中肋骨条藻和赫氏圆石藻生长过程中低分子量有机酸的产生动力学及其影响因素

本文首次选取海洋中具有代表性的中肋骨条藻和赫氏圆石藻,考察它们生长过程中产生的低分子量有机酸(LMWOAs)的变化情况,探究藻类生命活动对海水中LMWOAs的影响。结果显示,两种藻类在生长过程中均能向培养液释放乳酸、乙酸和甲酸,且灭菌生长条件下更有利于中肋骨条藻和赫氏圆石藻培养液中LMWOAs的积累。中肋骨条藻在生长过程中,能够积累乳酸和乙酸,而赫氏圆石藻在生长过程能够积累乙酸和甲酸。两种藻的细胞密度与培养液中pH值均和培养液总LMWOAs浓度呈显著正相关。这两种藻均能向海水释放LMWOAs,是海水LMWOAs的来源。在指数生长阶段,这两种藻释放的LMWOAs在海水中的积累对海水pH值影响显著。     

冬季海南省东北部河流及近岸海区有机碳的分布特征

2006年12月在海南省东北部河流万泉河和文昌河以及周边的红树林和珊瑚礁体系采集水样,测定其溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量.结果表明,万泉河水体中DOC和POC的平均浓度分别为139.3和39.7μmol·L-1;文昌河水体中DOC和POC的平均浓度则为133.0和47.4μmol·L-1,其周边红树林水体DOC和POC的平均浓度分别为214.1和27.9μmol·L-1;珊瑚礁周边水体DOC和POC的平均浓度分别为66.3和22.41μmol·L-1.文昌河周边的养殖活动及红树林水体对该河流中的高DOC和POC可能有显著贡献,且文昌河POC%与TSM浓度均呈显著负相关(R2=0.71,n=9).万泉河、文昌河和珊瑚礁周边水体POC/Chl a的比值分别介于72-312、43-196、122.5-334.估算浮游植物对万泉河、文昌河和珊瑚礁周边水体POC的贡献量分别为34%、45%、38%.     

不同氮磷比及铁浓度对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐生产的影响

本文通过实验室培养研究了不同氮磷比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)以及铁浓度(10、100、1 000nmol·L-1)对球形棕囊藻二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)产生的影响。富磷浓度(36.12μmol·L-1)条件下的球形棕囊藻DMS和DMSP的产量明显高于贫磷浓度条件下(0.361 2μmol·L-1)的DMS和DMSP的产量,N/P比为50∶1时球形棕囊藻的DMS和DMSP产量明显高于其他N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1)的DMS和DMSP产量,但N/P比为50∶1时单位Chl-aDMS/DMSP产量在4个N/P比(0∶1、5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)中却最低。贫磷培养液的DMSPd在N/P比为0∶1时峰值显著高于其它N/P比(5∶1、20∶1、50∶1)条件下的DMSPd,并且N/P比为50∶1时DMS的释放量最大。低Fe3+浓度有助于球形棕囊藻藻液中DMSPd的形成,Fe3+浓度为1 000nmol·L-1时单位Chl-a的DMSPp产量最小,而单位Chl-a的DMS生产能力在Fe3+浓度为100nmol·L-1时得到加强。     

春季北黄海表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸的分布与组成研究

于2007年4月用高效液相色谱法分析北黄海42个站位表层海水中溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)浓度的分布特征及组成。本次调查还分析了Chl a的浓度分布以及DFAA与Chl a之间的关系。结果表明:北黄海表层海水中DFAA浓度的变化范围为0.19～1.15μmol·L~(-1),平均浓度为(0.52±0.24)μmol·L~(-1);Chl a的浓度变化范围为0.24～4.76μg·L~(-1),平均值为(1.02±0.81)μg·L~(-1)。总体看来含量最多的个体氨基酸分别为丝氨酸、天门冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸,它们占DFAA含量的70.7%;而在高Chl a浓度与低Chl a浓度站位间DFAA的组成存在较大差异。本次调查发现DFAA与Chl a浓度间存在一定的相关性(R=0.344,n=42,P0.05)。     

南极半岛近岸海域生物化学要素分布特征及影响因素

基于中国第30次南极科学考察在南极半岛(60°~63°S)近岸海域获取的调查资料,分析了该海域生物化学要素中溶解有机碳(DOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)分布特征并讨论地形和水团对其的影响。结果表明:2014年夏季南极半岛近岸海域水体DOC浓度变化范围为40.5~78.1μmol/L,平均浓度为66.3μmol/L;TN浓度变化范围为4.2~29.5μmol/L,平均浓度为14.9μmol/L;TP浓度变化范围为0.8~2.9μmol/L,平均浓度为2.0μmol/L。表层DOC呈现研究海域西北部D1断面和东南部D5断面浓度较高,中部DOC浓度较低;表层TN与TP浓度高值区出现在研究海域西部D1断面北部以及南部,中部和东部浓度较低;DOC,TN和TP浓度的垂直分布与海底地形和水团交汇密切相关,水团运动受阻于地形致使生物化学要素在垂直方向再分布。DOC,TN和TP空间分布反映了南极半岛近岸海域生物化学要素复杂的流通,将为合理开发和利用南极资源及环境影响评价提供科学依据。     

秋季东海二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐浓度分布及降解速率研究

于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。     

海洋溶解有机碳——从采样到分析

详细探讨了溶解有机碳(DOC)样品的采集与分析过程中的条件,以期发展DOC从采样到分析较为标准化(Robust)的方法步骤.影响DOC分析结果的关键有:采样过程中的样品瓶、垫片、滤膜、滤芯的选择及预处理,重力过滤,洁净台操作以及样品分析过程中仪器空白的确定.2001年5月和2002年11月两个航次在南海北部陆架上同一站位得到的DOC数据结果显示,夏季表层DOC浓度比冬季高10μmol/L,随深度增加DOC快速下降,50 m以下DOC下降较为缓慢,冬、夏两季DOC分布特征基本相同.同一水样用不同方法(GF/F过滤采样方法与走航式滤芯过滤采样方法)所得到的DOC浓度的几次比对结果如下:盐度1.14,走航采样方法为(493±14)μmol/L(n=3),GF/F方法为(478±7)μmol/L(n=3);盐度20,走航采样方法为(112±2)μmol/L(n=3),GF/F方法为(123±2.6)μmol/L(n=3);盐度33.9,走航采样方法为(102±0.7)μmol/L(n=3),GF/F方法为(93±1.5)μmol/L(n=3).结果表明,不论是在高盐度还是低盐度区域,两种方法结果基本相符,走航式采样过滤、方法可以应用于河口DOC的研究.     

基于CDOM吸收系数的长江口DOC浓度反演模型的优化

卫星遥感的边缘海溶解有机碳(DOC)的时空分布对于厘清区域和全球碳循环具有重要意义。有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收系数[a_g(λ)]被广泛应用于构建边缘海DOC的卫星反演模型。不同的研究选择不同波长的a_g(λ),而不同波长的选择是否影响DOC反演结果的准确度却未见报导。针对此问题,本文以长江口为例,以2017年冬季、春季和夏季的调查数据为基础,探讨如何选择合适波长的a_g(λ)用于优化边缘海DOC的反演模型。首先,通过分析不同波长的a_g(λ)和DOC的相关性显示,当波长在250～385 nm时,a_g(λ)和DOC浓度呈现良好的线性关系(r~(2 )=0.67±0.01),DOC的均方根误差(RMSE=(25.1±0.5)μmol·L~(-1))也较小;随着波长的增大,两者之间的相关性急剧减弱,对应的RMSE也急剧增大。因此,DOC的反演宜选择波长小于385 nm的a_g(λ)。其次,通过分析a_g(λ)随波长的对数衰减关系显示,紫外波段的衰减速度通常要快于可见光波段。当以可见光波段的数据来拟合建立a_g(λ)随波长的对数衰减公式时,该公式可延伸用于估计波长大于380 nm的a_g(λ),其产生的误差通常在±5%以内;而对于波长小于380 nm的a_g(λ)则往往产生较大低估,且低估程度随波长减小而增大。因此,对于目前的水色卫星(未包含紫外波段),当使用可见光波段的遥感反射率[R_(rs)(λ)]通过GSM、QAA等模型进行反演时,对于波长大于380 nm的a_g(λ)的反演结果的置信度较高。综合上述分析,选择波长380～385 nm的a_g(λ)来构建长江口DOC的反演模型有利于降低反演结果的系统误差。长江口作为全球边缘海的典型代表,本研究的结果对于优化全球边缘海的DOC反演模型具有重要的指示意义。     

胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水中N_2O和CH_4的分布及海气交换通量

分别于2006年8月,12月和2007年4月,10月采集胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水样品,对氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并设置1个连续站进行24 h连续观测.结果表明:大气中N2O春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(3.17±0.03)×10-7,(3.24±0.15)×10-7,(3.19±0.02)×10-7和(3.08±0.25)×10-7;大气中CH4春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(1.89±0.04)×10-6,(1.79±0.04)×10-6,(2.09±0.21)×10-6和(2.01±0.09)×10-6.胶州湾表、底层海水中N2O和CH4的浓度和饱和度表现出明显的季节变化,其中N2O浓度和饱和度冬季最高,春、秋季次之,夏季最低;CH4浓度和饱和度夏季最高,冬季最低.利用Liss and Merlivat(1986)公式和Wanninkhof(1992)公式估算出胶州湾海域N2O的年平均海-气交换通量分别为(11.16±14.15)和(22.42±27.56)μmol m-2·d-1;CH4分别为(7.75±6.19)和(17.76±14.84)μmol m-2·d-1.胶州湾大部分海域表层海水中N2O和CH4呈过饱和状态,是大气中N2O和CH4的净源.     

2019年夏季长江口及邻近海域锋面控制下叶绿素a的分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

长江口外潮汐混合和低盐度羽流形成的泥沙锋和羽状锋对浮游植物与环境因子的空间分布具有重要控制作用。本研究依据2019年夏季长江口及邻近海域典型断面叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度和环境因子的调查结果,以锋面为边界,探讨了不同区域Chl-a浓度与环境因子的分布特征及相互关系,以期深入了解锋面的生态效应。结果表明,在泥沙锋以内的近岸区域,水体垂直混合均匀;受长江径流输入和泥沙锋"屏障"作用影响,总悬浮物(TSM)和营养盐浓度最高,其中TSM为220.0±275.3 mg/L,溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)和溶解硅酸盐(DSi)分别可以达到94.7±21.2μmol/L、0.85±0.33μmol/L和95.3±22.6μmol/L;高浓度TSM引起显著的光限制效应,导致Chl-a浓度较低(1.7±0.5μg/L)。在羽状锋以外的区域,出现垂直层化现象;表层海水的TSM和营养盐显著降低,其中TSM为5.1 mg/L,DIN、DIP和DSi分别为1.0μmol/L、0.03μmol/L和2.4μmol/L;Chl-a浓度受到营养盐供应不足的影响,浓度仅为0.2μg/L。高浓度的Chl-a (7.5±4.1μg/L)主要出现在泥沙锋和羽状锋之间的过渡区域,该区域营养盐得到长江径流与上升流的补充;同时,由于大量TSM在泥沙锋快速沉降,缓解了水体的光限制效应,有利于浮游植物的生长和积累。研究结果验证了泥沙锋和羽状锋对TSM与营养盐的重要控制作用,这对于理解长江口及邻近海域藻类灾害高发区的成因具有科学参考价值。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.