利用GPS测定地方坐标系转换的四参数法

全球定位系统(GPS)卫星星历是以WGS84大地坐标系为根据而建立的,我们平时使用的是经过WGS84坐标系统转化的1954北京坐标,在实际工程测量中我们又经常用到地方独立坐标系,因此有必要求出1954北京坐标系与地方坐标系之间参数。本文介绍的就是我们在实际工作中求解该参数的方法。     

从地方坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的转换方法

探讨了我国原有地方坐标系与CGCS2000坐标系的定义差别,在我国相关学者研究成果的基础上,设计一种基于布尔莎七参数转换模型的坐标系统转换方法,可以实现除高等级大地控制点之外的各种地理信息数据从原有地方坐标到CGCS2000坐标的快速转换。     

海籍调查采用的坐标系统探讨

海籍调查是海域使用论证工作中的重要内容之一,宗海位置图及其界址点坐标成果是海域权属的重要参考。《海籍调查规范》中规定采用WGS-84坐标系,这与我国测绘主管部门规定使用的CGCS2000坐标系不同。文章介绍了这两种坐标系的区别,给出了建设性的意见,可为海域使用论证及相关管理提供参考。     

GNSS速度测量若干数学模型研究

为解决GNSS伪距变率双差测速和高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系中的速度投影计算问题,以大地坐标速度为未知数,推导GNSS伪距变率双差测速解法,基于高斯投影、墨卡托投影公式,推导其速度投影算法。建立了以大地坐标速度为未知数的GNSS伪距变率双差测速数学模型,建立了高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影计算方法,给出了应用试验和算例。结果表明,GNSS伪距变率双差测速大地坐标分量精度达到毫米/秒级,高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影算法正确。提出的GNSS伪距变率双差测速解法具有重要的应用价值。提出的高斯投影、墨卡托投影坐标系速度投影数学模型,可以满足低、中、高速应用需要。     

循环荷载下饱和粉土地基单桩水平承载特性试验研究

在饱和粉土地基中进行了单桩水平静力和循环加载室内模型试验,实测得到静载和循环荷载下桩身弯矩与深度的关系、桩身最大弯矩与循环次数之间的关系等,推导出静载和循环荷载下粉土的p-y曲线,并结合API规范给出了针对粉土地基的相关参数。单桩循环加载试验结果表明,在一定深度内随着循环次数增大,粉土极限抗力显著减小,文中给出了不同循环次数和深度下粉土地基极限抗力的折减系数建议值。     

潮滩海域边界适应网格潮流数值模型

在河口潮滩海域水动力学问题的计算中,为了模拟复杂的地形和岸形,最好采用边界适应坐标和小空间步长的高分辨率计算网格。由此带来的问题是,在非正交的边界适应坐标系中,如果继续采用直角坐标系中的速度分量做为求解未知量,不但给方程组的隐式求解带来困难,而且使潮滩上海水漫滩的干湿格点判断准则变得十分繁琐。本文导出了任意曲线坐标系下普遍适用的速度逆变张量和水位所满足的动力学方程组,从而实现了非正交曲线坐标系下交替方向隐式差分格式,使得在高分辨率的边界适应网格中,仍可采用大时间步长进行计算。速度逆变张量方程的导出同时给潮滩上动边界的实现带来了方便。文中通过数值试验,针对模型的稳定性和精确性与以往显式的适应性网格模型做了详尽的比较研究,从而证实该模型是一种研究河口潮滩动力学问题精确而高效的数值计算模型。     

水平循环荷载作用下桩基p-y曲线模型研究进展

p-y 曲线法常用于水平静力受荷桩的分析,但海洋工程中的桩基除静力外还承受波、流等循环荷载作用,将静力 p-y曲线直接用于循环荷载下桩基的设计研究时,往往会产生误差。本文梳理了水平循环荷载作用下 p-y 曲线模型的研究成果, 按照得到循环 p-y 曲线的不同方式,将其分为总体调整法和参数修正法。在参数修正法中,根据修正时考虑的因素不同,分为考虑荷载特性的修正和考虑桩土相互作用的修正。最后通过对循环荷载作用下 p-y 曲线研究现状的总结对比,评价了不同方法的特点,讨论了当前研究存在的问题并给出了建议。     

运动坐标系下的海浪数值模拟

以运动坐标系中的海浪谱为靶谱应用静止坐标系中随机波面的模拟方法─—线性叠加法和线性过滤法模拟匀速运动坐标系中的随机波面,给出了两种方法的原理及模拟手续。通过模拟实验发现,在高速运动的坐标系中线性叠加法优于线性过滤法,在低速情形,线性过滤法好于线性叠加法,并在模拟技术上给出了各参数的选取方法。     

从1980西安坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的坐标变换

对1980西安坐标系和2000国家大地坐标系的转换关系,给出了应用CASIOfx-4800P计算器由平面直角坐标反解地理坐标的计算程序。应用这项程序,实现了从1980西安坐标系到2000国家大地坐标系的坐标变换。根据计算结果及其在1∶2.5万地形图上的图解精度,1∶2.5万~1∶50万地形图上同名点的坐标差异很小,都在图解精度0.2mm以内,所以地图改版时只需改变坐标系的名称即可。     

运动坐标系下海浪数值模拟

以运动坐标系中的海浪谱为靶谱应用静止坐标系中随机波面的模拟方法－－线性叠架法和线性过滤法模拟均速运动坐标系听随机波面,给出了两种方法的原理及模拟手续。通过模拟实验发现,在高速运动的坐标系中线性叠架法优于线生过滤法,在低速情形,线性过滤法好于线性叠加法,并在模拟技术上给出了各参数的选取方法。     

极坐标变换变边界模型及其应用

Ｊｏｈｎｓ变边界模型用于海湾海域风暴潮漫滩计算是，由于岸界变曲较大，而影响了计算的稳定性和精度，本文针对这个问题，导出了极坐标下的连续移动边界模型，从而改善了对岸界弯曲较大海域的风暴潮漫滩计算，通过对１９６９年黄河口沿岸一带水域风暴潮漫滩的模拟，证明这种极坐标变边界模型用于海湾海域的风暴潮漫滩计算，优于Ｊｏｈｎｓ变边界模型。     

A numerical model for wave propagation in curvilinear coordinates

Using the perturbation method, a time dependent parabolic equation is developed based on the elliptic mild slope equation with dissipation term. With the time dependent parabolic equation employed as the governing equation, a numerical model for wave propagation including dissipation term in water of slowly varying topography is presented in curvilinear coordinates. In the model, the self-adaptive grid generation method is employed to generate a boundary-fitted and varying spacing mesh. The numerical tests show that the effects of dissipation term should be taken into account if the distance of wave propagation is large, and that the outgoing boundary conditions can be treated more effectively by introduction of the dissipation term into the numerical model. The numerical model is able to give good results of simulating wave propagation for waters of complicatedly boundaries and effectively predict physical processes of wave propagation. Moreover, the errors of the analytical solution deduced by Kirby et al. (1994) [Kirby, J.T., Dalrymple, R.A., Kabu, H., 1994. Parabolic approximation for water waves in conformal coordinate systems. Coastal Engineering 23, 185–213.] from the small-angle parabolic approximation of the mild-slope equation for the case of waves between diverging breakwaters in a polar coordinate system are corrected.     

Parabolic Wave Propagation Modelling in Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

This paper presents a numerical model study of the propagation of water waves using the parabolic approximation of the mild-slope equation in the orthogonal coordinate system. Two types of coordinate systems are studied: (a) a general form of orthogonal coordinate system and (b) the conformal system, a special form of orthogonal coordinate system. Two typical examples, namely, expanded breakwaters and a circular channel, are studied to validate the model. First, the examples are studied by use of the general orthogonal coordinates. Then the same examples are computed by use of the confonnal system. The computational results show that the confonnal coordinate system generally gives better predictions than the general orthogonal system. A numerical technique for generating the conformal grid is combined with the numerical model to improve the practicability of the model. The comparison between the result from the numerical grid system and that from the analytical grid system shows that reliable computational results can be obtained by use of the numerical confonnal grid system.     

河口海岸三维双σ坐标斜压水流数值模型研究

在海底地形陡变、垂向密度分层明显的水域,三维σ坐标模式中会出现一种"伪"水平斜压梯度力,并会引起"伪"密度流,以至于影响模拟的精度。垂向上引入双σ坐标变换,建立河口海岸水域三维斜压水流数值模型。数值试验结果表明,在海底地形陡变水域,双σ坐标模式可以减小水平斜压梯度力处理引起的误差。     

多波束数据处理中的UTM直角坐标与经纬度坐标转换技术

简要介绍了地图投影的一般概念,重点描述了UTM的优点及其与大地坐标之间的相互转换,该转换方法软件化后形成的技术可以为多波束数据后处理商业软件提供坐标转换的补丁技术。最后附上部分经实际检验的Fortran程序供参考。     

空间直角坐标系统转换的抗差算法研究

为了解决空间直角坐标系间相互转换时,由于公共点的坐标精度差直接导致坐标转换精度差的问题.探讨利用抗差估计理论解决公共点坐标粗差的影响,结合具体的坐标转换算例,分别采用Tukey、IGG1及IGG3三种权函数进行迭代计算,完成坐标转换.结果表明,抗差估计原理用于空间直角坐标系间的相互转换,可以降低公共点粗差的影响,提高坐...     

Comments on the “shear effect” and diffusion in the Lagrangian framework

We indentify three different types of Lagrangian coordinate systems that are used in oceanography. These are: true Lagrangian coordinates (TLC), Lagrangian coordinates (LC), and averaged Lagrangian coordinates (ALC). The diffusion process is studied in each of these coordinate systems. At large scales the eddydiffusivity is proven to be independent of molecular diffusivity, providing the spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy varies as scale raised to a power less than 4 1/3. The shear effect is examined using solutions to the averaged Lagrangian diffusion equation obtained by Okuboet al. (1983). In Eulerian coordinates both advection and diffusion are necessary for the occurrence of the shear effect, while in ALC timedependent dispersion coefficients are necessary for the process. In TLC we use the method of Taylor (1921) to study the dispersion of material by a velocity field, that from the Eulerian perspective, consists of turbulent motion across a uniform shear. The transformation of the above Eulerian velocity field into TLC results in a uniform deformation field and turbulent motion both along and across the shear. This work shows how dispersion of material is related to the turbulent Eulerian velocity and uniform velocity gradients. The instantaneous rate of change of variance of a spreading patch of material is completely specified by the instantaneous divergence obtained over the area occupied by the patch (Kawai, 1976). This relationship is shown to depend upon the fact that at any particular instant it is possible to define TLC that are equivalent to the Eulerian coordinates. In order to describe patch spreading from divergence measured over longer periods it is also necessary to consider other dispersive processes.Contribution number of the Newfoundland Institute of Cold Ocean Science.     

航天测量船坞内标校基准计算的新方法

GPS测量直接获得点位的精确三维坐标,通过空间直角坐标系、大地坐标系、站心地平直角坐标系、站心极坐标系等一系列转换,再加入大气折光差改正和垂线偏差改正,就可以快速获得设备标校所需的精确基准。与采用常规测量方法、分别计算设备标校基准相比,不仅大大减少了工作量,还提高了计算结果的精度。     

On the parametric rolling of ships using a numerical simulation method

This paper has shown a numerical motion simulation method which can be employed to study on parametric rolling of ships in a seaway. The method takes account of the main nonlinear terms in the rolling equation which stabilize parametric rolling, including the nonlinear shape of the righting arm curve, nonlinear damping and cross coupling among all 6 degrees of freedom. For the heave, pitch, sway and yaw motions, the method uses response amplitude operators determined by means of the strip method, whereas the roll and surge motions of the ship are simulated, using nonlinear motion equations coupled with the other 4 degrees of freedom. For computing righting arms in seaways, Grim's effective wave concept is used. Using these transfer functions of effective wave together with the heave and pitch transfer functions, the mean ship immersion, its trim and the effective regular wave height are computed for every time step during the simulation. The righting arm is interpolated from tables, computed before starting the simulation, depending on these three quantities and the heel angle. The nonlinear damping moment and the effect of bilge keels are also taken into account. The numerical simulation tool has shown to be able to model the basic mechanism of parametric rolling motions. Some main characteristics of parametric rolling of ships in a seaway can be good reproduced by means of the method. Comprehensive parametric analyses on parametric rolling amplitude in regular waves have been carried out, with that the complicated parametric rolling phenomena can be understood better.     

Numerical Modeling of the Hyperbolic Mild-Slope Equation in Curvilinear Coordinates

The mild-slope equation is familiar to coastal engineers as it can effectively describe wave propagation in nearshore regions. However,its computational method in Cartesian coordinates often renders the model inaccurate in areas with irregular shorelines,such as estuaries and harbors. Based on the hyperbolic mild-slope equation in Cartesian coordinates,the numerical model in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates is developed. The transformed model is discretized by the finite difference method and solved by th...