不同倒角半径柱体绕流数值模拟及水动力特性分析

为研究倒角半径变化对柱体绕流水动力特性的影响,本文使用Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟对雷诺数Re=3 900下的6种不同倒角半径的三维柱体进行了研究。在模型验证基础上,分析了由方柱渐变到圆柱过程中后方流场速度的时均特性及瞬时涡脱落变化规律,给出了不同倒角半径下的升、阻力系数值及无量纲涡脱频率St数。分析结果表明:平均阻力系数随倒角半径的增加而降低,在倒角半径为0.2D时下降速率最大,相较方柱降幅达到50%;升力系数均方根在倒角半径为0.1D~0.2D时变化最显著,减小约93%; St数随倒角半径增加而增大,在倒角半径为0.4D时可达到最大值;回流区长度随倒角半径的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,其长度在倒角半径为0.2D时达到最大;尾涡宽度在倒角半径为0.0D最大,后随倒角半径增加逐渐下降,且当倒角半径大于0.2D以后变化不大。本文研究结果可为柱体绕流研究及相关工程应用提供参考。     

不同倒角半径四柱体绕流数值模拟及水动力特性分析

为研究四柱体布置情况下倒角半径变化对柱体绕流水动力特性的影响,使用Fluent软件,采用大涡模拟方法研究了在雷诺数Re=3 900下6种不同倒角半径的柱体在方形四柱体布置时的三维流场。在模型分析验证有效后,分析了柱体后方瞬时流场、水动力参数、时均流场的变化情况。分析结果表明:随着倒角半径的增大,上游柱体的平均阻力系数逐渐减小,下游柱体的平均阻力系数除了在R~+=0.1处增幅很大以外,其余均随倒角半径变大而平稳变大;各柱体的升力系数均方根变化趋势基本相同;R~+=0.1、0.5时,上下游两柱体的升力系数曲线相位相反,而在R~+=0.2、0.3和0.4时,上下游两柱体的升力系数曲线相位相同。     

并列双圆柱绕流的水动力特性研究

多柱体系统在石油开采逐渐向深海发展的过程中得到广泛的应用,由于波浪、流对多柱体的影响易导致其破坏。因此研究多柱体系统绕流具有重大价值。目前多不等直径多柱体绕流的研究还有待深入。本文利用Fluent模拟雷诺数Re=3 900,G/D为0.1~2.5,d/D为0.5、1.0情况下并列双圆柱的绕流过程,并根据模拟结果分析G/D和d/D的变化对大、小柱体涡脱落形态、升力系数Cl、阻力系数Cd和St值的影响。结果表明,随着G/D变化,涡脱落形态会呈现出不同的形式,绕流参数值也随之发生变化。当0G/D≤0.2时,柱后只有一个涡脱落,为单一涡脱落区,升、阻力系数值存在突变,St值小于单柱St值;当0.2G/D≤0.5~1.0时,柱后出现交替的偏斜流,为偏斜流区,升、阻力系数随着G/D的增大而减小,St值在两个极值之间变化;当0.5~1.0G/D≤2.5时,柱后有成对的涡旋,为双旋涡脱落区,升阻力系数值趋于稳定,St值稳定在0.2左右。偏斜流区与双旋涡脱落区之间的临界间距比G/D随着d/D的增大而增大;不等直径情况下,间隙流偏斜对大柱的影响小于对小柱的影响。     

不等直径串列双圆柱体绕流的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件模拟雷诺数为200时不同间距比G/D和直径比d/D情况下的圆柱绕流现象。根据模拟结果分析G/D和d/D对圆柱体的涡脱落形态,大、小柱体的升力,阻力系数和St数的影响,结果表明涡脱落形态随着G/D和d/D的变化呈现不同的形式,在G/D小于临界间距比时呈现单一涡脱落形态,在G/D大于临界间距比时,呈现双旋涡脱落形态;临界间距比随着d/D增大而增大。在临界间距比附近大、小柱体的升力和阻力系数值及St数变化较大,大、小柱体的St数具有相同的变化规律,St随着d/D的增大而减小。     

平板对下游方柱流体动力性能影响分析

基于有限体积法求解二维粘性不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,分别采用层流模型和Realizable k-ε模型研究Re=250和Re=104前置平板与下游方柱间的流动干扰现象,分析不同尺度的平板布置在不同位置时对下游方柱的绕流场及流体动力性能的影响。计算发现在方柱上游布置平板可以有效的控制方柱的绕流场,减小方柱的阻力系数和升力系数;随着平板尺度的增加,方柱的阻力系数、升力系数呈下降趋势;并且存在较好的平板布置区间,可以最大程度的降低方柱和平板的阻力系数及方柱的升力系数,从而达到良好的减振、降噪的效果。     

基于MPS方法模拟低雷诺数方柱绕流问题

柱体绕流问题是流体力学领域一个非常经典的问题。当流体流经柱体时,由于黏性的存在,会发生许多复杂的流动现象,如流动分离、涡旋周期性生成与脱落等,经常被作为标准验证算例。同时,柱体绕流广泛存在于实际工程中,并在一定工况下可能对工程产生巨大危害,因此对柱体绕流进行深入研究具有重要意义。研究中,拟将一种无网格类方法——半隐式移动粒子方法(moving particle semi-implicit method,简称MPS)引入到柱体绕流问题的数值研究中,并对不同雷诺数下二维方柱绕流问题进行数值模拟。首先,使用基于MPS方法自主开发的MLParticle-SJTU求解器,结合入口边界条件和出口边界条件,模拟了雷诺数Re分别为40、200和1 000时均匀来流条件下的方柱绕流。随后,将模拟的绕流结果与文献中试验和数值计算结果进行了对比,结果吻合较好,并且在雷诺数为200和1 000时,可以清晰地捕捉到方柱尾流中的卡门涡街现象,验证了MPS方法在柱体绕流问题模拟上的有效性和适用性。     

湍流场多柱体绕流形态和水动力特性研究

为研究间距比对多柱体在湍流场下的互扰效应影响,利用Fluent软件模拟了雷诺数为3 900,柱间距比L/D为1.6~6.0情况下正方形排列四圆柱绕流过程。通过模拟得到了不同间距比下的升、阻力系数值以及涡量图,利用快速傅里叶变换法得到了漩涡脱落频率。结果表明,当柱间距比L/D为1.6~2时,4个圆柱后都没有漩涡脱落,随间距比增加,上游圆柱平均升力系数增大,平均阻力系数减小,下游圆柱平均升、阻力系数减小,斯特鲁哈数增大;当L/D为2~3.5时,随间距比增大,下游圆柱后开始出现漩涡脱落,平均升、阻力系数减小,斯特鲁哈数增大;当L/D为3.5~6时,随间距比增大,四个圆柱后都发生漩涡脱落,上游圆柱平均升、阻力系数减小,下游圆柱平均升力系数减小,平均阻力系数增大,斯特鲁哈数不变。L/D3.5时互扰效应逐渐增强,L/D3.5时互扰效应逐渐减弱;考虑到工程安全性和经济性,本文研究成果对于海洋工程设计具有一定的参考价值。     

动波浪壁圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件Fluent开展了三维动波浪壁圆柱绕流的数值模拟,建立了三维运动波浪壁圆柱模型,通过C语言自编程序实现波浪壁面的运动控制,并保证壁面变形时网格的高质量。在来流速度u=0.125 m/s、雷诺数Re=12 500的情况下,开展了动波浪壁波动速度w=0、0.062 5、0.125、0.187 5 m/s四个工况的计算分析,并比较了不同波动速度对流场结构、升力、阻力特性的影响。结果表明:动波浪壁圆柱能有效抑制流动的分离,消除交替脱落的尾涡,从而消除周期振荡的升力;在消除卡门涡街的同时,圆柱后驻点处的涡量值随波动速度增加而增加,其原因在于波形移动加大了壁面流体的速度,从而减小了圆柱前后的压力差,减小了阻力;随着波动速度的增大,平均阻力系数呈明显下降趋势,当波动速度为来流速度的1.5倍时,平均阻力系数相对于光滑圆柱下降了53.76%。     

基于表面V形沟槽的圆柱减阻性能研究

为了研究沟槽圆柱在亚临界雷诺数下的阻力特性,采用数值模拟与水槽试验相结合的方法,对沟槽圆柱的减阻性能进行研究.开展三维流场数值模拟,确定最佳仿真模型参数,研究沟槽参数、雷诺数以及迎流角对减阻效果的影响,设计了一种减小端面绕流干扰的水槽试验,验证仿真结果.结果表明:在雷诺数为40000时,沟槽深度为0.0075D(D为圆...     

不同因素对人工岛波浪绕射影响研究

为研究人工岛尺度变化和波浪方向分布对人工岛绕射波浪的影响,基于MIKE21-BW模型应用数值方法模拟人工岛波浪绕射过程。数值结果与Briggs等的物理试验结果的对比表明两者吻合较好,验证了模型的适用性。在规则波条件时,圆形人工岛绕射波浪的数值结果与线性波浪绕射理论解基本一致;采用该模型分别模拟了6种尺度的圆形人工岛、单向不规则波和9种方向分布θ_(max)、4种谱峰周期条件时绕射波浪分布情况。分析结果表明,圆形人工岛绕射系数随着尺度的增加,掩护区绕射系数随之减小;θ_(max)在10°~45°范围内,随着θmax的增大,绕射系数随之增大,θ_(max)在45°~75°内绕射系数变化较小;随着谱峰周期的增加,绕射系数随之增大。研究成果既为相关规范的完善提供了基础,也为相关工程设计提供了参考。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.