胶东—鲁南榴辉岩带的岩石学矿物学地球化学及其成因研究

本文报道了笔者对分布于山东荣成、文登、威海、青岛、胶南、诸城、日照和莒南等地的榴辉岩所作的岩石学矿物学和地球化学研究。确定了这一巨型榴辉岩带是由两条相互重合的榴辉岩带所构成;一条为高温高压成因的A—B类榴辉岩带;另一条为低温高压成因的C类榴辉岩带。它们形成于早元古代早期华南陆块向华北陆块的俯冲,并经受了早元古代角闪岩相变质作用的迭加。早元古代早期华北陆块发生向南运动的大陆推覆体构造,使两种不同成因类型的榴辉岩带在空间上重迭。最后推测这一榴辉岩带的分布代表着我国东部华北陆块与华南陆块的分界界限。     

青岛C类榴辉岩的岩石学矿物学及其地质意义

本文利用X荧光光谱定量分析、电子探针分析和X衍射分析对青岛C类榴辉岩作了岩石学、岩石化学和矿物化学研究,计算了青岛C类榴辉岩的成岩温度、压力条件及古地温梯度,最后提出了其成因是早元古代早期华南陆块向华北陆块俯冲时,大洋碱性橄榄玄武岩在低温高压环境发生变质作用形成C类榴辉岩和蓝闪石片岩。早元古代的变质作用使C类榴辉岩平衡温度升高,蓝闪石片岩消失。     

榴辉岩套的类型及其地质意义

根据全球榴辉岩的分布、相关岩石组合、成岩物理化学条件和区域构造特征,将榴辉岩套分为两种类型:1)高温榴辉岩套(H型),形成于陆—陆碰撞造山带下部的高温超高压环境,是陆壳俯冲—推覆构造作用的标志;2)低温榴辉岩套(L型),形成于洋—陆碰撞带下部的低温高压环境,是洋壳俯冲—推覆构造作用的标志。     

胶东—苏北构造带特征及动力学演化

提出胶东—苏北构造带以广泛出露榴辉岩和超基性岩、普遍发育韧性剪切带和糜棱岩带为特征,具混杂岩特点。它经历了早元古代大陆推覆构造事件(2000～2400Ma)、早元古代末低角闪岩相变质热事件(1800～2000Ma)和元古代末大陆推覆构造事件(6O0～800Ma)。该构造带是华北陆块与华南陆块之间的过渡带。     

青岛榴辉岩相变质古洋壳的特征及其成因

利用电子探针等方法研究了青岛榴辉岩相变质古洋壳(蛇纹岩、C类榴辉岩和基性糜棱岩)的岩石学和地球化学特征。确定了它们为华南陆块与华北陆块拼合前的古洋壳,当其俯冲于华北陆块之下时在深部发生碱质交代及低温高压变质作用(C类榴辉岩相)。     

地中海西部阿尔沃兰拉张盆地裸露海底中的减压及高温-低压变质作用

地中海西部的盆地均是晚渐新世(27Ma)的以来拉张生成的．其中之一的阿尔沃兰海盆位于地中海的最西面，在欧一非碰撞带的最窄处，第三纪时期会聚俯冲了约300km。现出露于西班牙南部陆区的早第三纪碰撞造山带的残留部分包含有快速剥露的高压变质岩，其中有榴辉岩，蓝闪石片岩及麻粒岩相岩石（它们与有高温高压史的大块的地慢二辉橄榄岩共生）．阿尔沃兰海盆是于早、中中新世时期在该碰撞造山带处拉张形成的，其四周环绕着同期活动的逆冲带（外Behc－R河弧）．没有什么直接的迹象表明该地区在第三纪的任何时期存在着大洋岩石围，因此该盆地的…     

鲁苏榴辉岩套的特征及其动力学演化

鲁苏榴辉岩套以广泛分布各类榴辉岩、密切伴生石榴石橄榄岩、石榴石麻粒岩等高压岩石组合 ,普遍发育韧性变形带 ,大量出露燕山晚期碱性花岗岩及深源脉岩为特征。它已经历三迭纪早期华南陆块与华北陆块的碰撞事件、大陆逆掩推覆构造事件及后期白垩纪早期开始的大陆伸展构造事件 ,是我国华南陆块与华北陆块之间的重要过渡单元。     

鲁南榴辉岩的Sm—Nd等时年龄及其构造意义

讨论山东诸城胶南混杂岩系中的榴辉岩属地壳角闪岩相变质成因,其Sm—Nd等时年龄为222±6Ma,~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd初始比值为0.51136±0.00003,θ(T) 为-19.4±0.5,代表了早三叠世华南陆块与华北陆块碰撞拼合,并发生高压变质作用。后期的陆壳推覆及伸展构造使深部榴辉岩上升侵位于胶南混杂岩系中。     

辽西地区太古宙—古元古代岩石组合及其研究进展

辽西地区是华北克拉通东部陆块的一部分,大面积出露了太古宙—古元古代的古老岩石,是研究华北地壳早前寒武纪演化的重点地区之一。辽西地区太古宙岩石组合以TTG质和花岗质变质深成岩为主,少量变质表壳岩以包体或构造残片形式赋存在变深成岩中;古元古代(2.5~1.6 Ga)岩石组合包括长城系裂谷沉积岩和碱性侵入杂岩。最新的区调成果以及地质—地化数据表明,辽西地区记录的太古宙岩浆—变质事件主要集中在约2.55~2.50 Ga之间,其形成与洋壳俯冲有关;该区缺乏约2.50~1.85 Ga构造—热事件的记录,约1.72~1.70 Ga是该区另外一期强烈的岩浆活动,其形成与华北东、西部陆块最终碰撞(约1.85 Ga)之后的构造伸展有关。     

南黄海千里岩岛榴辉岩的矿物化学及成因探讨

南黄海千里岩岛地处中国华南板块与华北板块缝合线位置,其基底由强烈韧性变形的构造片麻岩组成,并出露具重要大地构造标型意义的超高压榴辉岩类岩石。本文通过对南黄海千里岩岛榴辉岩中主要造岩矿物石榴石的矿物化学研究,探讨了榴辉岩的成因。研究表明,千里岩地区高压变质岩是由于华北与华南两大陆块拼合时,处于其间的岛弧拉斑玄武岩沿碰撞带下插到华北陆块之下,从而使千里岩地区发生高压变质作用,形成了榴辉岩和片麻岩等,后期的构造折返使其上升到地壳上部。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.