车辆荷载下路基挡土结构失稳机理数值模拟

随着公路交通流量增加及超载车辆增多,路基挡土结构变形或失稳现象时有发生。结合山东省荷泽市人民路公铁立交桥加筋土挡土墙失稳问题,在分析车辆动载效应的基础上采用FLAC有限差分方法对车辆动荷载下路基挡土结构失稳机理和变形破坏过程进行详细分析,认为路面动载荷对墙体的作用过程与时间及空间位置有关,筋体变形叠加及破坏导致墙体失稳,挡土结构变形破坏内在机理包括墙体上部的劈裂张开和中下部的共轭剪切体水平方向挤出。同时,对不同高度挡土结构失稳形式、非对称动载荷条件下挡土结构的失稳特点进行了全面分析。基于动载荷的特点及挡土墙墙体和筋体的缺陷,认为失稳加筋土挡土墙的加固必须同时考虑控制变形破坏和增加土体强度的措施,实现内外结合、点面兼顾的综合治理。所得结论为类似失稳路基挡土结构加固方案和综合治理措施的确立奠定科学基础。     

高压旋喷注浆技术在基坑挡土墙工程中的应用

辽宁省铁岭市广裕路北道口立交桥南引道距离某居民楼仅2.0 m左右,引道挡土墙基础无法采用明挖方案,经诸多方案比较,设计采用高压旋喷注浆营造挡土墙方案。介绍了该工程旋喷挡土墙施工工艺及其施工效果。     

云阳县滨江大道路基挡土墙变形分析与加固

云阳县滨江大道路基挡土墙在运营工况下,由于路基运营环境的变化导致了填土的物理力学性质的改变,挡土墙发生了位移和变形。在分析了变形原因的基础上,提出了抗滑桩预应力锚索联合加固方案,并取得了良好的治理效果。介绍了该工程加固方案设计及抗滑桩预应力锚索施工工艺。     

失稳挡墙加固中锚喷力学分析及数值模拟

锚固是岩土工程领域的重要加固技术手段,而喷射混凝土与锚固工程往往是共存的,合理的喷层厚度及锚固参数十分重要。按照弹性力学中的薄板弯曲理论,从喷层与锚杆的相互作用分析出发,认为钢筋网在喷射混凝土断面上呈S形分布是最合理的布置方式。结合工程实例,采用有限差分FLAC数值模拟方法,研究喷射混凝土技术在失稳加筋土挡土墙加固中的力学机制和应用效果,认为喷射混凝土可使锚杆间的墙体表面自由变形得到有效抑制、墙趾浅表面塑性区减少、锚杆预应力损失降低、加固效果得以改善;并对喷层厚度对加固效果的影响进行了详细分析,认为合理的混凝土厚度应考虑其具备柔中有刚、刚柔并举的力学属性,所得结论对锚喷加固工程中喷层厚度的确定具有指导意义。     

降雨入渗对板岩边坡稳定的影响及加固措施研究

板岩边坡在国内边坡工程中较为常见,常伴有倾倒变形,在其特有的结构性质影响下边坡失稳频发。通过对苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡失稳现象分析,研究了板岩边坡在降入入渗情况下的变形特征,在该基础之上运用稳定理论探讨降雨入渗影响边坡失稳机制,结合实例分析提出了板岩边坡失稳加固关键措施,并通过现场实际检验效果。研究结果表明,板岩边坡的节理特性、开挖坡比、降雨入渗是造成板岩边坡失稳的关键因素,进行加固必须从防雨下渗和束腰加固着手。苗尾水电站右坝基板岩边坡加固后经受住了汛期和炮震的影响,说明边坡失稳认识及加固措施较为准确,对于类似工程具有一定的参考价值。     

重力式挡土墙质量检测与安全评估方法

重力式挡土墙以其构造简单,取材方便,工程造价经济等诸多优点被广泛应用于建筑、交通等领域,而如何鉴定挡土墙的综合质量是挡土墙检测的主要问题。通过参考大量的工程实例和工程经验,针对挡土墙检测过程中提出了一套合理的、科学的检测步骤和检测方法,并结合挡土墙的稳定性验算和安全验算,对检测数据进行系统的分类和评估,最后得到了一套针对挡土墙综合质量的安全评估标准,将挡土墙的综合质量进行评级,以便科学地指导工程加固。     

水泥搅拌法中咬合桩的施工与检测

水泥搅拌法加固软土地基处理方法用于解决立交桥桥头跳车问题是一种比较好的方法，但常出现地基承载力不均及整体性差的问题。水泥土搅拌桩与水泥土搅拌咬合桩共同加固软土地基，有利于提高复合地基承载力及整体性，并能很好解决立交桥桥头跳车问题。文章结合某立交桥引道地基处理工程介绍咬合桩的施工与检测工艺。     

竖向预应力锚杆加固抗滑挡土墙工程

结合竖向预应力锚杆加固重力式抗滑挡土墙治理滑坡的工程实例,重点阐述了竖向预应力锚杆＋抗滑挡土墙构造及其施工工艺流程,指出竖向预应力锚杆＋抗滑挡土墙新型结构在基岩山区滑坡治理中的应用前景。     

青岛崂山路拓宽工程边坡加固稳定性研究

针对青岛崂山路拓宽工程中高陡岩质边坡加固问题,选择典型（C区）坡体,建立数值分析模型,基于强度折减法采用三维快速拉格朗日法（FLAC3D）对该边坡加固前后的稳定性进行了数值模拟。通过对计算边坡稳定性的3种失稳判据进行比较分析,选取特征点位移突变为失稳判据,确定了边坡加固前后安全系数的变化。基于现场实际监测数据,对加固后边坡的稳定状态和加固效果进行评价。对该边坡的数值分析及监测结果分析表明,边坡处于安全状态,加固工程取得了明显的效果。      

土钉与挡土墙复合技术在公路边坡加固中的应用

通过2个实例介绍了土钉与砌石挡土墙、土钉与钢筋砼挡土墙及微型桩相结合的边坡加固设计及施工的方法。在公路边坡加固和地质灾害防治中具有较高的推广价值。     

陕南公路软弱变质岩边坡变形破坏特征的研究

陕西省是软弱变质岩分布广泛的省份之一。近年来,随着工程建设数量的增多和规模的加大,软弱变质岩斜坡灾害频繁发生,造成的损失也逐年增加。本文通过对陕南316国道早阳-蜀河段的实地调查,归纳了该路段软弱变质岩边坡的变形破坏特征,总结出顺层滑动、弯曲-倾倒、楔形体滑动、溃曲破坏以及滑移-拉裂5种典型的病害模式,并对每种变形破坏模式进行了具体的实例分析,从而为边坡成灾预警和选择经济有效的治理对策奠定基础。     

Evaluating cut slope failure by numerical analysis—a case study

Slope failure is very common phenomenon in hilly regions, especially in young techno active mountainous like Himalayas. It is hazardous because of the accompanying progressive movement of the slope-forming material. In order to minimize the landslide effects, slope failure analysis and stabilization requires in depth understanding of the process that governs the behavior of the slope. The present article mainly deals with the analysis of the stability of road cut slopes of Rudraprayag Area, Uttarakhand, India. The area experiences local as well as regional slides every year. Extensive field study was carried out along the road cut slopes. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the various Physio-mechanical properties of rock mass. These properties have been used as input parameters for the numerical simulation of slope using FLAC3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) including geological discontinuities. The computed deformations and the stress distribution along the failure surface are compared with the field observations. The study indicates that the overall slope is unstable except at the location E where slope is critically stable. The effects of instability have been thoroughly considered and remedial measures have been recommended.     

重庆市涪陵区厚层软硬相间岩体失稳模式

重庆市涪陵区厚层软硬相间公路高边坡的详细调查发现,不同的岩层产状,不同开挖方向其斜坡变形破坏模式不同。本文根据野外实例总结了不同岩层产状与开挖方向对应的破坏模式,平缓层状斜坡破坏方式有滑塌式崩塌、倾倒式崩塌和坠落式崩塌;中倾角层状斜坡破坏方式有顺层滑移和崩塌;高陡倾角层状斜坡坡破坏方式有滑移式崩塌和坠落式崩塌。表明斜坡变形破坏地质力学模式与斜坡岩体结构之间存在着密切的成生联系。通过对不同倾角的斜坡岩体破坏方式研究,可以达到系统评价预测斜坡稳定性的目的;通过公路开挖对不同产状岩层可能造成灾害的预期,可以采用不同的预防措施,避免大型灾害的发生。     

An Appraissal of the Performance of Geosta as a Stabilising Agent for Deltaic Laterite in Sub-Base Construction

This study was prompted by the massive and unprecedented failure experienced within a very short time after construction of “Ada-George Road” which had deltaic lateritic sub-base stabilised with undisclosed but most probably uncontrolled (scientifically) proportions of cement and geosta (a relatively new chemical stabiliser). Samples of the deltaic laterite were taken from two of the borrow-pits within Port Harcourt metropolis from which materials were quarried for the construction of the sub-base. The results showed that although geosta addition to deltaic laterite mixed with cement gives considerable improvement on the strength of the resulting mixture, this stabilisation is only effective at very low geosta content not exceeding 2% depending on the optimum geosta content (OGC) which in turn is a function of the percentage of fines of the soil. But the Ada George road project appeared to be politically rather than scientifically motivated. Consequently, the OGC must have been grossly exceeded in the construction of this geosta stabilised sub-base. As a result, the as-built CBR must have been much lower than expected hence the massive failure that resulted. Even for 2% geosta content, this composite stabilisation was also found to be most effective at 4% cement content.     

高填方路堤互锚式薄壁挡土墙土压力试验研究

在山区修建高等级公路工程中，挡土墙结构广泛应用于高填方路堤工程。在提出一种新型互锚式薄壁挡土墙结构的基础上，通过埋设土压力盒的方法对该种挡土墙的结构型式进行了力学模型试验，并进行了模型土压力强度特性分析。试验及分析表明，该挡土墙结构成本低廉，施工方便，结构合理，可以应用于高填方路堤实际工程。     

Application of MASW in road failure investigation

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) survey was conducted to measure shear wave velocities in order to ascertain the likely causes of road failure along LASU-IBA expressway in Alimosho local government area, Lagos, Nigeria. MASW data were acquired along the express road. The acquired dataset was processed and transformed into two-dimensional structure reflective of depth and surface wave velocity distribution within a depth of investigation using SurfSeis software. The MASW shear wave velocity data were compared to geophysical data that was acquired along the same profile. The comparison was also done with geotechnical data that had been acquired prior to the study some meters away from the study area. The correlation between N values to measured shear wave velocity using MASW was generated. The comparison illustrates the accuracy and consistency of MASW-derived shear wave velocity profiles. We concluded that (1) the low-velocity region that varies between 100 and 250 m/s at surface down to 4 m beneath the surface is characterized by loose/peat materials and may have been responsible for the road failure within the study area; this region depicts a very loose compaction area. (2) The MASW technique is a time–cost-effective tool for obtaining reliable shear wave velocity profiles, and (3) the MASW is particularly attractive in areas that cannot be readily assessed by other geophysical and geotechnical tools.     

Field compaction control studies on road bases in a new settlement area in Ghana

Summary Among the major causes for failure of roads in the tropics is inadequate compaction during construction. There is, therefore, the need to strictly control the compaction of the pavement layers if the design life of the road is to be attained; thereby eliminating large maintenance costs.This note reports on pavement compaction control studies undertaken on the road bases of service roads in a new settlement area in Ghana. These roads were to be provided with bituminous surfacing immediately after compaction. Studies concerning particle breakdown during field compaction by two contractors executing the works under the same conditions have been made, together with an assessment of contractor efficiency.It was found that the placement moisture contents varied greatly from the optimum. One contractor was compacting the gravels on the dry side of optimum, consequently achieving relatively high densities. The other contractor was compacting on the wet side and achieving lower density levels. This was still the case even after initial test sections were found to have been undercompacted.Compaction levels achieved in the crowns were generally found to be higher than those at the shoulders of the road test sections. The breakdown of coarse particles due to compaction was quite significant. There is therefore the need for highway material engineers to ensure that in addition to meeting the grading requirements, road base materials must adequately meet the requirements on weathering and mechanical strength properties.     

Worldwide distribution of polyclyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as one of the most important groups of organic environmental contaminants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity. PAHs have been monitored in urban road dust at various locations worldwide in about last three decades. Resuspension of road dust containing PAHs is an important route of human exposure to PAHs. This paper collates the available information on reported concentrations of PAHs in urban road dust at various worldwide locations classified as industrial, residential, traffic, city and commercial and other areas, reported sources of PAHs and related interpretations. The available information has been reviewed and documented country-wise. Variation in PAHs concentrations over various worldwide locations have been scrutinized, and interestingly, most of the reported average PAHs concentrations were found to be distributed within a very narrow range of values, implying only little variation in average PAH concentrations in spite of great distances between locations, climatic variation and differences in anthropogenic activities.     

软土路基“波浪型”不均匀沉降及其机制分析

在软土地基上修建道路,变形是控制道路质量和正常使用的主要因素。天津东疆港道路建立在经真空预压加固后的吹填土地基上,道路使用3 a后产生了严重的"波浪型"不均匀沉降,严重影响了车辆的行驶及人的生命安全。通过分析软土路基产生波浪变形的机制,提出了道路在建成后产生初始波浪变形,在车辆荷载作用下加剧了这种不均匀沉降的理念;建立了软土路基在波浪变形初值缺陷条件下的力学模型,通过力学分析与计算得出,在初始波浪变形条件下路基波谷受到比波峰大的车辆荷载;路基波峰与波谷处车辆动载大小的不同是加剧地基不均匀沉降变形的原因。提出利用土工格栅的加筋作用可减小不均匀沉降,通过有限元方法分析了该措施的加固效果。     

The stability of road cut cliff face along SH-121: a case study

Rockfall is one of the major concerns along highways, settlements and forests around the globe. Amboli road cut hill is one such region which is highly vulnerable and suffers from recurrent rockfall mostly in the rainy season, which blocks the State Highway 121 for considerable period of time. The steep and highly jointed slope along the road makes the zone prone to failure due to rainwater action. This road experiences heavy traffic throughout the year as it is the only road connecting Goa to Satara and Kolhapur via Sawantwadi in Maharashtra State, India. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to understand the stability of the cliff face. A combination of field study and 2D computer simulation was performed to assess surface characteristics of the cliff face. Bounce height, translational kinetic energy, translational velocity and factor of safety for saturated condition have been estimated. The result of this study shows that the rock face is highly unstable taking into consideration the environmental condition and daily traffic. Proper preventive measures have also been suggested to arrest the movement of falling rocks before reaching the roads or valleys. It is a belief that if proper care is taken, then further uncertain rockfall hazards can be prevented.