基于PSR模型的沿海城市海洋生态健康评价

为保护我国海洋生态环境,进而保障海洋强国建设,文章基于科学的海洋生态健康评价指标体系和评价方法,对2015年大连市等14个沿海城市的海洋生态健康进行总体评价、差异评价和聚类评价。研究结果表明:基于压力-状态-响应模型构建的海洋生态健康评价指标体系包括压力系统、状态系统和响应系统3个准则层和15个评价指标,涵盖海洋生态自身和人类活动的影响;层次分析法结合德尔菲法在发挥专家作用的基础上尽可能地避免主观偏见,主要内容包括构造判断矩阵、层次排序和一致性检验;从总体来看,14个沿海城市的人类活动对海洋生态健康的负面影响较大、正面影响适中,海洋生态健康状况较好;从差异来看,各沿海城市海洋生态健康状况差异较小,而对海洋生态的破坏差异较大;从聚类来看,各沿海城市均存在优势和不足。     

基于PSR模型的渤海海洋生态红线区管控评价研究

为客观评价我国海洋生态红线区管控效果,本文通过建立海洋生态红线区管控评价体系,运用PSR模型对渤海区域及三省一市(山东省、辽宁省、河北省和天津市)海洋生态红线区管控效果进行评价。结果表明渤海区域海洋生态红线区的管控情况总体上持续改善,压力层稳定性较差,状态层不断优化,响应层受政策影响较大。其中渤海区域压力层主要受山东省人口、工业影响,状态层的变化主要来自辽宁省丰富自然资源的作用,响应层的改变主要来自山东省对于生态安全做出的努力。最后根据各省市海洋生态环境现状从海洋保护区管控、海洋保护区限制开发等方面提出了管理建议。     

基于DPSIR模型的长岛地区可持续发展水平评价研究

在“坚持陆海统筹,加快建设海洋强国”的背景下,我国海岛开发利用方式向绿色、生态、可持续发展转变,长岛海洋生态文明综合试验区成为我国海洋生态文明建设和海岛高质量发展的前沿阵地。基于上述考虑,文章运用DPSIR模型,从驱动力、压力、状态、影响和响应5个方面构建长岛地区可持续发展水平评价指标体系,采用熵权法与层次分析法相结合...     

基于熵值-突变级数法的环渤海地区海洋生态环境承载力评价及障碍因子诊断

随着对海洋开发力度的不断加大,海洋生态环境问题日益突出,已成为中国海洋可持续发展的制约因素。作为衡量海洋可持续发展的主要手段之一,海洋生态环境承载力的定量化评价是必不可少的重要环节。针对海洋生态环境承载力的突变特性,基于熵值-突变级数法,从压力和承压两方面构建海洋生态环境承载力评价指标体系,结合障碍因子诊断模型,考量环渤海地区4个省市2006-2014年的海洋生态环境承载力的空间差异和时序特征,剖析影响承载力发展水平的主要障碍因子。研究表明:环渤海地区2006-2014年海洋生态环境承载能力整体较差,承载力水平呈下降趋势;2014年海洋生态环境承载强度分为两类,山东和天津为较弱承载力水平,河北和辽宁为弱承载力水平;生态弹性小、环境污染重、生态资源匮乏已成为制约环渤海海洋生态环境承载力发展水平的普遍问题。     

基于能值分析的江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展研究

随着海洋经济的迅速发展,开发利用海洋资源与保护生态环境之间的矛盾日益突出,因此,评估绿色海洋经济可持续发展的态势对促进海洋经济和生态环境的协调发展意义深远。本文以江苏省为研究区,利用能值分析理论和方法,将海洋经济系统内可更新资源、不可更新资源、货币流、废物流等各类要素,通过能值转换率转换为统一标准的太阳能值,采用海域能值-货币比率、人均海域能值使用量、能值可持续发展指数、绿色海洋生产总值(绿色GOP)等指标,测度了2011—2015年江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展水平,旨在推进海洋经济可持续发展研究方法的应用,为江苏省海洋经济系统的综合评价及可持续发展管理提供科学依据。研究表明:(1)2011—2015年,江苏省绿色GOP持续增长,占传统GOP的比重从74.8%升至77.8%,表明江苏省在海洋经济快速增长的过程中,没有忽视对海洋资源和生态环境的保护。(2)江苏省绿色海洋经济可持续发展处于不稳定的状态:2011年可持续发展指数为12.77,2012—2015年可持续发展指数在6.87～9.70之间波动,表明江苏省海洋经济系统从经济不发达以及对海洋资源的开发利用程度不足,逐步过渡到海洋经济富有活力,发展效益好,可持续性强。     

大连市海洋生态压力及海洋经济可持续发展分析

为了科学准确地分析近年来大连市海洋生态安全及海洋经济可持续发展动态,基于生态系统服务功能价值理论改进海岸带生态足迹模型,在此基础上提出海洋生态压力指数及海洋经济可持续发展指数模型。应用上述模型得出2003—2012年大连市海岸带生态系统人均生态容量从16.532提高到18.339、生态足迹从13.142提高到21.124、生态盈余/赤字从+3.390变为-2.785、海洋生态压力指数从-0.205提高到+0.152、海洋经济可持续发展指数从+0.258降到-0.132。由此得出结论:近十年来大连市海岸带生态恢复及环境保护工作取得进展,同时海洋生态安全形势不容乐观、海洋经济处于不可持续的发展状态。     

山东半岛近岸海域生态系统健康综合评价

为了构建基于多指标体系的生态系统健康评价方法,作者在调研了大量国内外文献的基础上,通过实证研究和量化分析,对山东半岛近岸海域生态系统健康的现状做出了较为客观的评价。在综合考虑影响海洋生态系统健康的各种因素的基础上,构建了山东半岛近岸海域生态系统健康评价指标体系,从陆源压力、水质状态和生物响应3个方面对山东半岛近岸海域生态系统健康和环境压力进行分析。结果显示:2006年山东半岛近岸海域生态健康状况基本呈现由外海到近岸逐渐变差的态势,其中生态健康状况较差的海域主要集中在莱州湾西南部、烟台北部海域、威海的沿岸海域以及山东半岛东南部海域。     

江苏海岸带生态环境脆弱性及其评价体系构建

海岸带对于人类社会和经济的发展至关重要,全球经济财富大部分产生于海岸区域,但海岸带由于受到多种作用力的交互影响,客观上存在各种灾害频繁、生态环境脆弱等问题.分析海岸带生态环境的脆弱性问题,构建海岸带生态环境脆弱性评价框架,对开展生态环境保护、自然资源的合理开发和促使海岸带环境经济协调发展具有重要科学意义.从海岸带自然发展状态和人类活动两方面分析了江苏省海岸带生态环境脆弱性的特点.由于江苏海岸带平缓及淤泥质特征,随着全球海平面上升,海岸带侵蚀加剧,潮滩淹没面积增大.人类活动对海岸带生态环境的影响更直接更明显,滩涂围垦和工农业生产带来的污染危害日益凸显,使江苏海岸带生态环境呈现出明显的脆弱性.针对江苏省海岸带生态环境的脆弱性,构建了"压力-状态-响应"评价模型,设定海岸带自然环境特点和人类活动两大因素作为压力指标,海岸带在承受此两方面压力下,其生物多样性、生态系统及潮滩等呈现相应的发展状态,针对这种发展状态,提出了应对措施,从而构建了该评价模型.运用层次分析法,从海岸带自然条件和人类经济活动两方面,共选取反映海岸带地质地貌、土壤植被、水文气象和海岸带区域经济社会发展状态的15个指标,初步建立了江苏海岸带生态环境脆弱性评估指标体系.结合江苏省海岸带生态环境脆弱性特点和脆弱性评估指标体系,提出了保护海岸带生态环境的建议:(1)建立海岸带综合管理体系;(2)加强自然保护区建设;(3)采用工程修复和生态修复海岸带生态环境;(4)加强海岸带污染物排放管制.     

基于PSR模型的渔业用岛生态状况评价——以菜坨子岛为例

菜坨子岛位于大连市长海县,为无居民海岛,功能定位为渔业用岛。依据无居民海岛生态系统的特点和渔业用岛功能定位,文章使用压力-状态-响应模型设置3层指标体系,对菜坨子岛生态状况进行评价。指标评价方法采用专家评价法及单因子环境质量指数法、综合评价指数法等计算各级权重值和指标值。基于2015年现场调查数据,采用层次分析法对压力-状态-响应模型进行计算,得出菜坨子岛年生态状况分值及评价结果。结果表明,菜坨子岛总体状态为“优”（分值为0.811 1）。此外,经过对评价指标进一步优化后,可将该评价方法推广到对其他渔业用无居民海岛的生态状况评价,为其开发和保护提供依据。     

天津市海洋生态压力和对策研究

天津市是我国北方最大的沿海开放城市,港口、盐业和渔业等海洋资源丰富,滨海湿地和滩涂生物多样性指数高,近岸海洋生态系统类型多样。在海洋强国建设和京津冀协同发展的影响下,天津市海洋经济快速发展,同时近岸海洋生态环境趋于恶化,海洋生态压力增大。海洋生态环境的改善有利于助推海洋经济的健康发展,文章以此为切入点,分析目前天津市海洋生态环境的特点和存在的问题,提出应采取围填海管控、污染联防联控和严守海洋生态保护红线等多种管理措施,以缓解海洋生态压力,促进天津市海洋经济的可持续发展。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.