中国海城地震与地壳上地幔异常结构

通过海城及其邻区深部地球物理方法的综合探测,不仅揭示了海城地震区的地壳上地幔结构存在若干引人注目的异常,而且还发现震源分布与这些异常的某些特殊部位密切相关.本文论述了震源与异常的关系,并对其进行了解释.     

青藏高原地区地壳—上地幔结构与巨厚地壳的形成

基于在青藏高原地区所进行的地壳与上地幔的爆炸地震探测资料;雅鲁藏布江以南和以北两条近东西向纵剖面(长约1000km左右),近南北向纵剖面(长约1200km左右),通过计算与分析,给出了青藏高原地区地壳与上地幔结构、速度分布的综合立体剖面图,发现地壳中存在著两个低速层,雅鲁藏布江是一条近于陡立的略向南倾的深大断裂带。地壳结构不论在纵向与横向都是不均匀的,最后探讨了大陆板块碰撞与巨厚地壳的形成。     

利用接收函数研究鄂尔多斯东缘地壳上地幔结构

       由1876个远震三分量P波地震图组成的数据集,取自布置于鄂尔多斯-太行山一线的宽频带流动台站。通过阵列反 卷积方法,得到地下界面响应的接收函数,并通过共转换点偏移叠加得到地下结构的图像。图像显示,从鄂尔多斯至渤海 湾盆地地壳厚度总体上逐渐变薄,Moho面总体呈小角度向西倾斜。鄂尔多斯块体中部地壳最厚,达到52 km,向东到鄂尔多 斯边缘,地壳厚度减小至43 km。太行山至渤海湾盆地地壳厚度从45 km减小至37 km。山西地堑下方Moho面上隆,和两边的 Moho面相比,抬升8~10 km,且其Moho面的上隆和新生代地堑的凹陷呈镜像关系。     

福建省地壳——上地幔结构及深部构造背景的研究

本文主要根据区域、深部物探资料成果,结合地质特征,综合论述了与福建省地壳—上地幔及深部构造背景有关的重要基础地质问题:本省地壳可分为上、中、下三层,内有七个速度层,壳—幔分为七个电性层,据此建立了地壳—上地幔综合柱状图及圈层结构综合模式;省内断裂分为岩石圈、地壳、基底、盖层四种类型,最重要的断裂有七条,总结出本省构造格架具有东西分带、南北分块的特征;深部构造从东到西地幔具有陡坡带—坳陷带—缓隆带及岩石圈顶面具有深凹陷—狭窄隆起带—隆起的分区特点;提出松溪—长汀、滨海两条古俯冲带,将本省及邻区划分为武夷、戴云、台湾三个古板块及四个相应大地构造单元;提出在同安—莆田—带深凹陷上存在印支期古俯冲事件残迹,并探索了与其有关的四个大型推覆构造、三个环状构造,以及东部火山岩区存在古裂堑构造等;将省内花岗岩类成因划分为 I、S 及过渡型,探讨了它与深部构造及与板块活动关系等;论述了深部构造与内生金属矿床分布的关系,总结出了控制本省矿床形成的七种基本要素,圈出了三条主要成矿远景带及17个远景区,为今后进一步开展地勘工作提供了依据。     

青藏高原及其邻区地壳上地幔S波速度结构

利用CDSN、IRIS、GEOSCOPE等台网33个数字台站及部分数字流动台的长周期面波资料,采用改进的Occam网格反演方法,在获得中国大陆及其邻近区域(5°~55°N,68°~150°E)1°×1°的7~184 s周期Rayleigh波群速度频散的基础上,进一步反演青藏高原及邻区(20°~40°N,75°~105°E)内每个经纬度节点介质的S波速度结构,获得了0~420 km深度地壳上地幔的三维速度分布.研究结果显示:青藏高原不但具有厚壳(60~70 km)和厚岩石圈(超过200 km),而且高原深部结构和速度分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征.     

新疆富蕴--库尔勒剖面地震层析图像与地壳上地幔的速度结构

利用在2002~2004年新疆天山地区富蕴—库尔勒布设的流动地震台,经过连续两年的观测所采集的数据,挑选远震P波到时数据,进行了地震层析反演处理,获得此剖面地震层析图像推断地壳上地幔的速度结构。反演结果表明,富蕴—库尔勒剖面上塔里木板块向北的推进相对于西部有所减弱,在西部表现强烈的造山作用,向东逐步减缓,在天山的底部不过100km上下。地震活动集中在此范围内。岩石圈物质移动方向发生变化部分向东推移,自然也降低了天山的隆升作用,从而造成天山西段和东段的差异。在本剖面范围内天山的Moho面结构复杂有重叠、斜插特征,深度最大在天山地区达80km,准噶尔盆地和本剖面范围内塔里木盆地北部Moho面深度为40~50km。     

中国海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征的研究

研究表明,海城地震区地壳与上地幔构造特征可以归纳为如下四点:1.震区所处的辽南地区,其地壳是由高速与低速相间的成层介质组成,地壳与上地幔结构不论纵向和横向都是不均匀的,且被深大断裂切割为若干块体;2.本区地壳按其界面分布特征可分为上层地壳、中层地壳和下层地壳;3.本区地壳介质在纵向及横向上均存在明显的不均一性;4.海城地震震源区位于耿庄——海城上地幔局部隆起东侧的中层地壳上部。     

青藏高原隆升对新疆天山山脉地壳-上地幔构造的影响

依据地震层析和接收函数的结果获得了天山山脉东段和西段的深部构造的速度图像,探讨了印度板块向北推进和青藏高原隆升对天山山脉造山作用的影响以及天山山脉不同地段的地壳上地幔构造的差异。克拉玛依—库车剖面上清楚地展示出,天山是由高速和低速的地体拼合而成。来自塔里木的高速体向北俯冲到天山达200km以下的深度,而来自准噶尔盆地的高速体则没有明显地向南推进,说明由南向北的推进是很强的,它是造成天山山脉继续隆升的主要动力,从而造就了天山山脉。天山山脉在Moho面以上的部分是中天山北缘断裂和中天山南缘断裂之间的低速体与两侧的高速体拼合成的,其南北宽度约350km,向深度延伸越过200km。塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地均为高速体的范围,天山山脉东段Moho面以上的地壳部分,南部高速体有向北推进和俯冲的特征,但不明显。夹在两盆地之间的天山主要为低速体,仅在乌鲁木齐和北天山山前断裂以南有残留的高速体,深度不超过30km,这表明天山是由速度不同的地质体挤压而拼合成的。天山延伸到乌鲁木齐以东,向深部的延伸仅仅100km上下。在富蕴—库尔勒剖面上,塔里木板块向北的推进相对于克拉玛依—库车剖面有所减弱。天山西段表现出强烈的造山作用,向东逐步减缓,到达天山的东段,虽然天山深部的构造活动仍然在继续进行,地震活动频繁,可是,活动区域集中在天山底部不过100km上下。说明山根的范围比西部减少了近一半。     

中国西部地壳上地幔速度和Qβ结构

从穿越中国西部地区所有双台大圆路径中,选出Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波记录比较清晰且焦散效应相对较弱的３条双台大圆路径,计算出双台间地震面波相速度频散,群速度频散和随周期变化的衰减因子,进而反演出３条路径下地壳下地幔的平均Ｓ波速度和Ｑβ结构,对应于兰州－高和径,在约７２ｋｍ深度的上是幔中开始出现低速和Ｑβ层,在深度为６ｋｍ－２０ｋｍ的地壳中,存在一低Ｑβ层,而在其下２０ｋｍ～３４ｋｍ深度的地壳中存在一高Ｑβ夹层,对应于成都－乌鲁木齐路径,在约８６ｋｍ深度的上地幔中开始出现低速Ｑβ层,在１２１ｋｍ深度开始出现明显的低Ｑβ层,在深度为１９ｋｍ～３４ｋｍ的地壳中,存在一显著的高Ｑβ层,对应于高台一拉萨路径,在约８４ｋｍ深度的上地幔中开始出现低速和低Ｑβ层,在１５ｋｍ～２９ｋｍ深度的地壳中,存在一高Ｑβ夹层。     

华南壳幔结构与动力学的宽频地震观测研究

了解华南各岩石圈块体壳幔结构和各向异性方面的差异是揭示华南深部构造演化的基础。本文利用布设于华南的两条宽频地震测线观测数据,采用多种地震学方法对华南的地壳上地幔结构和各向异性进行了研究。接收函数结果表明,华南地区地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度都较薄,地壳厚度自东南沿海向西北内陆增厚,扬子克拉通的泊松比(波速比)低于华夏块体,表明扬子克拉通地壳较华夏块体更偏长英质。约北纬29°以北的扬子克拉通地幔转换带厚度明显增厚,可能是由地幔转换带底部停滞的冷的古太平洋板片或中生代克拉通碰撞残留造成的。层析成像结果显示华南上地幔具有很强的横向差异性,上地幔中的强烈低速异常体可能对应了晚中生代发生广泛岩浆作用时的岩浆房和岩浆通道。台湾下方的上地幔存在南北横向差异明显的高速异常,分别对应台湾南部向东俯冲的欧亚板块及台湾北部向北俯冲的菲律宾海板块。俯冲的欧亚板块在台湾南部是连续的,而在台湾中北部,由于与菲律宾海板块的相互作用,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断。剪切波分裂结果显示,以江绍断裂为界,华夏块体与扬子克拉通的岩石圈地幔各向异性存在明显的横向变化,表明两者的构造演化过程有显著差异。     

The crust and upper mantle of the Sulu UHPM belt

All results from integrated geophysical investigations in the Sulu region are summarized in this paper, trying to reconstruct the Sulu UHPM processes. New seismic S-wave tomographic results suggest a velocity-abnormal zone occurs beneath the Sulu crust, revealing detailed upper mantle structures that high-velocity lumps within the abnormal zone are sequentially distributed beneath the bottom of the asthenosphere. These high-velocity lumps might represent delaminated eclogites or residuals of the subducted oceanic plate. Based on integrated interpretation of the geophysical data, we propose a working model for tectonic reconstruction of the Sulu UHPM processes, which can explain the crust and upper mantle structures of the area. The involved tectonic processes are related to north-eastward escaping of the Sulu terrane, subduction and delamination cycles of the Dabie-Sulu oceanic plate, and post-orogenic lithospheric thinning and magma underplating. The UHPM rocks are believed to have syn-subduction delaminated down to the bottom of the asthenosphere during 245-180 Ma, and the delamination process seemed smooth and nearly continuous without extensive violence.     

Accretionary nature of the crust of Central and East Java (Indonesia) revealed by local earthquake travel-time tomography

Reassessment of travel time data from an exceptionally dense, amphibious, temporary seismic network on- and offshore Central and Eastern Java (MERAMEX) confirms the accretionary nature of the crust in this segment of the Sunda subduction zone (109.5–111.5E). Traveltime data of P- and S-waves of 244 local earthquakes were tomographically inverted, following a staggered inversion approach. The resolution of the inversion was inspected by utilizing synthetic recovery tests and analyzing the model resolution matrix. The resulting images show a highly asymmetrical crustal structure. The images can be interpreted to show a continental fragment of presumably Gondwana origin in the coastal area (east of 110E), which has been accreted to the Sundaland margin. An interlaced anomaly of high seismic velocities indicating mafic material can be interpreted to be the mantle part of the continental fragment, or part of obducted oceanic lithosphere. Lower than average crustal velocities of the Java crust are likely to reflect ophiolitic and metamorphic rocks of a subduction melange.     

Velocity structure of the continental upper mantle: evidence from southern Africa

The velocity model for southern Africa of Qiu et al. [Qiu, X., Priestley, K., McKenzie, D., 1996. Average lithospheric structure of southern Africa. Geophys. J. Int. 127, 563–587] is revised so as to satisfy both the regional seismic waveform data and the fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocity data for the region. The revised S-wave model is similar to the original model of Qiu et al. except that the high velocity, upper mantle lid extends to 160 km depth in the revised model rather than to 120 km in the original model. Sensitivity tests of the regional seismic data show that the minimum velocity in the S-wave low velocity zone can be as high as 4.45 km s⁻¹ compared to 4.32 km s⁻¹ in the Qiu et al. model. The vertical S-wave travel time for the revised south African model is compared with the vertical S-wave travel times for the global tomographic models S12WM13 and S16B30, and they are found to be similar.     

Mafic dykes derived from Early Cretaceous depleted mantle beneath the Dabie orogenic belt: implications for changing lithosphere mantle beneath Eastern China

SHRIMP zircon U–Pb geochronological, elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic data from Early Cretaceous mafic dykes in North Dabie orogenic belt elucidate a change of Mesozoic lithospheric mantle in eastern China. The dykes are predominantly dolerite with the major mineral assemblage clinopyroxene + hornblende + plagioclase and yield a SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 111.6 ± 5.3 Ma. They have a narrow range of SiO₂ from 46.16% to 49.78%, and relative low concentrations of K₂O (1.07−2.62%), Na₂O (2.45−3.54%), Al₂O₃ (13.04−14.07%), and P₂O₅ (0.42−0.55%) but relatively high concentration of MgO (5.94–6.61%) with Mg^# 52–54. All the samples are characterized by enrichment of large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g., Ba, Th) and high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g., Nb, Ti). (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios from 0.704 to 0.705, ε_Nd values from 3.36 to 4.33 and mantle‐depletion Nd model ages (T_2DM) in the range 0.56–0.64 Ga indicate that the magma of the Baiyashan mafic dykes was derived from a young depleted mantle source. This finding is different from previous research on mafic dykes in the age range 120–138 Ma that revealed enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE, high initial Sr isotopic ratios and negative ε_Nd, value which represents an old enriched mantle source. Ours is the first report of the existence of Early Cretaceous depleted mantle in eastern China and it implies that changing of enriched mantle to depleted mantle occurred at ca. 112 Ma, associated with back‐arc extension which resulted from the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate towards the Asian Continent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath southern Finland revealed by analysis of local events registered by the SVEKALAPKO seismic array

In 1998–1999, a large-scale seismic array was deployed in Finland as a part of the EUROPROBE/SVEKALAPKO subproject, involving 14 European universities and research institutes. The objective of the project was to map the deep lithosphere structure and thickness beneath the Fennoscandian Shield by means of teleseismic events. In addition, about 580 local seismic events were registered during the data acquisition period. Among them, only eight local earthquakes were recorded, the rest being quarry blasts from mining sites in Russia, Finland, Estonia and Sweden. In this study, we present the analysis of the seismic wave field from the strongest local events registered by the majority of the stations of the SVEcofennian–KArelian–LAPland–KOla Transect (SVEKALAPKO) array with the aim of mapping the structure of the upper mantle beneath the array. For this purpose, we selected the events corresponding to a single source type and compared these recordings with those from wide-angle reflection and refraction experiments in the area to identify the regional phases. The record sections of selected events demonstrate strong reflections (PmP) from the Moho boundary. The refracted Pn phases can be seen as first arrivals at distances of about 200–400 km from the source. At offsets of about 400–800 km, phases reflected from inhomogeneities in the uppermost mantle (P1) and double reflections from the Moho boundary (PmPPmP) were recorded.Results from 2D forward ray trace modeling of reflected and refracted P-waves along four profile swathes from SVEKALAPKO stations demonstrate that the mantle reflections originate from two different groups of boundaries beneath the array: one group of phases arrive from subhorizontal and gently dipping reflectors below the Moho boundary at a depth of 70–90 km, while the other group are phases originating from a depth of 100 to 130 km. Based on the irregular character of the first group of reflections, their different spatial orientation and correlation with the Moho offsets, we interpret the boundaries of this group as relicts of ancient subduction and collision processes. The second group of reflections can be explained by a transition from mechanically strong to mechanically weak lithosphere.     

青藏高原东部壳幔速度结构和地幔变形场的研究

在青藏高原东部地球动力学问题中,笔者在文中主要考虑与地壳上地幔速度结构和地幔变形场有关的问题,它涉及当前流行的下地壳流动模型和壳-幔的耦合-解耦模型。在2000年完成的穿过川西高原和四川盆地的深地震测深剖面,揭示了川西高原的地壳结构具有地壳增厚(主要是下地壳增厚)、地壳平均速度低等特点,显示地壳的缩短与增厚的碰撞变形特征。根据川西高原上设置各爆炸点的记录截面图共同呈现PmP(莫霍界面反射波)弱能量的特点,推断在川西高原的下地壳介质具有强衰减(Qp=100～300)的性质,支持存在下地壳流动的模型。青藏高原东部和川滇西部地区的上地幔各向异性(SKS波快波偏振方向和快慢波延迟时间)的初步结果表明,这两个地区的壳-幔变形特征是不同的,尽管它们在地理位置上属于同一个板块碰撞带。在青藏高原内部的壳幔变形属于垂直连贯变形,它以缩短为主,而高原外部的地壳(或岩石圈)则相对于其下方地幔运动。在高原内部和外部之间存在一个重要的地幔变形过渡带。然而,高原内部的垂直连贯变形与高原内部存在大范围下地壳流动的模型不一致。笔者在该地区开展了近两年的宽频带流动地震观测,试图从地震记录中确定过渡带的位置和探讨它的流变性质。文中扼要回顾已经取得的结果,并介绍正在进行的研究。     

The earthquake foci and deep structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle along the southern Sakhalin-Sea of Okhotsk-Kamchatka profile

The Kuril-Kamchatka seismofocal zone was thought to be a single plate approximately 90 km wide and dipping to a depth of 700 km at an angle of 40°–45°. This concept reflects primarily the physical differences (elastic wave velocities, density, temperature, etc.) between the seismofocal zone and the mantle hosting it. Detailed investigations show that the seismofocal zone proper is also heterogeneous with earthquake hypocenters variably concentrated and clustered within this zone, where both seismogenic and aseismic strata, as well as subvertical zones, can be identified. The latter are reflected in the structure and faults of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle.     

北山构造带南部上地壳二维初至波层析成像

花海盆地—北山构造带南部位于青藏高原东北缘以北地区,是特提斯洋和古亚洲洋两大构造域的交接部位,自新元古代晚期以来经历了多期次、多阶段的板块裂解-俯冲-碰撞-拼合的演化历史,尤其是中生代以来的逆冲推覆和走滑作用,以及受新生代以来印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应影响,导致青藏高原东北缘的向北扩展,形成了现今复杂的地质地貌结构。其地壳结构记录了多期构造作用的叠加,上地壳结构更是促进我们理解青藏高原东北缘向外的扩展机制及其对周缘块体的改造作用的天然记录本。本文利用2018年中国地质科学院在北山构造带南部完成的180 km深反射地震剖面的初至波(Pg震相)数据,通过层析成像反演方法,获得了花海盆地—北山构造带4 km深度范围内的上地壳P波速度结构。其主要特征为:花海盆地、总口子盆地和扎格高脑盆地均表现为较低的速度和较小的垂向速度梯度;研究区内的晚古生代花岗岩体具有明显的高速异常和较大的垂向速度梯度特征;左行走滑的阿尔金断裂带在花海盆地内表现为向北倾的高角度走滑性质,深度至少切穿花海盆地基底;北山南缘断裂带的推测隐伏区呈现速度等值线下凹的低速异常特征。同时,反演揭示的多处低速异常区指示了北山构造带南部的多处断层发育情况。