表明,渤南地区郯庐断裂带具有3组分支断裂,每组分支断裂由2~4条断裂构成,均表现出了明显的走滑特征,整体由东向西、由深至浅走滑程度逐渐减弱.新生代古新世-早始新世郯庐断裂带渤南段左旋走滑,东部分带活动明显、强度大,中带和西带不活动或活动较弱,渤南地区中生代发育的NWW向伸展断裂系统复活,形成北断南超的复式半地堑或南北双断式结构;中始新世以来,渤南地区郯庐断裂带转为右旋走滑,3组分支断裂均开始活动,表现为强烈的走滑兼伸展运动,强度由东向西逐渐减弱,中带分支断裂形成的中央构造脊将黄河口凹陷分割成东、西两个次洼,并开始逐渐发育一系列次级断层,与主断裂构成帚状断裂组合;新近纪-第四纪郯庐断裂渤南段表现为右旋走滑兼挤压,主走滑断裂不连续,代之以大量规模较小的次级断裂系统.太平洋区板块俯冲方向、俯冲速率的变化以及深部动力背景的变迁共同造成了渤南地区郯庐断裂不同分支构造发育演化及其控盆作用的差异性,由于右旋走滑位移量小于先期的左旋走滑,现今渤南地区构造单元分布仍具左旋特征.      

Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from seismology and mineral physics

We present new pieces of evidence from seismology and mineral physics for the existence of low-velocity zones in the deep part of the upper mantle wedge and the mantle transition zone that are caused by fluids from the deep subduction and deep dehydration of the Pacific and Philippine Sea slabs under western Pacific and East Asia. The Pacific slab is subducting beneath the Japan Islands and Japan Sea with intermediate-depth and deep earthquakes down to 600 km depth under the East Asia margin, and the slab becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone under East China. The western edge of the stagnant Pacific slab is roughly coincident with the NE–SW Daxing'Anling-Taihangshan gravity lineament located west of Beijing, approximately 2000 km away from the Japan Trench. The upper mantle above the stagnant slab under East Asia forms a big mantle wedge (BMW). Corner flow in the BMW and deep slab dehydration may have caused asthenospheric upwelling, lithospheric thinning, continental rift systems, and intraplate volcanism in Northeast Asia. The Philippine Sea slab has subducted down to the mantle transition zone depth under Western Japan and Ryukyu back-arc, though the seismicity within the slab occurs only down to 200–300 km depths. Combining with the corner flow in the mantle wedge, deep dehydration of the subducting Pacific slab has affected the morphology of the subducting Philippine Sea slab and its seismicity under Southwest Japan. Slow anomalies are also found in the mantle under the subducting Pacific slab, which may represent small mantle plumes, or hot upwelling associated with the deep slab subduction. Slab dehydration may also take place after a continental plate subducts into the mantle.     

中国东部NWW向活动断裂带构造特征:以张家口-蓬莱断裂带为例

中国东部新构造期活动强烈,前人对该时期NE向构造已有很多研究,但NWW向构造研究程度较低.本文以张家口-蓬莱断裂带为例,从几何学、运动学、动力学及地震活动性四个方面对中国东部的NWW向活动断裂带进行了分析.结果表明,中国东部的NWW向活动断裂带具有左行走滑的运动性质,并控制了第四纪盆地左阶雁列的展布样式;NWW向活动断裂带是孕震断裂,诱发了多次地震活动.在动力学上,这些断裂带是扳缘的不同段落变形在板内不同块体间响应调节的产物,且在周边板块的联合作用下,华北和华南南部NWW向断裂可能印度-欧亚板块碰撞的影响占主导,而东北和华南东部NWW向断裂可能太平洋板块俯冲的影响占主导.     

Seismic velocity discontinuities in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Kanto district, central Japan, identified from receiver function imaging and repeating earthquake activity

We constructed vertical cross-sections of depth-converted receiver function images to estimate the seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Kanto district, central Japan. Repeating earthquake data for the plate boundary were also used to estimate geometries of the subducting Philippine Sea plate and the subducting Pacific plate. As a result, we present images of some major seismic discontinuities. The upper boundary of the Pacific plate dips to the northwest in northern Kanto and to the west–southwest in southern Kanto with some undulations. On the other hand, the upper boundary of the Philippine Sea plate as a whole dips to the northwest. However, it is concave to the northeast in the southern Boso peninsula. We suggest that the low-velocity mantle wedge may be indicated on the top of both subducting plates. Plate thickness gradually decreases to the northeast. The northeastern end of the Philippine Sea plate is interpreted to be at depths of 45–90 km. The Moho discontinuity in the overriding plate is deeper than 25 km in the northern Kanto. It contacts the subducting Philippine Sea plate in the southwestern part near 35.8°N.     

Significant crustal structural variation across the Chaochou Fault, southern Taiwan: New tectonic implications for convergent plate boundary

The Chaochou Fault, a major geological boundary in southern Taiwan is considered to be a part of the convergent plate boundary between the Eurasia Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. We applied the Common Conversion Point stacking technique to teleseismic radial receiver functions and obtained Moho variation and crustal structure across the Chaochou Fault. In the Eurasia Plate to its west, the Moho depth is about 37 km and the crust is subducting to the east beneath the Philippine Sea Plate with a dip angle of about 30° between the Backbone Belt and the Tananao Schist. In the Philippine Sea Plate, the Moho depth is about 17 km. The Longitudinal Valley marks the collision boundary between the Eurasia Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. The results suggest that the depth extent of the Chaochou Fault is about 30–35 km and the fault becomes a “shallow-angle” thrust fault at depth. The Common Conversion Point image also shows several bending interfaces of velocity contrast in the crust. We proposed a simple model to explain the Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasia Plate collision process and the observed crustal deformations.     

The najd fault system revisited; a two-way strike-slip orogen in the saudi arabian shield

The Najd strike-slip fault system extends over the northeastern Arabian Shield in a zone >1200 km in length and >300 km wide. Faults trend NW-SE with strike lengths >500 km but small sinistral displacements of <25 km. Cumulative displacement across the zone is >240 km. Najd faults were active in the late Proterozoic and post-date cratonization of the Shield. Associated secondary structures include grabens, thrust faults, folds and dike swarms. In the southwest of the Najd system, near Zalm, initial faulting was dextral and began earlier than formerly thought. Emplacement of a plutonic complex was controlled by Najd fractures of dextral geometry and displacements. The same fractures were active before and after deposition of a group of volcanosedimentary rocks in grabens orientated consistently with development in a dextral strike-slip regime. Graben deformation was controlled by sinistral motion along the same fractures responsible for graben development and also by younger fractures of sinistral geometry and displacement. Dike swarms in the area are also consistent with early dextral and later sinistral shear of Najd trend. Structures in the Zalm area occur throughout the Najd system and the consistent chronology of older dextral structures dislocated and deformed by younger sinistral faults suggests a reversal in the sense of motion of the Najd system as a whole.     

莺歌海盆地构造转折界面的确定及其地质意义

中国西南部红河断裂带的活动演化历史长期以来备受国内外学者的关注,该断裂从陆地向海域延伸进入莺歌海盆地,并对莺歌海盆地的形成和演化起重要的控制作用。目前,红河断裂带经历早期的左旋走滑运动和后期的右旋走滑运动已经得到公认,但对于其精细的构造演化历史及其左旋走滑向右旋走滑运动转换的时间还未能达成共识。本文利用构造控制沉积、沉积反映构造的思想,通过对莺歌海盆地三维地震资料的构造解析,从T27界面上下地层厚度存在"跷跷板"式的变化、沉积中心的迁移、沉积速率的变化、陆架-陆坡坡折带的出现、微小断裂的特征以及底辟构造等方面的研究,确定莺歌海盆地红河断裂带的左旋走滑运动停止于T40(10.5Ma);T40~T30(10.5~5.5Ma)是构造变形的平静期;T30~T27(5.5~2.4 Ma)为左旋走滑运动向右旋走滑运动转换时期;T27(2.4 Ma)以后右旋走滑活动开始,并控制坡折带(包括莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地)和底辟构造等的形成;T20(1.9 Ma)以来,右旋走滑活动逐渐减弱。     

南海的右行陆缘裂解成因

南海成果是西太平洋边缘海动力学研究的重要部分,也关系到特提期,环太平洋两大超级会聚带的相互作用,是国内外地学界长期研究的热点问题。西太平洋边缘海内带,尤其是日本海和南海在形成时代,海盆形态和海底地貌,海底扩张的多轴,多阶段,由东向西扩展特征,岩石圈地幔的地球化学异常等方面具有共同特征,可能在成因上也相似,南海的海盆的楔形的楔形形状,海底扩张及陆架盆地的断陷的由北向南发展和自东向西推进的特征,地壳伸展减薄和海底扩张程度的由东向西减弱都可用尖端向西的“剪刀模型”来描述,即南海的张开是近南北向右行剪切力作用下东亚陆缘发生裂解的结果。南海张开的同时在海盆内及其西缘印支半岛上发育大量近南北向右行走滑断裂,表明当时存在区域性的近南北向右行剪切应力,而在其东缘现在看不到大型近南北向右行走滑断裂,可能是在中中新世以后受从赤道附近近滑移北上并沿马尼拉海沟仰冲的菲律宾群岛所破坏的结果。晚中生代以来,在西太平洋构造域,特提斯构造域西段（印度）及东段（澳大利亚）先后发生了朝欧亚大陆的,不同方向和速度的会聚。在这三大作用的复合和竞争的动力学背景下,东亚陆缘发生了有地幔参加传动的“超级剪切”,其应力场经历了左行压扭体制和右行张扭体制交替的阶段性变化,正是在特提斯构造域西段的会聚起主导作用的阶段,东亚陆缘在右行张扭应力场作用下发生裂解,形成了南海和其他内带边缘海。     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE ALONG THE TWO SIDES OF THE RED RIVER FAULT ZONE

The Red River Fault Zone is a gigantic slide-slip fault zone extending up to 1000km from Tibet to South China Sea. It has been divided into the north, central and south segments according to the difference of the geometry, kinetics, and seismicity on the land, but according to the contacted relationship between the old pre-Cenozoic block in Indochina Peninsula and the South China block, the Red River Fault Zone was divided into two parts extending from land to ocean, the north and south segments. Since the Tertiary, the Red River Fault Zone suffered first the sinistral movement and then the dextral movement. The activities of the north and the south segments were different. Based on the analysis of earthquakes and focal mechanism solutions, earthquakes with the focus depths of 0-33km are distributed over the whole region and more deep earthquakes are distributed on the northeastern sides of the Red River fault. Types of faulting activities are the thrust in the northwest, the normal in the north and the     

欧亚大陆北部盆地发育历史——来自东西向跨洲剖面的证据

板块演化控制了盆地的形成与演化,盆地的性质和地质特征由其所处的板块构造单元决定.本文从大地构造背景角度出发,沿北纬60°±5°绘制了欧亚大陆东西向跨洲剖面,西起北海内伊湖—阿兰盆地,东至北鄂霍茨克盆地,全长为11000km.剖面将构造单元划分为不同级别(超大陆与构造域—板块与造山带—陆块与构造带—盆地与拱起),进而将构...     

惠民凹陷南坡北北西向走滑断裂带的发育特征及成因分析

通过对惠民南坡前中生代断裂的平面分布和三维地震剖面特征的分析,识别出了一组在平面上相互平行,在剖面上具有负花状构造的北北西向走滑断裂带。通过对负花状构造的形态及其卷入地层特征的分析,认为该组断裂带经历过两期不同性质的走滑运动,在中生代经历了较强的左行张性走滑,在新生代经历了较弱的右行压性走滑。其演化过程与鲁西地块上北北西向走滑断层的演化过程一致,均属于郯庐断裂区域性走滑作用所形成的帚状构造体系的一部分,郯庐断裂在中生代的左行走滑和新生代的右行走滑是控制其发展演化的主要因素。     

华南洋陆过渡带构造演化:特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换过程与机制

南海北部陆缘位于大华南地块洋陆过渡带南段的关键核心段落,曾处于特提斯洋构造域与（古）太平洋构造域交接地带,是印度洋构造动力系统与太平洋构造动力系统波及的共同地区。然而,以往研究和勘探程度较低,特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域交接转换区域的大地构造背景、过程、机制始终不够明确。基于南海北部陆缘地震剖面,不仅关注该区新生代盆地结构构造,以服务该区油气精准勘探,并且试图以此解剖、揭示该区中生代基底结构特征,进而探索新生代南海海盆打开、扩张、停滞到消亡过程的前生今世。对珠江口盆地地震剖面解析和华南陆缘野外构造研究表明:华南地块洋陆过渡带先后经历了中生代印支期碰撞造山、燕山早期增生造山、燕山晚期压扭造山三个过程;随后进入新生代,又经历了早期北东东—南西西走向正断层主控下的弥散性裂解成盆、中期北东—北北东走向张扭断裂主控下的右行走滑拉分成盆、晚期北西—北西西向张扭断裂主控下的左行走滑拉分成盆三期伸展构造叠加。总体上,该区特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换过程经历了四个阶段:古特提斯洋构造体系向新特提斯洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向古太平洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系转换及古太平洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换。东亚洋陆过渡带的构造转换折射出地球深浅部动力系统驱动“东亚大汇聚”的长期机制,即东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系、太平洋LLSVP和非洲LLSVP的深部动力系统（统称为海底“三极”）的重要性,其中,东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系是地球板块运动的重要动力引擎之一。      

Mantle structure and dynamics under East Russia and adjacent regions

We present seismic images of the mantle beneath East Russia and adjacent regions and discuss geodynamic implications. Our mantle tomography shows that the subducting Pacific slab becomes stagnant in the mantle transition zone under Western Alaska, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Japan Sea, and Northeast Asia. Many intraplate volcanoes exist in these areas, which are located above the low-velocity zones in the upper mantle above the stagnant slab, suggesting that the intraplate volcanoes are related to the dynamic processes in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant slab and the deep slab dehydration. Teleseismic tomography revealed a low-velocity zone extending down to 660 km depth beneath the Baikal rift zone, which may represent a mantle plume. The bottom depths of the Wadati–Benioff deep seismic zone and the Pacific slab itself become shallower toward the north under Kamchatka Peninsula, and the slab disappears under the northernmost Kamchatka. The slab loss is considered to be caused by the friction between the slab and the surrounding asthenosphere as the Pacific plate rotated clockwise at about 30 Ma ago, and then the slab loss was enlarged by the slab-edge pinch-off by the hot asthenospheric flow and the presence of Meiji seamounts.     

Geological and archaeological evidence of active faulting on the Martana Fault (Umbria–Marche Apennines,Italy) and its geodynamic implications

This paper examines the morphotectonic and structural–geological characteristics of the Quaternary Martana Fault in the Umbria–Marche Apennines fold‐and‐thrust belt. This structure is more than 30 km long and comprises two segments: a N–NNW‐trending longer segment and a 100°N‐trending segment. After developing as a normal fault in Early Pleistocene times, the N–NNW Martana Fault segment experienced a phase of dextral faulting extending from the Early to Middle Pleistocene boundary until around 0.39 Ma, the absolute age of volcanics erupted in correspondence to releasing bends. The establishment of a stress field with a NE–ENE‐trending σ₃ axis and NW–NNW σ₁ axis in Late Pleistocene to Holocene times resulted in a strong component of sinistral faulting along N–NNW‐trending fault segments and almost pure normal faulting on newly formed NW–SE faults. Fresh fault scarps, the interaction of faulting with drainage systems and displacement of alluvial fan apexes provide evidence of the ongoing activity of this fault. The active left‐lateral kinematic along N–NNW‐trending fault segments is also revealed by the 1.8 m horizontal offset of the E–W‐trending Decumanus road, at the Roman town of Carsulae. We interpret the present‐day kinematics of the Martana Fault as consistent with a model connecting surface structures to the inferred north‐northwest trending lithospheric shear zone marking the western boundary of the Adria Plate. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tectonic indentation in the central Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean)

The Alboran Sea constitutes a Neogene–Quaternary basin of the Betic–Rif Cordillera, which has been deformed since the Late Miocene during the collision between the Eurasian and African plates in the westernmost Mediterranean. NNE–SSW sinistral and WNW–ESE dextral conjugate fault sets forming a 75° angle surround a rigid basement spur of the African plate, and are the origin of most of the shallow seismicity of the central Alboran Sea. Northward, the faults decrease their transcurrent slip, becoming normal close to the tip point, while NNW–SSE normal and sparse ENE–WSW reverse to transcurrent faults are developed. The uplifting of the Alboran Ridge ENE–WSW antiform above a detachment level was favoured by the crustal layering. Despite the recent anticlockwise rotation of the Eurasian–African convergence trend in the westernmost Mediterranean, these recent deformations—consistent with indenter tectonics characterised by a N164°E trend of maximum compression—entail the highest seismic hazard of the Alboran Sea.